BGDA Lecture - Development of the Nervous System: Difference between revisions
mNo edit summary |
mNo edit summary |
||
(24 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
Final lecture content will be added to this current page, the linked online textbook chapters are available as pre-reading for this lecture. | Final lecture content will be added to this current page, the linked online textbook chapters are available as pre-reading for this lecture. | ||
Line 19: | Line 20: | ||
! Textbooks | ! Textbooks | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | [https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=BGDA_Lecture_-_Development_of_the_Nervous_System&oldid=341778 2018] | [[Media:BGDA Lecture 2018 - Development of the Nervous System.pdf|2018 PDF]] | ||
===UNSW Embryology=== | ===UNSW Embryology=== | ||
{| | {| | ||
Line 88: | Line 89: | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Ectoderm=== | ===Ectoderm=== | ||
* neural plate - midline (columnar cells) | * '''neural plate''' - midline (columnar cells) | ||
** neural crest - outside lateral edges of neural plate | ** '''neural crest''' - outside lateral edges of neural plate | ||
* surface ectoderm - lateral (cuboidal cells) | * surface ectoderm - lateral (cuboidal cells) | ||
** head - sensory and anterior pituitary (placodes) | ** head - sensory and anterior pituitary ({{placodes}}) | ||
** integument - epidermis of skin, hair, glands, teeth enamel | ** integument - epidermis of skin, hair, glands, teeth enamel | ||
Line 97: | Line 98: | ||
* extends from '''buccopharyngeal membrane''' (oral membrane) to '''primitive node''' (Hensen's node) | * extends from '''buccopharyngeal membrane''' (oral membrane) to '''primitive node''' (Hensen's node) | ||
* forms above notochord and paraxial mesoderm | * forms above notochord and paraxial mesoderm | ||
* neuroectodermal cells - neural plate, neural crest | * neuroectodermal cells - neural plate, {{neural crest}} | ||
* rostrocaudal width | * rostrocaudal width | ||
** brain plate | ** broad - brain plate | ||
** spinal cord | ** narrow - {{spinal cord}} | ||
==Week 4== | ==Week 4== | ||
Line 128: | Line 129: | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
File:Stage10_SEM1.jpg | File:Stage10_SEM1.jpg|Stage {{CS10}} (22 - 23 days) | ||
File:Stage10 sem6 annotated.jpg | File:Stage10 sem6 annotated.jpg | ||
File:Stage10_sem2.jpg | File:Stage10_sem2.jpg|Stage {{CS10}} (22 - 23 days) | ||
File:Stage10 sem11.jpg|23 day, 11 somite pairs | File:Stage10 sem11.jpg|23 day, 11 somite pairs | ||
File:Stage11 sem6.jpg | File:Stage11 sem6.jpg|Stage {{CS11}} (23 - 26 days) | ||
File: | </gallery> | ||
File: | |||
[[File:Stage11 sem100.jpg|600px]] | |||
===Neuropores=== | |||
'''Cranial neuropore''' (cephalic, rostral or anterior) closes about 24 days post-fertilization. | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:Stage11_sem9a.jpg|{{CS11}} Anterior Neuropore | |||
File:Stage11_sem7a.jpg|{{CS11}} Posterior Neuropore | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
'''Caudal neuropore''' (posterior) closes about 28 days post-fertilization. | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:Stage12_SEM3.jpg|Stage {{CS12}} (26 - 30 days) | |||
File:Stage12 sem3.jpg|Stage {{CS12}} (26 - 30 days) | |||
</gallery> | |||
* Common sites of neural tube defects. | |||
====Folate and Neural Development==== | |||
<br> | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! Folate Requirement | |||
|- | |||
| [[Abnormal Development - Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects]] | |||
{| | |||
| [[File:Monitoring the health impacts of mandatory folic acid and iodine fortification 2016.jpg|200px]] | |||
| Monitoring the health impacts of mandatory folic acid and iodine fortification 2016<ref name=“PHE208”>AIHW 2016. '''Monitoring the health impacts of mandatory folic acid and iodine fortification 2016'''. [http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=60129555435 Cat. no. '''PHE 208''']. Canberra: AIHW. [http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=60129555568 PDF]</ref> | |||
Mandatory fortification of bread with folic acid (in Australia) and iodine (in Australia and New Zealand) was introduced in 2009 | |||
* Overall decrease in the rate of neural tube defects (NTDs) by 14.4% | |||
* Teenagers the rate of NTDs decreased by almost 55% | |||
* Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women the rate of NTDs decreased by 74% | |||
|} | |||
{| | |||
|-bgcolor="FFCC00" | |||
! {{ICD-11}} | |||
|-bgcolor="FEF9E7" | |||
| | |||
{{ICD11weblink}}439233336 5B5E Folate deficiency] - ''Between days 21 and 27 post-conception, the neural plate closes to form what will eventually be the spinal cord and cranium. Spina bifida, anencephaly, and other similar conditions are collectively called NTDs. They result from improper closure of the spinal cord and cranium, respectively, and are the most common congenital abnormalities associated with folate deficiency.'' | |||
{{ICD11weblink}}215057274 '''LA00-LA0Z''' Structural developmental anomalies of the nervous system] - {{ICD11weblink}}1292761836 LA00.0 Anencephaly] {{ICD11weblink}}1558931335 LA00.1 Iniencephaly] {{ICD11weblink}}546224466 LA00.2 Acephaly] {{ICD11weblink}}154698183 LA00.3 Amyelencephaly] {{ICD11weblink}}2036217905 LA02 Spina bifida] - {{ICD11weblink}}979482551 LA02.0 Spina bifida cystica] {{ICD11weblink}}182894151 LA02.00 Myelomeningocele with hydrocephalus] {{ICD11weblink}}1008004337 LA02.01 Myelomeningocele without hydrocephalus] {{ICD11weblink}}863949070 LA02.02 Myelocystocele] {{ICD11weblink}}187581000 LA02.1 Spina bifida aperta] | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
===Neural Crest=== | ===Neural Crest=== | ||
{| | {| | ||
| [[File:Mesoderm-cartoon4.jpg]] | |||
| [[File:Stage11 sem21.jpg|300px|alt=Human embryo week 4 neural crest cells]] | | [[File:Stage11 sem21.jpg|300px|alt=Human embryo week 4 neural crest cells]] | ||
Human embryo neural crest cells ([[Week 4]], | Human embryo neural crest cells ([[Week 4]], Stage {{CS11}}) | ||
[[File:BaxterBoyd1939-fig07.jpg|200px]] | [[File:BaxterBoyd1939-fig07.jpg|200px]] | ||
Neural crest (acoustico-facial primordium) | Neural crest (acoustico-facial primordium) | ||
| | |} | ||
{| | |||
| <html5media height="380" width="410">File:Chicken-neural crest migration 01.mp4</html5media> | |||
Chicken neural crest cell migration into pharyngeal arches. | Chicken neural crest cell migration into pharyngeal arches. | ||
| | | | ||
{| | {| | ||
| <html5media height=" | | <html5media height="400" width="400">File:Adrenal medulla.mp4</html5media> | ||
| Cartoon shows example of some neural crest medial migration and structures formed at the level of the body. | | Cartoon shows example of some neural crest medial migration and structures formed at the level of the body. | ||
* Cells staying dorsal to neural tube - dorsal root ganglia (DRG) | * Cells staying dorsal to neural tube - dorsal root ganglia (DRG) | ||
* Cells migrating ventral to neural tube - sympathetic ganglia | * Cells migrating ventral to neural tube - sympathetic ganglia | ||
* Cells migrating peritoneal cavity wall - adrenal medulla | * Cells migrating peritoneal cavity wall - {{adrenal}} medulla | ||
* Cells migrate into GIT wall - enteric nervous system | * Cells migrate into GIT wall - {{enteric nervous system}} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
{{Adrenal movie}} | {{Adrenal movie}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
|} | |||
{{Neural Crest table}} | {{Neural Crest table}} | ||
{{neural crest}} | |||
===Primary Brain Vesicles=== | ===Primary Brain Vesicles=== | ||
Line 198: | Line 249: | ||
{| | {| | ||
| | |||
# [[Neural_-_Telencephalon_Development|Telencephalon]] | # [[Neural_-_Telencephalon_Development|Telencephalon]] | ||
# [[Neural_-_Diencephalon_Development|Diencephalon]] | # [[Neural_-_Diencephalon_Development|Diencephalon]] | ||
# [[Neural_-_Mesencephalon_Development|Mesencephalon]] | # [[Neural_-_Mesencephalon_Development|Mesencephalon]] | ||
# [[Neural_-_Metencephalon_Development|Metencephalon]] | # [[Neural_-_Metencephalon_Development|Metencephalon]] | ||
# | # [[Neural_-_Myelencephalon_Development|Myelencephalon]] | ||
| [[File:CNS secondary vesicles.jpg|500px]] | | [[File:CNS secondary vesicles.jpg|500px]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 288: | Line 340: | ||
! Week 8 Developing Cortex | ! Week 8 Developing Cortex | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Human embryo, [[Week 8]], ({{GA}} week 10) | | Human embryo, [[Week 8]], ({{GA}} week 10) Carnegie stage {{CS22}} section from the neural tube at the level of the developing cortex. Inset (upper right) shows whole section overview and approximate level of section (red line). Grey box shows detailed image region of developing cerebrum layer thicknesses are shown in microns. | ||
[[Neural_-_Cerebrum_Development|'''Developing Cortex''']] will form from the thin outer layer called the cortical plate. The underlying layers transient structures that continue to supply cells to the cortex through fetal period, most of these layers will eventually be lost, except for a thin ventricular layer. Cells migrate out along [[Neural_System_-_Glial_Development#Radial_Glia|'''radial glia''']] that establish the initial columnar and layered structure of the cortex. Layers are named according to the nervous system revised terminology (1970){{#pmid:5414696|PMID5414696}} | [[Neural_-_Cerebrum_Development|'''Developing Cortex''']] will form from the thin outer layer called the cortical plate. The underlying layers transient structures that continue to supply cells to the cortex through fetal period, most of these layers will eventually be lost, except for a thin ventricular layer. Cells migrate out along [[Neural_System_-_Glial_Development#Radial_Glia|'''radial glia''']] that establish the initial columnar and layered structure of the cortex. Layers are named according to the nervous system revised terminology (1970){{#pmid:5414696|PMID5414696}} | ||
Line 346: | Line 398: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <html5media height="600" width="600">File:Neural_-_Sylvian_fissure.mp4</html5media> | | <html5media height="600" width="600">File:Neural_-_Sylvian_fissure.mp4</html5media> | ||
|} | |||
====Thyroid and Neural Development==== | |||
[[File:Human thyroid system and neural development.jpg|600px]] | |||
<br> | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! Iodine deficiency | |||
|- | |||
| [[Abnormal Development - Iodine Deficiency]] | |||
{| | |||
|-bgcolor="FFCC00" | |||
! {{ICD-11}} | |||
|-bgcolor="FEF9E7" | |||
| | |||
{{ICD11weblink}}900299738 5B5K.3 Iodine deficiency] - ''Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), caused mainly by a low dietary supply of iodine, refer to all of the consequences of iodine deficiency in a population that can be prevented by ensuring that the population has an adequate intake of iodine. Iodine deficiency is the most frequent cause of preventable brain damage in childhood.'' | |||
{{ICD11weblink}}900488632 5A00.04 Congenital hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency] - ''Hypothyroidism is a condition which arises at birth where the thyroid gland produces too little or no thyroid hormone and it can be induced by iodine-deficiency.'' | |||
|} | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Third Trimester=== | ===Third Trimester=== | ||
Line 378: | Line 448: | ||
Myelination process occurs both in the CNS (from neural tube glia) and also in peripheral nerves (from neural crest Schwann cells). | Myelination process occurs both in the CNS (from neural tube glia) and also in peripheral nerves (from neural crest Schwann cells). | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Postnatal== | ==Postnatal== | ||
[[File:WHO motor development milestones.jpg|alt=WHO motor development milestones|link=Neural Exam Movies|600px]] | [[File:WHO motor development milestones.jpg|alt=WHO motor development milestones|link=Neural Exam Movies|600px]] | ||
[[Neural Exam Movies]] | [[Neural Exam Movies]] | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! Additional Information - Multiple Sclerosis | |||
|- | |||
| Only humans spontaneously develop {{multiple sclerosis}} (MS), a chronic demyelinating immune-mediated disease. This disease has an onset generally coinciding with the end of the long-term myelination process and incidence has been recently increasing in female/male (F/M) ratio and occurring in women of childbearing age. | |||
|} | |||
==Movies== | ==Movies== | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! All Neural Movies | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
{{Neural cartoons}} | {{Neural cartoons}} | ||
|} | |||
==Abnormalities== | ==Abnormalities== | ||
{| | {| | ||
Line 391: | Line 473: | ||
It would be difficult to cover all in this current lecture so a few examples are given and students should explore the topic more widely themselves. | It would be difficult to cover all in this current lecture so a few examples are given and students should explore the topic more widely themselves. | ||
:'''Links:''' | :'''Links:''' {{neural abnormalities}} | [[Neural_Crest_System_-_Abnormalities|Neural Crest Abnormalities]] | [[Neural_-_Ventricular_System_Development#Abnormalities|Ventricular Abnormalities]] | ||
| [[File:Abnormal81-92-neuron.png|300px]] | | [[File:Abnormal81-92-neuron.png|300px]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 410: | Line 492: | ||
| The long time course of neural development (week 3 through to postnatal) also means that a large number of different environmental factors, including dietary deficiency, can impact upon its development and also have a range of different effects. | | The long time course of neural development (week 3 through to postnatal) also means that a large number of different environmental factors, including dietary deficiency, can impact upon its development and also have a range of different effects. | ||
* {{folate)) | |||
* {{iodine deficiency}} | |||
* [[Abnormal Development - TORCH Infections|Infections]] | * [[Abnormal Development - TORCH Infections|Infections]] | ||
* | * {{Fetal Alcohol Syndrome}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 436: | Line 518: | ||
| {{Prenatal diagnosis}} | | {{Prenatal diagnosis}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
<br> | |||
{{BGDA - Neural Development Interactive}} | |||
<br> | |||
==Terms== | ==Terms== | ||
{{Neural terms}} | {{Neural terms}} |
Latest revision as of 09:41, 26 May 2020
Embryology - 10 Jun 2024 Expand to Translate |
---|
Google Translate - select your language from the list shown below (this will open a new external page) |
العربية | català | 中文 | 中國傳統的 | français | Deutsche | עִברִית | हिंदी | bahasa Indonesia | italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | မြန်မာ | Pilipino | Polskie | português | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੇ | Română | русский | Español | Swahili | Svensk | ไทย | Türkçe | اردو | ייִדיש | Tiếng Việt These external translations are automated and may not be accurate. (More? About Translations) |
Introduction
Aim
To develop an understanding of the development of the nervous system and the consequences of abnormal development.
Textbooks
Week 3
<html5media height="520" width="320">File:Neuralplate_001.mp4</html5media> |
Week 3 Movies | |||
---|---|---|---|
|
Ectoderm
- neural plate - midline (columnar cells)
- neural crest - outside lateral edges of neural plate
- surface ectoderm - lateral (cuboidal cells)
- head - sensory and anterior pituitary (placodes)
- integument - epidermis of skin, hair, glands, teeth enamel
Neural Plate
- extends from buccopharyngeal membrane (oral membrane) to primitive node (Hensen's node)
- forms above notochord and paraxial mesoderm
- neuroectodermal cells - neural plate, neural crest
- rostrocaudal width
- broad - brain plate
- narrow - spinal cord
Week 4
Neural Tube
neural groove | neural tube and neural crest |
---|---|
|
<html5media height="480" width="480">File:Neuraltube_001.mp4</html5media> | <html5media height="440" width="380">File:Mouse neural tube 01.mp4</html5media> |
Week 4 Movies | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Neuropores
Cranial neuropore (cephalic, rostral or anterior) closes about 24 days post-fertilization.
Caudal neuropore (posterior) closes about 28 days post-fertilization.
- Common sites of neural tube defects.
Folate and Neural Development
Folate Requirement | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Abnormal Development - Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects
|
Neural Crest
Human embryo neural crest cells (Week 4, Stage 11) Neural crest (acoustico-facial primordium) |
<html5media height="380" width="410">File:Chicken-neural crest migration 01.mp4</html5media>
Chicken neural crest cell migration into pharyngeal arches. |
|
System | Cell Type |
---|---|
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | Neurons - sensory ganglia, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, enteric nervous system, and plexuses
Glia (neuroglial cells) - Schwann cells[2], satellite cells, olfactory ensheathing cells[3] |
endocrine | Adrenal medulla Calcitonin-secreting cells Carotid body type I cells |
integumentary | Epidermal pigment cells melanocyte |
Facial cartilage and bone | Facial and anterior ventral skull cartilage and bones |
Sensory | inner ear, cornea endothelium and stroma |
Connective tissue | tooth odontoblast
smooth muscle, and adipose tissue of skin in head and neck Connective tissue of meninges, salivary, lachrymal, thymus, thyroid, and pituitary glands Connective tissue and smooth muscle in arteries of aortic arch origin |
Links: neural crest | Category:Neural Crest | Neural Crest collapsible table |
Primary Brain Vesicles
Traditional vesicle description (simplified name and alternate neuromere description in brackets)
Brain
- Prosencephalon (forebrain, prosomeres)
- Mesencephalon (midbrain, mesomeres)
- Rhombencephalon (hindbrain, rhombomeres)
Spinal Cord
Neural Tube Regions | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Table above shows the future transient regions that develop from the early neural tube. |
Links: Spinal Cord
Week 5
Secondary Brain Vesicles
Brain Flexures
Rapid growth folds the neural tube forming 3 brain flexures (cranial to caudal)
|
Ventricles
|
CSF-filled spaces in adult brain. |
Week 6
<html5media height="600" width="520">File:Human embryo tomography Carnegie stage 17.mp4</html5media> |
Note the shape and size of the different regions of the brain and spinal cord.
|
Week 8
The human MRI movie below (head, sagittal plane, left to right) shows the central nervous system (CNS) development at the end of the embryonic period (week 8; GA week 10).
<html5media height="500" width="550">File:Stage23 MRI S01.mp4</html5media>
|
|
|
|
|
Cortex
Week 8 Developing Cortex |
---|
Human embryo, Week 8, (GA week 10) Carnegie stage 22 section from the neural tube at the level of the developing cortex. Inset (upper right) shows whole section overview and approximate level of section (red line). Grey box shows detailed image region of developing cerebrum layer thicknesses are shown in microns.
Developing Cortex will form from the thin outer layer called the cortical plate. The underlying layers transient structures that continue to supply cells to the cortex through fetal period, most of these layers will eventually be lost, except for a thin ventricular layer. Cells migrate out along radial glia that establish the initial columnar and layered structure of the cortex. Layers are named according to the nervous system revised terminology (1970)[4] Developing Vascular blood vessels can also be seen spanning the developing layers. In the adult, these vessels will be lined with non-fenestrated endothelial cells that together with other vascular cells (pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells), glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) and neurons will form the "blood-brain barrier". Developing Ventricular Space is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) filled and the lateral ventricles form within the cortical region. The inset image shows lying within the lateral ventricles, the choroid plexus the modified vascular structure that forms and secretes the CSF. Developing Meninges layers lie outside the neural tube. The thin pia mater that closely covers the entire brain. The mesh-like arachnoid mater and the sub-arachnoid space that will also be CSF filled. The dense dura mater lies outside these 2 layers and under the skull, it cannot be seen in the enlarged image. |
Spinal Cord
Week 8 Developing Spinal Cord (virtual slide) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
These listed features link to zoomed views of the virtual slide with the named feature generally in the centre of the view.
Use the (-) at the top left of the screen to see where this feature is located. | ||||
Spinal Cord Features | Other Features
|
Fetal
Second Trimester
Human week 10 fetus
Brain and Ventricular Development[5] | Brain Fissure Development[5] |
Sylvian Fissure Development | |
---|---|
<html5media height="600" width="600">File:Neural_-_Sylvian_fissure.mp4</html5media> |
Thyroid and Neural Development
Iodine deficiency | ||
---|---|---|
Abnormal Development - Iodine Deficiency
|
Third Trimester
The brain goes from a smooth surface to begin to fold.
|
Human Fetus (CRL 240mm) Brain |
Human Brain Growth | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Embryonic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Table below shows a direct comparison of brain growth in size between week 4 to 8 (GA 6-10)
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fetal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adult | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adult CNS Structures | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Fetal Timeline
Electrical Activity | Myelination |
---|---|
Myelination process occurs both in the CNS (from neural tube glia) and also in peripheral nerves (from neural crest Schwann cells). |
Postnatal
Additional Information - Multiple Sclerosis |
---|
Only humans spontaneously develop multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic demyelinating immune-mediated disease. This disease has an onset generally coinciding with the end of the long-term myelination process and incidence has been recently increasing in female/male (F/M) ratio and occurring in women of childbearing age. |
Movies
All Neural Movies | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Abnormalities
There are a large number of different neural abnormalities associated with genetic, environmental and unknown causes. These can also involve several different systems including: neural tube, neural crest, sensory development, ventricular and vascular system development.
It would be difficult to cover all in this current lecture so a few examples are given and students should explore the topic more widely themselves. |
Environmental
The long time course of neural development (week 3 through to postnatal) also means that a large number of different environmental factors, including dietary deficiency, can impact upon its development and also have a range of different effects.
|
Postnatal Neural Assessment - there are several basic clinical motor assessments that can identify normal and abnormal development.
Abnormality Links | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||
| ||||
| ||||
| ||||
| ||||
| ||||
|
Neural Development Interactive Component
Attempt the Quiz - Neural Development | |
---|---|
Here are a few simple Quiz questions that relate to Neural development and abnormalities from the lecture. Some questions may require some additional research.
|
Terms
Neural Terms |
---|
Neural Development
|
Other Terms Lists |
---|
Terms Lists: ART | Birth | Bone | Cardiovascular | Cell Division | Endocrine | Gastrointestinal | Genital | Genetic | Head | Hearing | Heart | Immune | Integumentary | Neonatal | Neural | Oocyte | Palate | Placenta | Radiation | Renal | Respiratory | Spermatozoa | Statistics | Tooth | Ultrasound | Vision | Historic | Drugs | Glossary |
- ↑ AIHW 2016. Monitoring the health impacts of mandatory folic acid and iodine fortification 2016. Cat. no. PHE 208. Canberra: AIHW. PDF
- ↑ Woodhoo A & Sommer L. (2008). Development of the Schwann cell lineage: from the neural crest to the myelinated nerve. Glia , 56, 1481-90. PMID: 18803317 DOI.
- ↑ Barraud P, Seferiadis AA, Tyson LD, Zwart MF, Szabo-Rogers HL, Ruhrberg C, Liu KJ & Baker CV. (2010). Neural crest origin of olfactory ensheathing glia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 107, 21040-5. PMID: 21078992 DOI.
- ↑ . (1970). Embryonic vertebrate central nervous system: revised terminology. The Boulder Committee. Anat. Rec. , 166, 257-61. PMID: 5414696 DOI.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Huang H, Xue R, Zhang J, Ren T, Richards LJ, Yarowsky P, Miller MI & Mori S. (2009). Anatomical characterization of human fetal brain development with diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurosci. , 29, 4263-73. PMID: 19339620 DOI.
BGDA: Lecture 1 | Lecture 2 | Practical 3 | Practical 6 | Practical 12 | Lecture Neural | Practical 14 | Histology Support - Female | Male | Tutorial
Glossary Links
- Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 10) Embryology BGDA Lecture - Development of the Nervous System. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/BGDA_Lecture_-_Development_of_the_Nervous_System
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G