Carnegie stage 10

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Introduction

Facts

Week 4, 22 - 23 days, 2 - 3.5 mm, Somite number 4 - 12

Gestational Age GA - week 6

Features

Somite Number 4 - 12, rostral neuropore, neural folds in region of developing brain, neural tube, somites, caudal neuropore, neural fold fuses, remnant of amniotic sac

Summary

Ectoderm: Neural fold deeepens, edges approach midline, neural fold fuses, neural plate folds ventrally in brain region
Mesoderm: Somitogenesis, continued segmentation of paraxial mesoderm (4 - 12 somite pairs)

Identify

The rostral neuropore, neural folds in region of developing brain, neural tube, somites (note the different number formed), caudal neuropore, neural fold fuses, cut edge of amniotic sac.

Historic Papers: 1910 | 1917 | 1926 | 1939 | 1943 | 1957 | 1985

Week:	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Carnegie stage:	1 2 3 4	5 6	7 8 9	10 11 12 13	14 15	16 17	18 19	20 21 22 23

Carnegie Stages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | About Stages | Timeline

Bright Field

Scanning EM

Image Source: Scanning electron micrographs of the Carnegie stages of the early human embryos are reproduced with the permission of Prof Kathy Sulik, from embryos collected by Dr. Vekemans and Tania Attié-Bitach. Images are for educational purposes only and cannot be reproduced electronically or in writing without permission.

Embryonic Development

Kyoto Collection

Facts: Week 4, 22 - 23 days, 2 - 3.5 mm, Somite Number 4 - 12

View: This is a dorsal view of the human embryo, the amniotic membrane has been removed. Top embryo is an early stage 10, bottom is late stage 10.

Early	Late

Stage 10 Embryo (12202) - transverse section
trilaminar embryo trilaminar embryo label lateral plate lateral plate label trilaminar embryo body trilaminar embryo body label

Virtual Slide

Stage 10 - Dorsal View

‎‎Mobile | Desktop | Original

Stage 10 | Embryo Slides

Image source: The Kyoto Collection images are reproduced with the permission of Prof. Kohei Shiota and Prof. Shigehito Yamada, Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan for educational purposes only and cannot be reproduced electronically or in writing without permission.

Carnegie Collection

Carnegie Collection - Stage 10
Serial No.	Pairs of somites	Size (mm)	Grade	Fixative	Embedding Medium	Thinness (µm)	Stain	Year	Notes
391	8	E, 2 Ch., 14	Good	Formalin	P	10	Al. coch.	1907	Monograph by Dandy (1910)^[1]
1201	7	E,2 Ch.. 144	Good	Formalin	P	8	H. & or. G.	1915	Univ. Chicago No. H 87
2795	4-5	E,2	Poor	Alc.	P	6	Al coch,or.G.	1919
3707	12	E, 1 5	Good	Formalin	P	12.5	I. H.	1921	Univ. Calif. No. H 197
3709	4	E. 1.4 Ch.. 14.8	Poor	Formalin	P	10	Erythrosin	1921	Univ. Chicago No H 279
3710	12	E., 3.6 Ch., 19.0	Good	Formalin	C-P	10	H. & or. G.	1921	Univ. Chicago No. H 392
4216	8	E, 2 Ch, 9.8	Good	Formalin	P	15	?	1923	Monograph by Payne (1925)^[2]
5074	10	E., 3.3 Ch., 10.8	Exc.	Bouin	P	10	Al. coch.	1925	Univ. Rochester No. H 10. Monograph by Corner (1929)^[3]
6330	7	E, 2.83	Good		P	5	Ehr. H.	1931	Univ. Chicago No. H 1404
6740	12	E., 2.2	Good	p	C-P	8	?	1933	Litzenberg embryo. Studied by Boyden (1940)
7251	8	E., 1.27	Good	Formalin	C-P	10	(Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin)	1941	"Singapore embryo." Univ. Cambridge No. H 98. Studied by Wilson (1914)^[4]
8244	6	E., 1.55 Ch, 8,5	Good	Alc.	C-P	8	(Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) phlox.	1944
9870	12	Ch, ca. 8	Good	Zenker	P	5	Various, chiefly carmine	1952	Univ. Chicago. No. H 637. Dicephaly
Abbreviations Grade - total grade of the specimen and includes both its original quality and the condition of the mounted sections. Embedding medium - paraffin (P) or a combination of celloidin and paraffin (C-P). Fixative - formalin (Formol), alcohol and formalin (Alc, formol), Bouin (Bouin solution) ? - unknown or not determined. All Carnegie stage 10 embryos are cut in Transverse plane.

iBook - Carnegie Embryos
	iTunes link \| iBook Store Description - Imagine the excitement of seeing this incredible early period of human development for the first time. Now consider that much of our initial understanding of human development is based upon study of historic embryo collections. You can now look at these historic images of the first 8 weeks after fertilisation and explore for yourself the changes that occur in human development during this key period. This current book is designed as an atlas of the Carnegie embryo stages with some brief notes and additional information covering the first 8 weeks of development. These images are from from the beginning of last century and are one of the earliest documented series of human embryos collected for basic research and medical education on development. I hope you enjoy learning about the amazing early events that begin to make and shape us. This is the second book in a series of educational releases from UNSW Embryology. Release: First Edition - Mar 12, 2012 ISBN 978-0-7334-3148-7 Print Length 82 Pages, 25.8 MB Language English. PDF Preview version 3.87 MB (Read the associated information, this is an edited educational preview version with many features not functioning). The current website also includes numerous embryo images from this textbook (see Embryonic Development and Carnegie Embryos).

Events

For a detailed description of the stage 10 human embryos see the papers published Dandy 1910^[1], Corner 1929,^[5], Baxter 1939 ^[6], review by Heuser in 1957^[7] and in chapter by O'Rahilly and Müller in 1987.^[8]

Hearing - 10 somites first indication of otic placode invagination^[5] 12 somites cells migrate from the otic disc.^[9]
Vision - optic primordia appear.^[10]
Meninges (Spinal Cord) - paraxial mesoderm forms discrete somites, and wherever migration from them has occurred, the cells pass ventromedially toward the notochord. The notochord is, however, still continuous with the gut and in contact, dorsally, with the neural tube (groove). The spinal ganglia and the meninx primitiva will develop in the cell-free spaces between somites and neural tube.^[11]

Embryo Examples

Based on O'Rahilly and Müller (1987).^[8]

4 somites
- Carnegie No. 3709 (University of Chicago H 279). Characterized with outline sketches, by Bartelmez and Evans (1926).
- Histologisch-Embryologisches Institut, Embryo A, Vienna. Fully described by Sternberg (1927).
- Histologisch-Embryologisches Institut, Embryo Ca, Vienna. Fully described by Orts Llorca (1934).
4–5 somites
- Florian's Florian Embryo Bi II. The whereabouts of this, the following embryo, and the 10-somite Bi XI (see below) are not known; Florian's collection has not been found since his untimely death during World War II. The embryo Bi II was briefly characterized by Studnicka (1929), cited and partly illustrated by Florian (1928, 1930a).
- Florian's Florian Embryo Bi III. (See note on previous embryo.) Briefly characterized by Studnicka (1929) and cited by Florian (1928).
- Carnegie No. 2795. Cited and briefly characterized by Bartelmez and Evans (1926). The specimen is distorted and somewhat macerated.
5 somites
- Anatomisches Institut, Zürich, GM 1954. Described and illustrated by Schenck (1954).
- No. 103, Department of Anatomy, Tohoku University, Sendai. Distribution of alkaline phosphatase studied by Mori (1959a) in this and in another (No. 101), possibly 8-somite, embryo.
5–6 somites - Pfannenstiel “Klb” (originally at Giessen; was in Keibel's Institute at Freiburg i. Br. about 1911, may now be in Berlin). This well known embryo is No. 3 in the Keibel and Elze Normentafel (1908). Models by Kroemer (1903). A partial set of tracings made by H. M. Evans is in the Carnegie Collection, No. Template:CE5463.
6 somites
- Carnegie No. 8244. Somewhat distorted; histologically fair.
- University of Michigan No. 71, Ann Arbor. Briefly described by Arey and Henderson (1943). A full description in an unpublished doctoral dissertation is in the files of L. B. Arey at Northwestern University, Chicago.
- Carnegie No 8818 (University of Chicago H 338) Pathological, not used in present study. Listed here because cited by Bartelmez and Evans (1926).
6–7 somites
- His’s Embryo “SR.” Cited by His (1880) and by Bartelmez and Evans (1926). Has been studied only in the gross.
- Embryo LM (present location unknown). Cited here from manuscript notes at Carnegie laboratory, made from Russian text of Burow (1928). Condition said to be poor.
7 somites
- Embryo “Ludwig,” Berlin. Described by Streiter (1951). This specimen, which is somewhat macerated, is in certain characteristics considerably in advance of others of similar somitic number.
- Carnegie No. 6330 (University of Chicago H 1404). Extensive manuscript notes on this specimen, made under the supervision of G. W. Bartelmez, are in the files of the Carnegie laboratory.
8 somites
- Carnegie No. 4216. Described by Payne (1925), and very frequently cited.
- Dublin. Described by West (1930); see also Arey (1938). Photographs and models are in the Carnegie Collection, No. 4923. Bartelmez (personal communication) thinks that this distorted embryo had only 5–6 somites.
- Carnegie Embryo 391. Described by Dandy (1910)^[1] and frequently cited (cf. Bartelmez and Evans, 1926, with additional illustrations). There were neither camera drawings nor photographs of the intact specimen, and therefore the reconstructions are not entirely satisfactory. The plaster models now at the Carnegie laboratory were made by O. Heard under the supervision of Bartelmez for the paper by Bartelmez and Evans (1926). The apparent lack of fusion of the neural folds described by Dandy is an artifact produced by a crack.
- Carnegie No. 1201 (University of Chicago H 87). Described briefly by Evans and Bartelmez (1917); cited, with illustrations, by Bartelmez and Evans (1926).
- Embryologisches Institut, Embryo Ct, Vienna. Fully described by Politzer (1930). Arey (1938) counts 8 paired somites in this embryo instead of 7 as stated by Politzer.
- University of Cambridge, Department of Anatomy H 98. Photographs and models in Carnegie Collection, No. 7251. Described by J. T. Wilson (1914). Cited by Bartelmez and Evans (1926), who consider it slightly abnormal in form although good histologically.
9 somites
- Embryo “Esch I,” Marburg. Elaborately described by Veit and Esch (1922), and cited, with illustrations, by Bartelmez and Evans (1926), who count 9 somites instead of 8 as stated by the original authors. Chorionic villi studied in detail by Ortmann (1938). Photographs and models are in the Carnegie Collection, No. 4251.
- Embryo “Du Ga,” Geneva. Described by Eternod (1896); models by Ziegler were distributed commercially. Cited by Bartelmez (1922) and Bartelmez and Evans (1926), with illustrations. Tracings made by H. M. Evans at Geneva and models are in the Carnegie Collection, No. 4439.
- Embryo Unger, Keibel Collection, Freiburg i. Br., No. 4 of Keibel and Elze (1908). Listed by Bartelmez and Evans (1926).
- Embryo “Jacobsen,” formerly at Kiel (Graf Spee's collection was destroyed in World War II). Described by von Spee (1887). Listed by Bartelmez and Evans (1926) as having “at least” 9 somites.
- Embryo Ca of Orts Llorca, Madrid. Various details described by Mari Martinez (1950) and Martinez Rovira (1953).
9-10 somites - Embryo R. Meyer 335. (Robert Meyer's collection was purchased by the late Hedwig Frey and bequeathed by him to the Anatomisches Institut, University of Zurich.) Listed by Bartelmez and Evans (1926), and cited by Felix (1912).
10 somites
- Da2, Anatomical Institute, Basel. Described by Ludwig (1929). Plastic reconstructions. Neural groove closure extends rostral to otic discs.
- Carnegie No. 5074 (University of Rochester H 10). Fully described by Corner (1929), and subjected to volumetric analysis by Boyden (1940). Excellent specimen.
- Grosser's Embryo Schwz (present location unknown). Briefly described, without illustrations, by Treutler (1931). Preservation said to be not altogether satisfactory.
- Florian’s Embryo Bi XI (See note on Bi II above.) Briefly described, with illustrations, by Politzer and Sternberg (1930); cited and partly illustrated by Florian (1930a).
- Anatomy Department, University of South Wales, Cardiff. Partly described and illustrated by Baxter and Boyd (1939).^[6]
11 somites
- Embryo T 152, University of Toronto, Department of Anatomy. Cited by Arey (1938).
- Embryo G-dt, Uppsala. Described by Holmdahl (1943) as having 11 well-differentiated pairs of somites with beginning delimitation of 4 more.
11–12 somites - Carnegie No. 8970 (University of Chicago H 637). Somewhat damaged. Cited, with illustrations, by Bartelmez (1922) and Bartelmez and Evans (1926).
12 somites
- Carnegie No. 3710 (University of Chicago H 392). Cited by Bartelmez (1922) and Bartelmez and Evans (1926).
- Carnegie No. 3707 (University of California H 197). “Legge embryo.” Cited, with illustrations, by Bartelmez and Evans (1926). The coital history accompanying this specimen, which was declared to be reliable, would give it a postovulatory age of either 18 or 39 days; the former seems rather brief but the latter is much too long.
- Litzenberg embryo, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Briefly described by J. C. Litzenberg (1933); characterized and subjected to volumetric analysis by Boyden (1940), who counts 12 somites instead of 13–14 as in the original description. Photographs and model in Carnegie Collection, No. 6740.
- M. 24, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Cited by Arey (1938).

Other Stage 10 Embryo Examples

Embryo list below based on O'Rahilly and Müller (1987).

4 somites - Carnegie No. 3709 (University of Chicago H 279). Characterized with outline sketches, by Bartelmez and Evans (1926).
4 somites - Histologisch-Embryologisches Institut, Embryo A, Vienna. Fully described by Sternberg (1927).
4 somites - Histologisch-Embryologisches Institut, Embryo Ca, Vienna. Fully described by Orts Llorca (1934).
4–5 somites - Florian's Embryo Bi II. The whereabouts of this, the following embryo, and the 10-somite Bi XI (see below) are not known; Florian's collection has not been found since his untimely death during World War II. The embryo Bi II was briefly characterized by Studnicka (1929), cited and partly illustrated by Florian (1928, 1930a).
4-5 somites - Florian's Embryo Bi III. (See note on previous embryo.) Briefly characterized by Studnicka (1929) and cited by Florian (1928).
4-5 somites - Carnegie No. 2795. Cited and briefly characterized by Bartelmez and Evans (1926). The specimen is distorted and somewhat macerated.
5 somites - Anatomisches Institut, Zürich, GM 1954. Described and illustrated by Schenck (1954).
5 somites - No. 103, Department of Anatomy, Tohoku University, Sendai. Distribution of alkaline phosphatase studied by Mori (1959a) in this and in another (No. 101), possibly 8-somite, embryo.
5–6 somites - Pfannenstiel “Klb” (originally at Giessen; was in Keibel's Institute at Freiburg i. Br. about 1911, may now be in Berlin). This well known embryo is No. 3 in the Keibel and Elze Normentafel (1908). Models by Kroemer (1903). A partial set of tracings made by H. M. Evans is in the Carnegie Collection, No. 5463.
6 somites - Carnegie No. 8244. Somewhat distorted; histologically fair.
6 somites - University of Michigan No. 71, Ann Arbor. Briefly described by Arey and Henderson (1943). A full description in an unpublished doctoral dissertation is in the files of L. B. Arey at Northwestern University, Chicago.
6 somites - Carnegie No 8818 (University of Chicago H 338) Pathological, not used in present study. Listed here because cited by Bartelmez and Evans (1926).
6–7 somites - His’s Embryo “SR.” Cited by His (1880) and by Bartelmez and Evans (1926). Has been studied only in the gross.
6–7 somites - Embryo LM (present location unknown). Cited here from manuscript notes at Carnegie laboratory, made from Russian text of Burow (1928). Condition said to be poor.
7 (?) somites - Embryo “Ludwig,” Berlin. Described by Streiter (1951). This specimen, which is somewhat macerated, is in certain characteristics considerably in advance of others of similar somitic number.
7 somites - Carnegie No. 6330 (University of Chicago H 1404). Extensive manuscript notes on this specimen, made under the supervision of G. W. Bartelmez, are in the files of the Carnegie laboratory.
8 somites - Carnegie No. 4216. Described by Payne (1925), and very frequently cited.
8 somites - Dublin. Described by West (1930); see also Arey (1938). Photographs and models are in the Carnegie Collection, No. 4923. Bartelmez (personal communication) thinks that this distorted embryo had only 5–6 somites.
8 somites - Carnegie No. 391. Described by Dandy (1910)^[1] and frequently cited (cf. Bartelmez and Evans, 1926, with additional illustrations). There were neither camera drawings nor photographs of the intact specimen, and therefore the reconstructions are not entirely satisfactory. The plaster models now at the Carnegie laboratory were made by O. Heard under the supervision of Bartelmez for the paper by Bartelmez and Evans (1926). The apparent lack of fusion of the neural folds described by Dandy is an artifact produced by a crack.
8 somites - Carnegie No. 1201 (University of Chicago H 87). Described briefly by Evans and Bartelmez (1917); cited, with illustrations, by Bartelmez and Evans (1926).
8 somites - Embryologisches Institut, Embryo Ct, Vienna. Fully described by Politzer (1930). Arey (1938) counts 8 paired somites in this embryo instead of 7 as stated by Politzer.
8 somites - University of Cambridge, Department of Anatomy H 98. Photographs and models in Carnegie Collection, No. 7251. Described by J. T. Wilson (1914). Cited by Bartelmez and Evans (1926), who consider it slightly abnormal in form although good histologically.
9 somites - Embryo “Esch I,” Marburg. Elaborately described by Veit and Esch (1922), and cited, with illustrations, by Bartelmez and Evans (1926), who count 9 somites instead of 8 as stated by the original authors. Chorionic villi studied in detail by Ortmann (1938). Photographs and models are in the Carnegie Collection, No. 4251.
9 somites - Embryo “Du Ga,” Geneva. Described by Eternod (1896); models by Ziegler were distributed commercially. Cited by Bartelmez (1922) and Bartelmez and Evans (1926), with illustrations. Tracings made by H. M. Evans at Geneva and models are in the Carnegie Collection, No. 4439.
About 9 somites - Embryo Unger, Keibel Collection, Freiburg i. Br., No. 4 of Keibel and Elze (1908). Listed by Bartelmez and Evans (1926).
9 somites - Embryo “Jacobsen,” formerly at Kiel (Graf Spee's collection was destroyed in World War II). Described by von Spee (1887). Listed by Bartelmez and Evans (1926) as having “at least” 9 somites.
9 somites - Embryo Ca of Orts Llorca, Madrid. Various details described by Mari Martinez (1950) and Martinez Rovira (1953). Madrid Collection
9-10 somites - Embryo R. Meyer 335. (Robert Meyer's collection was purchased by the late Hedwig Frey and bequeathed by him to the Anatomisches Institut, University of Zurich.) Listed by Bartelmez and Evans (1926), and cited by Felix (1912).
10 somites - Da2, Anatomical Institute, Basel. Described by Ludwig (1929). Plastic reconstructions. Neural groove closure extends rostral to otic discs.
10 somites - Carnegie No. 5074 (University of Rochester H 10). Fully described by Corner (1929), and subjected to volumetric analysis by Boyden (1940). Excellent specimen.
10 somites - Grosser's Embryo Schwz (present location unknown). Briefly described, without illustrations, by Treutler (1931). Preservation said to be not altogether satisfactory.
10 somites - Florian’s Embryo Bi XI. (See note on Bi II above.) Briefly described, with illustrations, by Politzer and Sternberg (1930); cited and partly illustrated by Florian (1930a).
10 somites - Anatomy Department, University of South Wales, Cardiff. Partly described and illustrated by Baxter JS. and Boyd JD. ^[6]
11 somites - Embryo T 152, University of Toronto, Department of Anatomy. Cited by Arey (1938).
11 somites - Embryo G-dt, Uppsala. Described by Holmdahl (1943) as having 11 well-differentiated pairs of somites with beginning delimitation of 4 more.
11–12 somites - Carnegie No. 8970 (University of Chicago H 637). Somewhat damaged. Cited, with illustrations, by Bartelmez (1922) and Bartelmez and Evans (1926).
12 somites - Carnegie No. 3710 (University of Chicago H 392). Cited by Bartelmez (1922) and Bartelmez and Evans (1926).
12 somites - Carnegie No. 3707 (University of California H 197). “Legge embryo.” Cited, with illustrations, by Bartelmez and Evans (1926). The coital history accompanying this specimen, which was declared to be reliable, would give it a postovulatory age of either 18 or 39 days; the former seems rather brief but the latter is much too long.
12 somites - Litzenberg embryo, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Briefly described by J. C. Litzenberg (1933); characterized and subjected to volumetric analysis by Boyden (1940), who counts 12 somites instead of 13–14 as in the original description. Photographs and model in Carnegie Collection, No. 6740.
12 somites - M. 24, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Cited by Arey (1938).

O'Rahilly R. and Müller F. Developmental Stages in Human Embryos. Contrib. Embryol., Carnegie Inst. Wash. 637 (1987).

See also Carnegie Collection embryo table.

Carnegie Collection - Stage 10
Serial No.	Pairs of somites	Size (mm)	Grade	Fixative	Embedding Medium	Thinness (µm)	Stain	Year	Notes
391	8	E, 2 Ch., 14	Good	Formalin	P	10	Al. coch.	1907	Monograph by Dandy (1910)^[1]
1201	7	E,2 Ch.. 144	Good	Formalin	P	8	H. & or. G.	1915	Univ. Chicago No. H 87
2795	4-5	E,2	Poor	Alc.	P	6	Al coch,or.G.	1919
3707	12	E, 1 5	Good	Formalin	P	12.5	I. H.	1921	Univ. Calif. No. H 197
3709	4	E. 1.4 Ch.. 14.8	Poor	Formalin	P	10	Erythrosin	1921	Univ. Chicago No H 279
3710	12	E., 3.6 Ch., 19.0	Good	Formalin	C-P	10	H. & or. G.	1921	Univ. Chicago No. H 392
4216	8	E, 2 Ch, 9.8	Good	Formalin	P	15	?	1923	Monograph by Payne (1925)^[12]
5074	10	E., 3.3 Ch., 10.8	Exc.	Bouin	P	10	Al. coch.	1925	Univ. Rochester No. H 10. Monograph by Corner (1929)^[3]
6330	7	E, 2.83	Good		P	5	Ehr. H.	1931	Univ. Chicago No. H 1404
6740	12	E., 2.2	Good	p	C-P	8	?	1933	Litzenberg embryo. Studied by Boyden (1940)
7251	8	E., 1.27	Good	Formalin	C-P	10	(Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin)	1941	"Singapore embryo." Univ. Cambridge No. H 98. Studied by Wilson (1914)^[4]
8244	6	E., 1.55 Ch, 8,5	Good	Alc.	C-P	8	(Stain - Haematoxylin Eosin) phlox.	1944
9870	12	Ch, ca. 8	Good	Zenker	P	5	Various, chiefly carmine	1952	Univ. Chicago. No. H 637. Dicephaly
Abbreviations Grade - total grade of the specimen and includes both its original quality and the condition of the mounted sections. Embedding medium - paraffin (P) or a combination of celloidin and paraffin (C-P). Fixative - formalin (Formol), alcohol and formalin (Alc, formol), Bouin (Bouin solution) ? - unknown or not determined. All Carnegie stage 10 embryos are cut in Transverse plane.