Trisomy 13

Embryology - 2 Dec 2023        Expand to Translate
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ICD-11 - LD40.1 Complete trisomy 13 Trisomy 13 is a chromosomal anomaly caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 13 and is characterized by brain malformations (holoprosencephaly), facial dysmorphism, ocular anomalies, postaxial polydactyly, visceral malformations (cardiopathy) and severe psychomotor retardation.

Introduction

Trisomy 13

Chromosome 13

International Classification of Diseases Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) is a rare (1 in 10,000 newborns) developmental genetic abnormality (aneuploidy) with three copies of chromosome 13, instead of the usual two copies, there can also be a chromosomal translocation. Infant may have a single placental artery at birth.

Both trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 are generally considered fatal anomalies, with a majority of infants dying in the first year after birth.

Patau syndrome is named after Klaus Pätau (1908–1975) an American geneticist who in 1960 was the first to attribute the syndrome of trisomy to chromosome 13.

Some Recent Findings

Trisomy 13 and Trisomy 18-Prevalence and mortality-A multi-registry population based analysis "The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence, outcomes, and survival (among live births [LB]), in pregnancies diagnosed with trisomy 13 (T13) and 18 (T18), by congenital anomaly register and region. Twenty-four population- and hospital-based birth defects surveillance registers from 18 countries, contributed data on T13 and T18 between 1974 and 2014 using a common data-reporting protocol. The mean total birth prevalence (i.e., LB, stillbirths, and elective termination of pregnancy for fetal anomalies [ETOPFA]) in the registers with ETOPFA (n = 15) for T13 was 1.68 (95% CI 1.3-2.06), and for T18 was 4.08 (95% CI 3.01-5.15), per 10,000 births. The prevalence varied among the various registers. The mean prevalence among LB in all registers for T13 was 0.55 (95%CI 0.38-0.72), and for T18 was 1.07 (95% CI 0.77-1.38), per 10,000 births. The median mortality in the first week of life was 48% for T13 and 42% for T18, across all registers, half of which occurred on the first day of life. Across 16 registers with complete 1-year follow-up, mortality in first year of life was 87% for T13 and 88% for T18. This study provides an international perspective on prevalence and mortality of T13 and T18. Overall outcomes and survival among LB were poor with about half of live born infants not surviving first week of life; nevertheless about 10% survived the first year of life. Prevalence and outcomes varied by country and termination policies. The study highlights the variation in screening, data collection, and reporting practices for these conditions. Enhanced First Trimester Aneuploidy Screening with Placental Growth Factor and Alpha Feto-Protein: Detection of Trisomies 18 and 13 "To assess the performance of first trimester combined screening (FTS) when enhanced with placental growth factor and alpha feto-protein in the detection of trisomies 18 and 13. METHODS: A retrospective case-control study. Marker parameters were derived using frozen serum samples. Multivariate Gaussian modelling predicted the detection rate (DR) and false-positive rate (FPR) for trisomies 18 and 13 with FTS and enhanced first trimester screening (eFTS) using the risk of trisomy 21 alone and an additional risk cut-off for trisomy 18, or trisomies 18 or 13. RESULTS: There were 83 trisomy 18, 22 trisomy 13, and 588 controls. The median placental growth factor levels in trisomies 18 and 13 were 0.75 and 0.65 multiple of the median of controls, respectively (both P <0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences in alpha feto-protein levels. Modelling predicts that using a trisomy 21 risk cut-off alone, at FPR of 3%, eFTS increases the DR for trisomies 18 and 13 by 0.6-0.8% compared with FTS. Additionally using a trisomy 18 risk cut-off, at an extra FPR of 0.2%, eFTS increased the DR by 0.6-0.9% over FTS; using a trisomy 18 or 13 risk cut-off did not further increase detection for FTS or eFTS. The increase in DR was greater at higher FPR. CONCLUSION: eFTS increases the detection of trisomies 18 and 13 to a small extent."

More recent papers

This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link. This search now requires a manual link as the original PubMed extension has been disabled. The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance. References also appear on this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing. References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability. More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Trisomy 13 | Patau syndrome

Older papers

These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table. See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page. Management options and parental voice in the treatment of trisomy 13 and 18 "Trisomy 13 and 18 are rare genetic conditions associated with high rates of congenital anomalies, universal profound neurocognitive deficits, and early death, commonly in the first month after birth. Historically, efforts were made to keep these newborns comfortable, but parents were generally not offered medical or surgical interventions. This practice has begun to change in some hospitals, but remains controversial, and a clear consensus between and even within institutions does not appear to exist. This essay presents a summary of current data and an ethical analysis of the question of whether medical and surgical interventions should be offered to parents of newborns with trisomy 13 or 18. While compelling arguments can be found on both sides, it is here suggested that informed parents should be given a stronger voice in these decisions than has traditionally been the case. In an effort to improve clarity and consistency within single institutions, a process for developing an institutional guideline for management of patients with these, or similar, conditions is presented." Cytological and epidemiological findings in trisomies 13, 18, and 21: England and Wales 2004-2009 "This study describes the cytological and epidemiological findings in 985 trisomy 13 and 2512 trisomy 18 compared with 10,255 trisomy 21 diagnoses between 2004 and 2009 included in the National Down Syndrome Cytogenetic Register of England and Wales. The frequency of occurrence, proportions diagnosed prenatally, sex ratios, mean maternal age, and proportions of mothers with recurrences were analyzed. Ninety-seven, 98%, and 92% were free karyotypes for trisomy 21, 18, and 13, respectively; 3% of 21, 1% of 18, and 8% of trisomy 13 were translocations; and under 1% of trisomies 21 and 18 were double or triple aneuploids. Overall 1% of each trisomy had mosaicism, but 48% of the trisomy 21 double aneuploids, and 10% of trisomy 18 multiple aneuploids had mosaicism. The proportion of livebirths was 40% of trisomy 21, 11% of 18, and 13% of 13, respectively. Free trisomies 21 and 13 had an excess of males, and 18 had an excess of females, as did mosaic free trisomies 21 and 18. Mean maternal ages were 35.9 years in trisomy 21, 36.4 years in 18, and 34.6 years in 13. During the 6 years of data collection 1% of the mothers had recurrences, most recurrent trisomy 21 or 18 were identical translocations, but hetero-trisomic recurrences included 21 and 18, and 21 and 13. There are significant differences between the trisomic karyotypes and attributes, possibly related to their variable origins. Notable are the relative excess of trisomy 13 translocations, mosaicism in cases with multiple aneuploidy, and the types of homo- and hetero-recurrences." Consensus statement: chromosomal microarray is a first-tier clinical diagnostic test for individuals with developmental disabilities or congenital anomalies

Aneuploidy

• Euploidy normal, means having the complete chromosome sets (n, 2n, 3n). Aneuploidy is one of the three main classes of numerical chromosomal abnormalities:
• Aneuploidy are chromosome mutations in which chromosome number is abnormal (increased or reduced), nondisjunction in meiosis or mitosis (anaphase of meiosis I, sister chromatids fail to disjoin at either meiosis II or at mitosis) is the cause of most aneuploids.
• Polyploidy includes triploidy, usually due to two sperm fertilizing a single egg.
• Mixoploidy includes mosaicism, where there are two or more genetically different cell lines in an individual.

Prevalence

Abnormalities from USA Nationwide Inpatient Sample database (1998 to 2008)

Cardiac Abnormalities

• Atrial septal defect
• Patent ductus arteriosus
• Ventricular septal defect

A study of Japanese cardiac surgery in patients with trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 in Japan</ref>

• clinical data from 134 patients with T18 and 27 patients with T13
• patients with T13, 5 (19%) of 27 patients were alive during study period.
• Twenty-three (85%) of 27 patients had CHD and 13 (57%) of 27 patients had PH.
• Atrial septal defect was the most common form of CHD (22%).
• Cardiac surgery was done in 6 (26%) of 23 patients.

Digit Abnormality

Trisomy 13 polydactyly

Additional Images

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  Chromosome unbalanced translocation

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  Chromosome balanced translocation

• 

  Human chromosomes 13-16

References

Reviews

Chen CP. (2010). Prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling for mosaic trisomy 13. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol , 49, 13-22. PMID: 20466287 DOI.

Solomon BD, Rosenbaum KN, Meck JM & Muenke M. (2010). Holoprosencephaly due to numeric chromosome abnormalities. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet , 154C, 146-8. PMID: 20104610 DOI.

Spencer K. (2007). Aneuploidy screening in the first trimester. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet , 145C, 18-32. PMID: 17290444 DOI.

Bugge M, deLozier-Blanchet C, Bak M, Brandt CA, Hertz JM, Nielsen JB, Duprez L & Petersen MB. (2005). Trisomy 13 due to rea(13q;13q) is caused by i(13) and not rob(13;13)(q10;q10) in the majority of cases. Am. J. Med. Genet. A , 132A, 310-3. PMID: 15690377 DOI.

Oyler M, Long BW & Cox LA. (2004). Sonographic markers used to detect frequent trisomies. Radiol Technol , 76, 13-8. PMID: 15503716

Shipp TD & Benacerraf BR. (2002). Second trimester ultrasound screening for chromosomal abnormalities. Prenat. Diagn. , 22, 296-307. PMID: 11981910 DOI.

Rodríguez JI, García M, Morales C, Morillo A & Delicado A. (1990). Trisomy 13 syndrome and neural tube defects. Am. J. Med. Genet. , 36, 513-6. PMID: 2202219 DOI.

Huang CY, Chiang JH, Yeh GP, Chou PH, Shiau HJ, Lai YS & Li SY. (1987). Cyclopia with trisomy 13. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol , 27, 251-5. PMID: 3325020

Articles

Carey JC. (2020). Emerging evidence that medical and surgical interventions improve the survival and outcome in the trisomy 13 and 18 syndromes. Am. J. Med. Genet. A , 182, 13-14. PMID: 31609083 DOI.

Lakovschek IC, Streubel B & Ulm B. (2011). Natural outcome of trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and triploidy after prenatal diagnosis. Am. J. Med. Genet. A , 155A, 2626-33. PMID: 21990236 DOI.

Search Pubmed

Search Pubmed Nov 2010 "Trisomy 13" - All (3649) Review (283) Free Full Text (452)

Search Pubmed: Trisomy 13 | Patau Syndrome

External Links

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• NSW Centre for Genetics Education Fact Sheet - Trisomy 13
• PubMed Health Trisomy 13

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2023, December 2) Embryology Trisomy 13. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Trisomy_13

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© Dr Mark Hill 2023, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G