Abnormal Development - Zoonotic Infection

Embryology - 2 Dec 2023        Expand to Translate
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Educational Use Only - Embryology is an educational resource for learning concepts in embryological development, no clinical information is provided and content should not be used for any other purpose.

Introduction

Malaria (plasmodium falciparum)

Toxoplasmosis lifecycle

A zoonotic infection (zoonosis) is an animal disease that can be transmitted to humans. This can be through contact with animals (pets, farm animals, wildlife) or their products (milk, meat, waste).

Links: Abnormal Development - Toxoplasmosis | Q Fever

Some Recent Findings

Zika Virus Detection in Amniotic Fluid and Zika-Associated Birth Defects "Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can cause serious birth defects, including brain and eye abnormalities. The clinical importance of detection of ZIKV ribonucleic acid (RNA) in amniotic fluid is unknown. We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of women with amniotic fluid specimens submitted to Colombia's National Institute of Health as part of national ZIKV surveillance from January 2016 to January 2017. ...Testing of amniotic fluid provided additional evidence for maternal diagnosis of ZIKV infection. Zika-associated birth defects were more common among women with ZIKV RNA detected in prenatal amniotic fluid specimens than women with no laboratory evidence of ZIKV infection, but similar to women with ZIKV RNA detected in other, non-amniotic fluid specimen types." How does toxoplasmosis affect the maternal-foetal immune interface and pregnancy? "Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite which, depending on the geographical location, can infect between 10% and 90% of humans. Infection during pregnancy may result in congenital toxoplasmosis. The effects on the foetus vary depending on the stage of gestation in which primary maternal infection arises. A large body of research has focused on understanding immune response to toxoplasmosis, although few studies have addressed how it is affected by pregnancy or the pathological consequences of infection at the maternal-foetal interface. There is a lack of knowledge about how maternal immune cells, specifically macrophages, are modulated during infection and the resulting consequences for parasite control and pathology. Herein, we discuss the potential of T. gondii infection to affect the maternal-foetal interface and the potential of pregnancy to disrupt maternal immunity to T. gondii infection." USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2012"As of September 11, 2012, 48 states have reported West Nile virus infections in people, birds, or mosquitoes. A total of 2,636 cases of West Nile virus disease in people, including 118 deaths, have been reported to CDC. Of these, 1,405 (53%) were classified as neuroinvasive disease (such as meningitis or encephalitis) and 1,231 (47%) were classified as non-neuroinvasive disease."

More recent papers

This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link. This search now requires a manual link as the original PubMed extension has been disabled. The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance. References also appear on this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing. References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability. More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Congenital Zoonotic Infection | Zoonotic Infection | Zoonotic Teratogen | Congenital Giardia duodenalis

Older papers

These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table. See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page. Risk of human infection with Giardia duodenalis from cats in Japan and genotyping of the isolates to assess the route of infection in cats "The number of facilities in which customers make contact with cats before eating and drinking, called 'cat cafés', has recently increased in Tokyo, Japan. In a survey to clarify the possibility of zoonotic transmission in Giardia duodenalis, the infection rates of G. duodenalis in 321 stool samples of cats from 16 cat cafés, 31 pet shops, and the Animal Care and Consultation Center of Tokyo were 19·1% (22/115), 1·2% (1/85), and 2·5% (3/121), respectively. In the molecular analysis of 26 G. duodenalis isolates, 6 samples from 2 cat cafés belonged to the zoonotic genotype assemblage A I, and 20 other samples were of assemblage F. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) genes of the 20 assemblage F isolates revealed 2 major lineages. The 6 assemblage A isolates belonged to the same cluster with regard to the GDH gene; however, 2 of the 6 isolates belonged to a different cluster from the other 4 isolates with regard to the TPI gene. Therefore, a risk of transmission from cats to humans is suggested because of the detection of zoonotic Giardia genotypes in cat cafés." The potential for zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. from beef and dairy cattle in Ontario, Canada "The results of this study indicate that although Giardia and Cryptosporidium were identified in a higher overall percentage of the pooled beef cattle manure samples than in dairy cattle, firmly established zoonotic genotypes and species were much more common in dairy cattle than in beef cattle in this region. Dairy cattle, and especially dairy calves, may, therefore, pose a greater risk of infection to humans than beef cattle. However, these results may also provide evidence of potential zooanthroponotic transmission (human to animal)."

Potential Zoonotic Infections

Anthrax disease Influenzavirus A Babesiosis Barmah Forest virus Bartonellosis Bilharzia Bolivian hemorrhagic fever Brucellosis Borrelia (Lyme disease and others) Borna virus infection Mycobacterium bovis (Bovine tuberculosis) Campylobacteriosis Chagas disease Chlamydophila psittaci Cholera Cowpox Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy(TSE) from bovine spongiform encephalopathy]] (BSE) or "mad cow disease"

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Cryptosporidiosis Cutaneous larva migrans Dengue fever Ebola Echinococcosis Escherichia coli O157:H7 Eastern equine encephalitis virus Western equine encephalitis virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus Giardia lamblia Hantavirus Hendra virus Henipavirus Korean hemorrhagic fever Kyasanur forest disease

Lábrea fever Lassa fever Leishmaniasis Leptospirosis Listeriosis Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Marburg virus|Marburg fever Mediterranean spotted fever Herpes B virus Nipah virus Ocular larva migrans Omsk hemorrhagic fever Ornithosis (psittacosis) Orf (animal disease) Oropouche fever Plague (disease) Puumala virus Q-Fever Psittacosis or "parrot fever"

Rabies Rift Valley fever Ringworms (Tinea canis) Salmonellosis Streptococcus suis Swine influenza (swine flu) Toxocariasis Toxoplasmosis Trichinosis Tularemia, or "rabbit fever" Typhus (disease) of Rickettsiae Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever Visceral larva migrans West Nile virus Yellow fever

West Nile Virus

West Nile virus (WNV) activity reported to ArboNET, by state, United States, 2012 (as of September 11, 2012)

• Since 1999, more than 30,000 people in the United States have been reported as getting sick with West Nile virus. Infected mosquitoes spread West Nile virus (WNV) that can cause serious, life altering disease.
• As of September 11, 2012, 48 states have reported West Nile virus infections in people, birds, or mosquitoes. A total of 2,636 cases of West Nile virus disease in people, including 118 deaths, have been reported to CDC. Of these, 1,405 (53%) were classified as neuroinvasive disease (such as meningitis or encephalitis) and 1,231 (47%) were classified as non-neuroinvasive disease.
  • Neuroinvasive disease cases - refers to severe cases of disease that affect a person’s nervous system, including encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the brain) and the spinal cord and acute flaccid paralysis (inflammation of the spinal cord) that can cause a sudden onset of weakness in the limbs and/or breathing muscles.
  • Nonneuroinvasive disease cases - refers to typically less severe cases showing no evidence of neuroinvasion, primarily West Nile fever that is a notifiable disease.

(Information CDC)

Hepatozoonosis

Canine Hepatozoonosis

Hepatozoon is a protozoa with over 300 species acting as obligate intraerythrocytic parasites that infect birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals, in all continents with tropical and subtropical climates. The dog Hepatozoon canis was first described in the early 1900s.

Links: Dog Abnormalities

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) - First reported in China in 2002, and later in Asia in 2003, with a mortality rate of approximately 10%. SARS is a coronavirus zoonotic infection with the primary reservoir of bats and the intermediary source was civet cats.

Search PubMed: Abnormal Development Coronavirus | Coronavirus teratogen | SARS Coronavirus teratogen

References

Bookshelf

• The Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases: Understanding the Impact on Animal and Human Health: Workshop Summary. Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Emerging Infections; Burroughs T, Knobler S, Lederberg J, editors. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2002.
• Bioinformatics in Tropical Disease Research: A Practical and Case-Study Approach Gruber, Arthur; Durham, Alan M.; Huynh, Chuong; del Portillo, Hernando A., editors Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), NCBI; 2008

Search PubMed

Search Pubmed: Zoonotic Embryo Infection | Zoonotic Infection

External Links

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• UK Health Protection Report Zoonoses

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2023, December 2) Embryology Abnormal Development - Zoonotic Infection. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Abnormal_Development_-_Zoonotic_Infection

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© Dr Mark Hill 2023, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G