Timeline Comparisons: Difference between revisions
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===Cardiovascular=== | ===Cardiovascular=== |
Revision as of 23:44, 31 May 2018
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Introduction
The timeline of human development has a specific page. This page attempts to bring together many different systems and species timelines.
Carnegie Comparison
Carnegie | Stage | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Human | Days | 1 | 2-3 | 4-5 | 5-6 | 7-12 | 13-15 | 15-17 | 17-19 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 28 | 30 | 33 | 36 | 40 | 42 | 44 | 48 | 52 | 54 | 55 | 58 |
Mouse | Days | 1 | 2 | 3 | E4.5 | E5.0 | E6.0 | E7.0 | E8.0 | E9.0 | E9.5 | E10 | E10.5 | E11 | E11.5 | E12 | E12.5 | E13 | E13.5 | E14 | E14.5 | E15 | E15.5 | E16 |
Rat | Days | 1 | 3.5 | 4-5 | 5 | 6 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 9 | 10.5 | 11 | 11.5 | 12 | 12.5 | 13 | 13.5 | 14 | 14.5 | 15 | 15.5 | 16 | 16.5 | 17 | 17.5 |
Note these Carnegie stages are only approximate day timings for average of embryos. Links: Carnegie Stage Comparison | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Model Comparison
Postnatal Animal Models | mouse | rat | pig |
---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy period (days) | 18 – 21 | 21 – 23 | 110 – 118 |
Placenta type | Discoidal, decidual hemoendothelial choroidea |
Discoidal, decidual hemoendothelial choroidea |
Epitheliochorial |
Litter size | 6 – 12 | 6 – 15 | 11 – 16 |
Birth weight (g) | 0.5 – 1.5 | 3 – 5 | 900 – 1600 |
Weaning weight male/female (g) | 18 – 25/16 – 25 | 55 – 90/45 – 80 | 6000 – 8000 |
Suckling period (days) | 21–28 | 21 | 28–49 |
Solid diet beginning (days) | 10 | 12 | 12 – 15 |
Puberty male/female (week) | 4 – 6/5 | 6/6 – 8 | 20 – 28 |
Life expectancy (years) | 1 - 2 | 2 - 3 | 14 – 18 |
Table data - Otis and Brent (1954)[1] Links: timeline |
Animal
The collapsible table below shows a comparison of the prenatal period for a large number of animal species development.
Animal Development Time | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Animal Notes and Table Data Sources
|
Animal Development: axolotl | bat | cat | chicken | cow | dog | dolphin | echidna | fly | frog | goat | grasshopper | guinea pig | hamster | horse | kangaroo | koala | lizard | medaka | mouse | opossum | pig | platypus | rabbit | rat | salamander | sea squirt | sea urchin | sheep | worm | zebrafish | life cycles | development timetable | development models | K12 | ||
|
Human Systems
Neural
Early Neural Timeline | |
---|---|
Carnegie Stage | Event |
8 | (about 18 postovulatory days) neural groove and folds are first seen |
9 | three main divisions of the brain, which are not cerebral vesicles, can be distinguished while the neural groove is still completely open. |
10 | (two days later) neural folds begin to fuse near the junction between brain and spinal cord, when neural crest cells are arising mainly from the neural ectoderm |
11 | (about 24 days) the rostral (or cephalic) neuropore closes within a few hours; closure is bidirectional, it takes place from the dorsal and terminal lips and may occur in several areas simultaneously. The two lips, however, behave differently. |
12 | (about 26 days) The caudal neuropore takes a day to close. The level of final closure is approximately at future somitic pair 31 (corresponds to the level of sacral vertebra 2). Secondary neurulation begins, is the differentiation of the caudal part of the neural tube from the caudal eminence (or end-bud) without the intermediate phase of a neural plate. |
13 | (4 weeks) the neural tube is normally completely closed. |
Links: neural | Week 3 | Week 4 |
Neural Crest - Optic
Carnegie Stage | Event |
---|---|
9 | an indication of mesencephalic neural crest |
10 | trigeminal, facial, and postotic components |
11 | crest-free zones are soon observable in rhombomere 1, 3, and 5 |
12 | rhombomeres 6 and 7 neural crest migrate to pharyngeal arch 3 and then rostrad to the truncus arteriosus |
13 | nasal crest and the terminalis-vomeronasal complex are last of the cranial crest to appear |
9 to 14 | otic vesicle primordium descends |
Week: | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
Carnegie stage: | 1 2 3 4 | 5 6 | 7 8 9 | 10 11 12 13 | 14 15 | 16 17 | 18 19 | 20 21 22 23 |
Data from a study of 185 serially sectioned staged (Carnegie) human embryos.[2] Links: vision | neural crest | timeline | Category:Timeline
Hearing
Developmental Time | Event |
---|---|
Week 9 | Mesenchyme surrounding membranous labryinth (otic capsule) chondrifies. |
Week 12-16 | Capsule adjacent to membranous labryinth undegoes vacuolization to form a cavity (perilymphatic space) around membranous labrynth and fills with perilymph. |
Week 18 | ectodermal plug in external auditory meatus breaks down. |
Week 16 - 24 | Centres of endochondral ossification appear in remaining cartilage of otic capsule form petrous portion of temporal bone. Continues to ossify to form mastoid process of temporal bone. |
Week 18 - 22 | Organ of corti structural elements develop. (GA 20 - 24 weeks) |
26 weeks | human brainstem auditory pathway is anatomically formed. |
28 weeks | AABR can be recorded. |
3rd Trimester | Vibration acoustically of maternal abdominal wall induces startle response in fetus. |
Links: hearing | timeline |
Carnegie Stage |
CRL (mm) | Description |
---|---|---|
13 | 6 | Presumptive stapedial area |
14 | 7 | Appearance of the stapedial anlage |
16 | 9 | Relationship between the stapedial artery and the stapedial anlage. Appearance of the interhyale |
17 | 12 | Delimitation of the parts of the stapedial anlage |
18 | 16 | Chondrogenesis phase. Start of involution of the stapedial artery |
20 | 18.5 | Delimitation of the ossicular anlages. Cartilaginous phase. Disappearance of the stapedial artery |
22 | 26 | Delimitation of the interhyale |
23 | 28 | Anlage of the stapedial muscle tendon |
Data from Table 1[3] Links: middle ear |
Smell
Week FA (GA) | Carnegie Stage | Event |
---|---|---|
week 4 (GA 6) | 11 | nasal epiblastic thickening appears |
12 | nasal field is well outlined | |
week 5 (GA 7) | 15 | continuous cellulovascular strand seen between the nasal groove and the olfactory field |
week 6 (GA 8) | 16 | vomeronasal groove appears. |
17 | olfactory nerve is organized into two plexuses, lateral and medial, the latter mingled with the terminal-vomeronasal complex. | |
week 7 (GA 9) | 18 | olfactory bulb begins to appear |
19 | individualization of the olfactory bulb and nuclei, distinction between olfactory structures and terminal and vomeronasal ones begins to be clear. | |
week 8 (GA 10) | 21 | structure of the olfactory bulb is evident. |
23 | olfactory strands are well individualized, and olfactory and terminal-vomeronasal fibers are easily distinguishable. | |
Links: smell | sensory | timeline | Category:Timeline Table Data Reference[4] |
Cardiovascular
Week | Carnegie Stage | Event | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Week 4 | 11 | appearance of the optic ventricle. The neural groove/tube space is initially filled with amniotic fluid. | ||||||||||||||||||
12 | closure of the caudal neuropore, onset of the ventricular system and separates the ependymal from the amniotic fluid. | |||||||||||||||||||
13 | cavity of the telencephalon medium is visible. | |||||||||||||||||||
Week 5 | 14 | cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles begin, rhomboid fossa becomes apparent. | ||||||||||||||||||
15 | medial and lateral ventricular eminences cause indentations in the lateral ventricle | |||||||||||||||||||
Week 6 | 16 | hypothalamic sulcus is evident. | ||||||||||||||||||
17 - 18 | interventricular foramina are becoming relatively smaller, and cellular accumulations indicate the future choroid villi of the fourth and lateral ventricles. | |||||||||||||||||||
Week 7 | 18 | areae membranaceae rostralis and caudalis are visible in the roof of the fourth ventricle, and the paraphysis is appearing. | ||||||||||||||||||
19 | choroid villi are visible in the fourth ventricle, and a mesencephalic evagination (blindsack) is visible | |||||||||||||||||||
Week 8 | 20 | choroid villi are visible in the lateral ventricle. | ||||||||||||||||||
21 | olfactory ventricle is visible. | |||||||||||||||||||
21 - 23 | lateral ventricle has become C-shaped (anterior and inferior horns visible). Recesses develop in the third ventricle (optic, infundibular, pineal). | |||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||
Links: ventricular | neural | timeline | Category:Timeline Table Data Reference[5] |
Placenta
Fertilization Age
(weeks) |
Gestational Age
(weeks) |
Vessel Lumen Diameter
(range in microns, µm) |
Features |
3 to 4 | 5 and 6 | 10 - 15 |
|
5 to 6 | 7 and 8 | 10 - 26 |
|
7 to 8 | 9 and 10 | 60 - 75 two central vessels
26 - 34 capillary network |
|
9 to 10 | 11 and 12 | 70 - 90 two central vessels
26 - 34 capillary network |
|
Vill development data based upon immunochemistry confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) study[6] with clinical gestational age (GA) from last menstrual period (LMP) and has been corrected for post-conception (fertilization) age, approximately 14 days later.
CD31 - (PECAM-1, Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule) is a cluster of differentiation molecule found on endothelial and other blood cells. |
Spleen
Feature | ||
---|---|---|
Carnegie stage 14 to 17
appears as a bulge in the dorsal mesogastrium. Mesothelium pseudostratified. | ||
Mesothelium (pseudostratified} replaced with high columnar cells and then low columnar cells. | ||
Basement membrane present after this stage. | ||
Hematopoietic cells detected. | ||
Spleen is now apparent. Mesenchymal cells differentiated from cells in dorsal mesogastrium. Sinus and hilus formation after this stage. | ||
Arteries and veins parallel entries at this stage. | ||
Human data.[7] Links: spleen | Kyoto Collection | Timeline human development |
Respiratory
Respiratory Stages - Species Comparison - Stages Gestational age (days) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Term | Embryonic | Pseudoglandular | Canalicular | Saccular |
human | 280 | < 42 | 52 - 112 | 112 - 168 | 168 |
primate | 168 | < 42 | 57 - 80 | 80 - 140 | 140 |
sheep | 150 | < 40 | 40 - 80 | 80 - 120 | 120 |
rabbit | 32 | < 18 | 21 - 24 | 24 - 27 | 27 |
rat | 22 | < 13 | 16 - 19 | 19 - 20 | 21 |
mouse | 20 | < 9 | 16 | 18 | 19 |
Data modified from[8]
Links: respiratory | Respiratory Comparison | Mouse Human Respiratory | Mouse respiratory stages | mouse | rat | rabbit | Timeline Comparisons |
Skeleton
Carnegie Stage | Event |
---|---|
17 | chondrogenic progenitor of the humerus and the medial border of the scapula can be observed. |
18 | chondrogenic progenitor for rest of the scapula appears. |
19 | glenohumeral joint will begin delaminating and showing a looser central band (interzone). Denser lateral bands will join the humeral head (caput humeri) and the margins of the articular surface of the scapula, thus forming the glenoid labrum (glenoid ligament). |
21 | long head of the biceps tendon present |
22 | glenoid labrum (glenoid ligament) present |
23 | coracohumeral ligament present |
Week | |
Fetal Week 10 | osteogenic process begins in the humeral head. Primitive glenohumeral ligament present |
Fetal Week 11 | osteogenic process begins in the scapula |
Links: shoulder | joint | limb | timeline Data from human histological study.[9] |
Bone | Centres | Time of appearance of centre | Union of primary and secondary centres; remarks. |
---|---|---|---|
Clavicle | Diaphysis | 6th week | There are two centres in the shaft, a medial and a lateral. These blend on the 45th day (Mall). Shaft and epiphysis unite between the 20th and 25th years. |
Sternal epiphysis | 18th to 20th year | ||
Scapula | Primary centres: | The chief centre appears near the lateral angle. The subcoracoid centre appears at the base of the coracoid process and also gives rise to a part of the superior margin of the glenoid fossa. The coracoid process joins the body about the age of puberty. The acromial epiphysis centres (two or three in number) fuse with one another soon after their appearance and with the spine between the 22nd and 25th years (Quain); 20th year (Wilms). The subcoracoid and the epiphysis of the coracoid process, the glenoid fossa, the inferior angle, and the vertebral margin join between the 18th and 24th years in the order mentioned (Sappey). | |
1. That of the body, the spine, and the base of the glenoid cavity. | 8th week (Mall) 1 | ||
2. Goraooid process | 1st year | ||
3. Subcoracoid | 10th to 12th year | ||
Epiphyses: | |||
Acromial epiphyses | 15th to 18th year | ||
Epiphysis of the inferior angle. | 16 to 18th year | ||
Epiphyses of the vertebral border. | 18th to 20th year | ||
Epiphyses of upper surface of coracoid. | 16th to 18th year. | ||
Epiphysis of surface of glenoid fossa. | 16th to 18th year. | ||
Humerus | Diaphysis | 6th to 7th week (Mall) | The epiphyses of the head, the tuberculum majus and the tuberculum minus (the last is inconstant) unite with one another in 4th-6th year and with the shaft in 20th-25th year. The epiphyses of the capitulum, lateral epicondyle, and trochlea unite with one another and then in the 16th-17th year join the shaft. The epiphysis of the medial epicondyle joins the shaft in the 18th year. |
Epiphyses: | |||
Head | 1st to 2d year | ||
Tuberculum majus | 2d to 3d year | ||
Tuberculum minus | 3d to 5th year | ||
Capitulum | 2d to 3d year | ||
Epioondylus med | 5th to 8th year | ||
Lateral margin of trochlea | 11th to 12th year | ||
Epicondylus lat | 12th to 14th year | ||
Radius | Diaphysis | 7th week (Mall) | The superior epiphysis and shaft unite between the 17th and 20th years. The inferior epiphysis and shaft about the 21st year (Pryor); M 21st year, F 21st-25th year (Sappey). Sometimes an epiphysis is found m the tuberosity (R. and K.) and in the styloid process (Sappey). |
Epiphyses: | |||
Carpal end | F 8th month - M 15th month (Pryor) | ||
Humeral end | 6th-7th year | ||
Ulna | Diaphysis | 7th week | The centre for the shaft of the ulna arises a few days later than that for the radius. The proximal epiphysis is united to the shaft about the 17th year; the inferior epiphysis between the 18th and 20th years; F 20th - 21st years, M 21st - 24th years (Sappey). There is sometimes an epiphysis in the styloid process (Sohwegel) and in the tip of the olecranon process (Sappey). |
Epiphyses: | |||
Carpal end | F 6th-7th year - M 7th-8th year (Pryor) | ||
Humeral end | 10th year | ||
Carpus | Os capitatum | F 3d-6th month M 4th-10th month | The navicular sometimes has two centres of ossification (Serres. Rambaud and Renault). Serres and Pryor have described two centres of ossification in the lunatum. Debierre has described two centres in the pisiform, one in a girl of eleven, the other in a boy of twelve. The OS hamatum may have a special centre for the hamular process. Pryor has found two centres in the triquetrum. Pryor (1908), describes the centres of ossification of the carpal bones as assuming shapes characteristic of each bone at an early period. |
Os hamatum | F 5th-10th month M 6th-12th month | ||
Os triquetrum | F 2d-3d year M about 3 years | ||
Os lunatum | F 3rd-4th year M about 4 years | ||
Os naviculare | F at 4 years, or early in 5th year M about 5 years | ||
Os mult. maj. | F 4th-5th year M 5th-6th year | ||
Osmult. min. | F 4th-5th year M 6th-6th year | ||
Os pisiforme | F 9th-10th year M 12th-3th year | ||
Metacarpals | Diaphyses | 9th week (Mall) | The centres for the shafts of the second and third metacarpals are the first to appear. There may be a distal epiphysis for the first metacarpal and a proximal epiphysis for the second. Pryor (1906). found the distal epiphysis of the first metacarpal in about 6 per cent, of cases. It is a family characteristic. It arises before the 4th year and unites later. Pryor found the proximal epiphysis of the second metacarpal in six out of two hundred families. It unites with the shaft between the 4th and 6th-7th year; sometimes, however, not until the 14th year. In the seal and some other animals all the metacarpals have proximal and distal epiphyses (Quain). The epiphyses join the shafts between the 15th and 20th years. There may bean independent epiphysis for the styloid process of the 5th metacarpal. The epiphysis of the metacarpal of the index finger appears first. This is followed by those of the 3d, 4th, 5th, and 1st digits. |
Proximal epiphysis of the first metacarpal | 3d year | ||
Distal epiphyses of the metacarpals | 2d year | ||
Phalanges | Diaphyses | 9th week (Mall) | |
First row | Proximal epiphyses | 1st-3rd year (Pryor) | The shafts of the phalanges of the second and third fingers are the first to show centres of ossification. The phalanges of the little finger are the last, the epiphysis in the middle finger is the first to appear. This is followed by those of the 4th, 2d, 5th, and 1st digits. |
Middle row | Diaphyses | 11th-12th week (Mall) | The centres in the shafts of this row are the last to appear. The epiphysis of the phalanx of the middle finger is the first to appear. This is followed by those of the ring, index, and little finger (Pryor). |
Proximal epiphyses | 2nd-3rd year | ||
Terminal row | Diaphyses | 7th-8th week | The terminal phalanx of the thumb is the first to show a centre of ossification in the shaft. This is the first centre of ossification in the hand. It is developed in connective tissue while the centres of the other phalanges are developed in cartilage (Mall). The epiphysis of the ungual phalanx of the thumb is followed by those of the middle, ring, index, and little fingers. The fusion of the epiphyses of the phalanges with the diaphyses takes place in the 18th-20th year. |
Proximal epiphyses | 2nd-3rd year | ||
Sesamoid bones | Ossification begins generally in the 13th - 14th years, and may not take place until after middle life (Thilenius). For table of relative frequency in the embryo and adult see p. 385. | ||
Days and weeks refer to the prenatal, years to the postnatal period. M = male F = female. According to Poirier, Traite d'Anatomie, p. 138, two centres appear in the eighth week, and unite in the third month to form a centre of ossification for the body of the scapula. | |||
Links: limb | bone | upper limb ossification timeline | lower limb ossification timeline | Historic - Chapter 11 Development of the Skeleton | timeline | Category:Timeline Table Data Reference[10] |
Bone | Centres | Time of appearance of centre | Time of fusion: general remarks |
---|---|---|---|
Os coxae | Os ilium | 56th day (Mall) | The rami of the ischium and the pubis are united by bone in the 7th or 8th year (Quain) ( 12-14 year Sappey). In the acetabulum the three hip bones are separated by a Y-shaped cartilage until after puberty. In this cartilage between the ilium and pubis the "os acetabuli" appears between the ninth and twelfth years. This bone, variable in size, forms a greater or less part of the pubic portion of the articular cavity. Leche (1884). Krause (1885), and many others consider it primarily an independent bone. About puberty between the ilium and ischium and over the acetabular surfaces of these bones small irregular epiphyseal centres appear. The os acetabuli becomes imited to the pubic bone about puberty and soon afterwards the acetabular portions of the ilium and ischium and the ischium and pubis begin to become united by bone. The acetabular portions of the pubis and ilium are unite a little later. Osseous union takes place earlier on the pelvic than on the articular surface of the acetabulum. The union of the several primary centres and the epiphyses is usually completed about the twentieth year. |
Os ischii | 105th day (Mall) | ||
Os pubis | 4th to 5th fetal month | ||
Os acetabuli. | 9th to 12th year | ||
Epiphyses:
Those of the acetabulum |
Soon after puberty | ||
Crest of ilium | Soon after puberty | Fuses with main bone 20th to 25th year | |
Tuberosity of ischium | Soon after puberty | Fusion begins in the 17th year and is completed between the 20th and 24th years (Sappey) | |
Ischial spine | Soon after puberty | 18th to 20th year (Poirier). | |
Ant. inf. spine of ilium | Soon after puberty | 18th to 20th year (Poirier) | |
Symphysis end of os pubis (1 or 2 centres) | 18th to 20th year (Sappey) | After the 20th year | |
Femur | Diaphysis | 43d day (Mall) | |
Epiphyses:
Distal end |
Shortly before birth1 | 20th to 24th year | |
Head | 1st year | 18th to 19th year | |
Great trochanter | 3d to 4th year (Osseous granules soon after birth, (Poirier) | 18th year | |
Small trochanter | 13th to 14th year
8th year (Sappey) |
17th year (Quain)
Proximal epiphysis 18th to 22d year (Poirier) | |
Patella | 3d to 5th year | The osseous patella reaches its definitive form soon before puberty | |
Tibia | Diaphysis | 44th day (Mall) | |
Epiphyses:
Proximal end |
About birth | 19th to 24th year (Sappey) | |
Distal end | 2d year | 16th to 19th year | |
Tubercle (occas.) | 13th year | Fuses with epiphysis of the proximal end and then with this to the diaphysis | |
Fibula | Diaphysis | 55th day (Mall). | |
Epiphyses:
Distal end |
2d year | 20th to 22d year | |
Proximal end | 3d to 5th year | 22d to 24th year | |
Calcaneus | Chief centre | 6th fetal month | The chief nucleus is endochondral. A periosteal nucleus appears frequently in the 4-5 fetal month (Hasselwander) |
Epiphysis (distal end) | 10th year (Quain)
7th-8th year ( Sappey) |
15th-16th year (Quain)
16th-18th year (Poirier) M 17-21, average 20 years F 13-17, average 16 years (Hasselwander) | |
Talus | 6th fetal month (Hasselwander) | In the 7th-8th year the posterior part of the talus, the os trigonum, is frequently ossified from a special centre (v. Bardeleben). It fuses about the 18th year. | |
Cuboid | About birth | ||
Cuneiform III | 1st year | ||
Cuneiform I | 2d-3d year | ||
Cuneiform II | 3d-4th year | ||
Navicular | 4th-5th year | ||
Metatarsals | Diaphyses | 8th-10th week | According to v. Bardeleben a second centre of ossincation appears much later than the primary in the navicular, and finally about the time of puberty a medial epiphyseal centre arises. |
Epiphyses | 3d-8th year | The centre for the 2d metatarsal usually appears first, then come the 3rd, 4th, 1st and 5th. The epiphysis of the 1st metatarsal appears at the proximal end of the bone: the other epiphyses arise at the distal ends of the metatarsals. There may be a distal epiphysis in the first metatarsal also.2 In some instances a proximal epiphysis is formed on the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal (Gruber). The epiphyses unite with the shafts in the 17-21 year in males and in the 14-19 year in females. (Hasselwander). | |
Phalanges: | |||
Terminal row | Diaphyses | 58th day (Mall) | |
Epiphyses (distal) | 4th year | M 13-23, average 16-21 year.
F 13-17, average 14-17 year (Hasselwander). | |
Middle row | Diaphyses | 4th-10th fetal month | |
Epiphyses | 3d year | M 15-19 year
F 13-16 year (Hasselwander) | |
Proximal row | Diaphyses | 3d fetal month | |
Epiphyses | 3d year | M 15-17 year.
F 14-15 year (Hasselwander) The centres for the shafts of the phalanges often appear double, one for the dorsal and one for the plantar surface. The centres for the medial phalanges in each row usually appear before the more laterally placed centres. The centre for the 5th terminal phalanx appears much later than the other centres in this row (Mall). According to Rambaud and Renault the epiphyses arise each from two centres which fuse together. In the terminal phalanx of the great toe the ossification centre of the epiphysis often appears as early as the second or even the first year. (Hasselwander) | |
Sesamoid bones of the great toe | M 14th year
F 12th-13th year |
Ossification may begin in the 8th year in females, in the 11th in males (Hasselwander). | |
| |||
Days and weeks refer to the prenatal, years to the postnatal period. M = male F = female. According to Poirier, Traite d'Anatomie, p. 138, two centres appear in the eighth week, and unite in the third month to form a centre of ossification for the body of the scapula. | |||
Links: limb | bone | upper limb ossification timeline | lower limb ossification timeline | Historic - Chapter 11 Development of the Skeleton | timeline | Category:Timeline Table Data Reference[10] |
References
- ↑ Otis EM and Brent R. Equivalent ages in mouse and human embryos. (1954) Anat Rec. 120(1):33-63. PMID 13207763
- ↑ O'Rahilly R & Müller F. (2007). The development of the neural crest in the human. J. Anat. , 211, 335-51. PMID: 17848161 DOI.
- ↑ Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Mérida-Velasco JR & Verdugo-López S. (2010). Development of the stapedius muscle and unilateral agenesia of the tendon of the stapedius muscle in a human fetus. Anat Rec (Hoboken) , 293, 25-31. PMID: 19899117 DOI.
- ↑ Bossy J. Development of olfactory and related structures in staged human embryos. (1980) Anat. Embryol., 161(2);225-36 PMID 7469043
- ↑ O'Rahilly R. and Müller F. Ventricular system and choroid plexuses of the human brain during the embryonic period proper. (1990) Amer. J Anat. 189(4): 285-302. PMID 2285038
- ↑ Lisman BA, van den Hoff MJ, Boer K, Bleker OP, van Groningen K & Exalto N. (2007). The architecture of first trimester chorionic villous vascularization: a confocal laser scanning microscopical study. Hum. Reprod. , 22, 2254-60. PMID: 17545656 DOI.
- ↑ Endo A, Ueno S, Yamada S, Uwabe C & Takakuwa T. (2015). Morphogenesis of the spleen during the human embryonic period. Anat Rec (Hoboken) , 298, 820-6. PMID: 25403423 DOI.
- ↑ Pinkerton KE & Joad JP. (2000). The mammalian respiratory system and critical windows of exposure for children's health. Environ. Health Perspect. , 108 Suppl 3, 457-62. PMID: 10852845
- ↑ Hita-Contreras F, Sánchez-Montesinos I, Martínez-Amat A, Cruz-Díaz D, Barranco RJ & Roda O. (2018). Development of the human shoulder joint during the embryonic and early fetal stages: anatomical considerations for clinical practice. J. Anat. , 232, 422-430. PMID: 29193070 DOI.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Keibel F. and Mall FP. Manual of Human Embryology I. (1910) J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 20) Embryology Timeline Comparisons. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Timeline_Comparisons
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G