Bat Development

Embryology - 11 Dec 2023        Expand to Translate
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Introduction

Short-tailed fruit bat Carollia perspicillata (embryonic stage 19)

The bat (chiroptera) family consists of about 1,000 species throughout the world today (90 in Australia) and is not a common model of mammalian embryonic development.

The taxon chiroptera can also be further divided into the Megachiroptera (flying foxes) and Microchiroptera suborders. Echolocation sounds have been shown to differ in Microchiroptera (vocal cords) and Megachiroptera (tongue clicks).

Bat: Hendra Virus | Category:Bat

Bat Images: Craniofacial Development Carollia perspicillata Stage 10-13 | Stage 12-17 | Stage 18-23 | Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus Stage 13-17 | Limb Stage 13-17 | Limb Growth Stage 13-17 | Stage 18-23 | Hipposideros pratti Stage 11-22

Historic Embryology - Bat   Fawcett E. The primordial cranium of miniopterus schreibersi at the 17 millimetre total length stage. (1919) J Anat. 53(4): 315-350.37. PMID 17103873

Some Recent Findings

Dicephalic Parapagus Conjoined Twins in a Large Fruit-eating Bat "Conjoined twinning is an embryological anomaly rarely reported in wild mammals and with only two previous records in Chiroptera. Here, we report a case of dicephalic parapagus conjoined twins in the Neotropical phyllostomid genus Artibeus. These twins are males and present separated heads and necks, but a conjoined trunk with an expanded upper thoracic region. They developed two complete forelimbs and two complete hindlimbs, all laterally to the trunk. There is a volume in the upper midback and between the heads that resembles a third rudimentary medial forelimb, but X-ray images only suggest the presence of medial skeletal elements of the pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapulae) in this region. The X-ray images also show that vertebral columns run separated from head until the base of lumbar region, where they form a single structure. Using ultrasound images, we detected the presence of two similarly sized and apparently separated hearts." twinning Ovulation, fertilization, and early embryonic development in the menstruating fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata "Graafian follicles developed large antra and exhibited preovulatory expansion of the cumulus oophorus. Ovulation had occurred in some on the morning, and in most by the evening, of day 1. The single ovum was released as a secondary oocyte and fertilized in the oviductal ampulla. Ovulated secondary oocytes were loosely associated with their cumulus cells, which were lost around the initiation of fertilization. Supernumerary spermatozoa were occasionally noted attached to the zonae pellucidae of oviductal ova, but never within the perivitelline space. By day 2, most ova had reached the pronuclear stage and by day 3, early cleavage stages. Several lines of evidence indicate that C. perspicillata is a spontaneous ovulator with a functional luteal phase."

More recent papers

This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link. This search now requires a manual link as the original PubMed extension has been disabled. The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance. References also appear on this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing. References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability. More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Fruit Bat Embryology | Bat Embryology | Bat Development

Older papers

Template:Older paper The Bat as a New Model of Cortical Development "The organization of the mammalian cerebral cortex shares fundamental features across species. However, while the radial thickness of grey matter varies within one order of magnitude, the tangential spread of the cortical sheet varies by orders of magnitude across species. A broader sample of model species may provide additional clues for understanding mechanisms that drive cortical expansion. Here, we introduce the bat Carollia perspicillata as a new model species. The brain of C. perspicillata is similar in size to that of mouse but has a cortical neurogenic period at least 5 times longer than mouse, and nearly as long as that of the rhesus macaque, whose brain is 100 times larger. We describe the development of laminar and regional structures, neural precursor cell identity and distribution, immune cell distribution, and a novel population of Tbr2+ cells in the caudal ganglionic eminence of the developing neocortex of C. perspicillata. Our data indicate that unique mechanisms guide bat cortical development, particularly concerning cell cycle length. The bat model provides new perspective on the evolution of developmental programs that regulate neurogenesis in mammalian cerebral cortex, and offers insight into mechanisms that contribute to tangential expansion and gyri formation in the cerebral cortex." Contrasting genetic structure in two co-distributed species of old world fruit bat "The fulvous fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaulti) and the greater short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx) are two abundant and widely co-distributed Old World fruit bats in Southeast and East Asia." Digital gene expression tag profiling of bat digits provides robust candidates contributing to wing formation "As the only truly flying mammals, bats use their unique wing - consisting of four elongated digits (digits II-V) connected by membranes - to power their flight. In addition to the elongated digits II-V, the forelimb contains one shorter digit (digit I) that is morphologically similar to the hindlimb digits. Here, we capitalized on the morphological variation among the bat forelimb digits to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying digit elongation and wing formation."

Taxon

Bat - rhinolophus smithersi

Chiroptera

Genbank common name: bats

Taxonomy Id: 9397 Rank: order

Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard)

Mitochondrial genetic code: Translation table 2 (Vertebrate Mitochondrial)

Lineage( abbreviated ): Eukaryota; Fungi/Metazoa group; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Coelomata; Deuterostomia; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Theria; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria

Species Comparison

Carollia perspicillata (short-tailed fruit bat) Ovulation has a 24 hour variation with up to 2 days of variation in oviduct transit time, and gestation period is 113 - 120 days. Myotis thysanodes and M. lucifugus Ovulation, fertilization, and implantation occur during the first 2 weeks of May and gestation is 50 - 60 days for both species.

<html5media height="220" width="270">File:Bat embryo stage 19.mp4</html5media> Bat embryo (stage 19)

Embryonic Stages - Carollia perspicillata

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  stage 10 to 13

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  stage 12 to 17

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  stage 18 to 24

Embryonic Bat Stages Carollia perspicillata

Stage	Key features	Somites	Age (dpc)	Uterus diameter (mm)	Crown-rump length (mm)	Mass (mg)
12	Forelimb buds form; tail bud forms; caudal neuropore closes; 3 pharyngeal arches.	21-29	40	5.75 (+/- 0.64)	3.4 (+/- 0.42)	4.3 (+/- 1.7)
14	Retinal pigment; nasal pits; end of somitogenesis; propatagium and plagiopatagium primordia; hindlimb AER.	36-40	44	6.95 (+/- 0.44)	5.35 (+/- 0.24)	24.6 (+/- 3.6)
15	Hand plate and footplate form; lens vesicle; auditory hillocks; premaxillary centers.		46	8.65 (+/- 1.20)	7.45 (+/- 0.92)	56 (+/- 13)
16	Nose-leaf primordium; pinna and tragus form; forelimb digital condensations, uropatagium primordium.		50	12.06 (+/- 1.45)	8.66 (+/- 1.05)	110 (+/- 30)
17	Tongue protruding; cervical flexure straightens; hindlimb interdigit tissue receding; eyes begin to close.		54	13.45 (+/- 1.34)	9.15 (+/- 1.34)	114 (+/- 45)
18	Free thumb; head and body smoother, rounder; eyes half-closed; postaxial flexure at wrist; calcar.		60	16.32 (+/- 0.98)	12.35 (+/- 1.16)	278 (+/- 83)
20	Distal forelimbs overlap over face; head larger; eyelids cover pigmented retina; claw primordia form.		70	20.0 (+/- 3.54)	16.35 (+/- 1.06)	617 (+/- 156)
22	Prominent, triangular nose-leaf; eyelids reopening; wing membranes corrugated; claws pigmented, hooked.		80	23.03 (+/- 2.68)	20.02 (+/- 0.26)	1527 (+/- 208)
24	Fetal period commences; eyes completely open; face and nose-leaf pigmenting.		90	23.53 (+/- 0.64)	21.13 (+/- 0.06)	2097 (+/- 199)
Values are mean n= 2-6, +/- standard deviation, original table contains more detailed data.

Embryonic Stages

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  Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus Stages 13-17

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  Embryonic stages 18-23

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  H. pratti Embryonic stages 11-22

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  Craniofacial development

Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus

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  Stages 13-17

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  Stage 13

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  Stage 14

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  Stage 15

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  Stage 16

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  Stage 17

Limb Development

Images of the bat embryo Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus at embryonic Stages 13-17.

Bat - adult and fetal limbs

A - Left limbs of adult Myotis ricketti. DI, DII, DIII, DIV and DV represent digits I-V of the forelimb

B, C - Left limbs of Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus in the Fetal Stage as an example of samples used for the Myotis ricketti libraries. Libraries Hand DI and Hand DII-V are constructed from forelimb digit I and digits II-V, respectively. Library Foot is constructed from hindlimb digits I-V.

Bar = 1 cm in A; bar = 1 mm in B and C.

Neural Development

The short-tailed fruit bat Carollia perspicillata Stage 14 embryo nervous system as identified by neurofilament antibody (brown) staining. Neurofilament is an intermediate filament protein, forming part of the neuronal cytoskeleton.

Historic Images

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  Fig. 55. Four stages in the development of the bat

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  Fig. 59. Sections of blastodermic vesicle of bat

Abnormalities

Australia map - bats and hendra virus

Hendra Virus

• Hendra virus is a paramyxoviridae (ssRNA negative-strand virus) that mainly infects large fruit bats (flying foxes) which can be passed on to horses.
• The infection has occasionally been passed onto people who have been in close contact with an infected horse.
• There is evidence of fetal and placental infection in flying fox and animal models.
• There is currently insufficient information to determine whether there are developmental effects in humans.

Links: NSW Public Health Sheet 2011 | Viralzone - Paramyxoviridae | Genome | Abnormal Development - Viral Infection

Rabies Virus

Rabies is a fatal encephalitis that can infect humans and is caused by lyssaviruses. Lyssavirus circulation has emerged in Southeast Asian bats.

Links: Viral Infection - Lassa Virus | Abnormal Development - Viral Infection

References

Reviews

Adams RA. (2008). Morphogenesis in bat wings: linking development, evolution and ecology. Cells Tissues Organs (Print) , 187, 13-23. PMID: 18163246 DOI.

Sears KE. (2008). Molecular determinants of bat wing development. Cells Tissues Organs (Print) , 187, 6-12. PMID: 18160799 DOI.

Bernard RT & Cumming GS. (1997). African bats: evolution of reproductive patterns and delays. Q Rev Biol , 72, 253-74. PMID: 9293029

Rasweiler JJ. (1993). Pregnancy in chiroptera. J. Exp. Zool. , 266, 495-513. PMID: 8371094 DOI.

Articles

Martínez-Cerdeño V, Camacho J, Ariza J, Rogers H, Horton-Sparks K, Kreutz A, Behringer R, Rasweiler JJ & Noctor SC. (2018). The Bat as a New Model of Cortical Development. Cereb. Cortex , 28, 3880-3893. PMID: 29136119 DOI.

Sears KE. (2008). Molecular determinants of bat wing development. Cells Tissues Organs (Print) , 187, 6-12. PMID: 18160799 DOI.

Chen CH, Cretekos CJ, Rasweiler JJ & Behringer RR. (2005). Hoxd13 expression in the developing limbs of the short-tailed fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata. Evol. Dev. , 7, 130-41. PMID: 15733311 DOI.

Rasweiler JJ & Badwaik NK. (1996). Improved procedures for maintaining and breeding the short-tailed fruit bat (Carollia perspicillata) in a laboratory setting. Lab. Anim. , 30, 171-81. PMID: 8783180 DOI.

Search Pubmed: bat development | chiroptera development

Additional Images

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  Image - Limb comparisons

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  Image - Limb comparison cartoon

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  Image - Bat and Mouse limbs

Historic Images

Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages

Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

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  Fig. 5. Various types of spermatozoa

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  Fig. 9. Mature Ovum of Bat

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  Fig. 55. Four stages in the development of the bat

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  Fig. 59. Sections of blastodermic vesicle of bat

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  Fig. 5. Diagram to illustrate the condition of Entypy of the the Germinal Area

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

• University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology Animal Diversity - Order Chiroptera
• The University of Texas, Department of Molecular Genetics Richard R. Behringer Lab
• Developmental Dynamics Poster of Bat Development PDF
• The University Queensland, Vision Touch and Hearing Research Centre Prof Jack Pettigrew |

Megabat | Molecular Phylogeny of Bats in Disarray

Glossary Links

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2023, December 11) Embryology Bat Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Bat_Development

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© Dr Mark Hill 2023, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G