Mouse Development
Embryology - 15 Jun 2024 Expand to Translate |
---|
Google Translate - select your language from the list shown below (this will open a new external page) |
العربية | català | 中文 | 中國傳統的 | français | Deutsche | עִברִית | हिंदी | bahasa Indonesia | italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | မြန်မာ | Pilipino | Polskie | português | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੇ | Română | русский | Español | Swahili | Svensk | ไทย | Türkçe | اردو | ייִדיש | Tiếng Việt These external translations are automated and may not be accurate. (More? About Translations) |
Introduction
The mouse (taxon-mus) has always been a good embryological model, generating easily (litters 8-20) and quickly (21d). Mouse embryology really expanded when molecular biologists used mice for gene knockouts. Suddenly it was necessary to understand development in order to understand the effect of knocking out the gene.
There are over 450 different strains of inbred research mice, and these strains have recently been organized into a chart. Those interested in the mouse reproductive cycle should also look at the mouse estrous cycle.
There are several systems for staging mouse development. The original and most widely used is the Theiler Stages system, which divides mouse development into 26 prenatal and 2 postnatal stages. [1]
- Mouse Stages: E1 | E2.5 | E3.0 | E3.5 | E4.5 | E5.0 | E5.5 | E6.0 | E7.0 | E7.5 | E8.0 | E8.5 | E9.0 | E9.5 | E10 | E10.5 | E11 | E11.5 | E12 | E12.5 | E13 | E13.5 | E14 | E14.5 | E15 | E15.5 | E16 | E16.5 | E17 | E17.5 | E18 | E18.5 | E19 | E20 | Timeline | About timed pregnancy
Carnegie | Stage | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Human | Days | 1 | 2-3 | 4-5 | 5-6 | 7-12 | 13-15 | 15-17 | 17-19 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 28 | 30 | 33 | 36 | 40 | 42 | 44 | 48 | 52 | 54 | 55 | 58 |
Mouse | Days | 1 | 2 | 3 | E4.5 | E5.0 | E6.0 | E7.0 | E8.0 | E9.0 | E9.5 | E10 | E10.5 | E11 | E11.5 | E12 | E12.5 | E13 | E13.5 | E14 | E14.5 | E15 | E15.5 | E16 |
Rat | Days | 1 | 3.5 | 4-5 | 5 | 6 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 9 | 10.5 | 11 | 11.5 | 12 | 12.5 | 13 | 13.5 | 14 | 14.5 | 15 | 15.5 | 16 | 16.5 | 17 | 17.5 |
Note these Carnegie stages are only approximate day timings for average of embryos. Links: Carnegie Stage Comparison | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Timeline Links: human timeline | mouse timeline | mouse detailed timeline | chicken timeline | rat timeline | Medaka | Category:Timeline |
Some Recent Findings
|
More recent papers |
---|
This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Mouse Development <pubmed limit=5>Mouse Development</pubmed> |
Movies
The collapsible tables below contain a number of movies showing aspects of mouse development.
Mouse Zygote | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
Mouse Various | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
Mouse microCT | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
- Links: Movies
Animal Model Comparison
Postnatal Animal Models | mouse | rat | pig |
---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy period (days) | 18 – 21 | 21 – 23 | 110 – 118 |
Placenta type | Discoidal, decidual hemoendothelial choroidea |
Discoidal, decidual hemoendothelial choroidea |
Epitheliochorial |
Litter size | 6 – 12 | 6 – 15 | 11 – 16 |
Birth weight (g) | 0.5 – 1.5 | 3 – 5 | 900 – 1600 |
Weaning weight male/female (g) | 18 – 25/16 – 25 | 55 – 90/45 – 80 | 6000 – 8000 |
Suckling period (days) | 21–28 | 21 | 28–49 |
Solid diet beginning (days) | 10 | 12 | 12 – 15 |
Puberty male/female (week) | 4 – 6/5 | 6/6 – 8 | 20 – 28 |
Life expectancy (years) | 1 - 2 | 2 - 3 | 14 – 18 |
Table data - Otis and Brent (1954)[6] Links: timeline |
Oocyte Development
Graphs show mouse and other species (Human, Pig, Hamster) comparison in follicle and oocyte size growth.[7] (See also Follicle size graph)
Early Mouse Development
zygote | blastomeres | morula | early blastocyst | hatched blastocyst |
Early mouse development model[8]
Live cell imaging and tracking[9]
|
Simulation of Zygote to Blastocyst[8]
|
- Links: Mouse Stages
Later Mouse Development
- Links: Mouse Stages | Mouse Timeline Detailed
Mouse Limb
- Links: Limb Development
Carnegie Stages Comparison
The table below gives an approximate comparison of human, mouse and rat embryos based upon Carnegie staging.
Carnegie | Stage | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Human | Days | 1 | 2-3 | 4-5 | 5-6 | 7-12 | 13-15 | 15-17 | 17-19 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 28 | 30 | 33 | 36 | 40 | 42 | 44 | 48 | 52 | 54 | 55 | 58 |
Mouse | Days | 1 | 2 | 3 | E4.5 | E5.0 | E6.0 | E7.0 | E8.0 | E9.0 | E9.5 | E10 | E10.5 | E11 | E11.5 | E12 | E12.5 | E13 | E13.5 | E14 | E14.5 | E15 | E15.5 | E16 |
Rat | Days | 1 | 3.5 | 4-5 | 5 | 6 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 9 | 10.5 | 11 | 11.5 | 12 | 12.5 | 13 | 13.5 | 14 | 14.5 | 15 | 15.5 | 16 | 16.5 | 17 | 17.5 |
Note these Carnegie stages are only approximate day timings for average of embryos. Links: Carnegie Stage Comparison | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Placenta Development
Maternal
- Uterine radial artery branches into 5-10 dilated spiral arteries.[10]
- Spiral arteries then converge at the trophoblast giant cell layer and empty into straight trophoblast-lined "canals".
Embryonic
- Embryonic placenta originates from the ectoplacental cone and the extra-embryonic ectoderm.
- endothelial cells derive from the allantois.
- embryonic day (E 10) - placenta divided into three layers associated with maternal decidual cells.
- Labyrinth - (equivalent to human villi) a selective barrier on the fetal side, is an array of fetal and maternal vessels.
- Junctional zone - (spongy layer) produce hormones and contains numerous cavities. The trophoblast cells form spongiotrophoblasts and the glycogen cells, that later (E 12.5) migrate into the maternal decidua.
- Giant cells - next to the uterine cells form the outermost fetal cell layer until (E 12).
Mouse Placenta Vasculature (E16.5) | |
---|---|
| |
superior view (maternal side) | lateral view (maternal side at bottom) |
Spermatozoa Development
The process of spermatogenesis takes approximately 35 days:
- mitotic phase (11 days)
- meiotic phase (10 days)
- post-meiotic phase (14 days)
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs)
The diploid germ cells, spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), are located on the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules
- adult mouse testis about 30,000 SSCs
- either divides into two new single cells
- or into a pair of spermatogonia (Apr)
- that do not complete cytokinesis and stay connected by an intercellular bridge
Primitive spermatogonia subset
- Asingle (As, single isolated spermatogonia)
- Apaired (Apr, interconnected spermatogonial pairs)
- Aaligned (Aal, interconnected 4, 8, or 16 spermatogonia)
- specifically termed Aal-4, Aal-8, and Aal-16
Primitive spermatogonia cells transform without cell division into more differentiating A1 spermatogonia that undergo 6 mitotic and 2 meiotic divisions to eventually form haploid spermatids.
Limb Development
Mouse limb skeleton cartoon[12]
Fore-limb and hind-limb buds for stages E9.5 to E13.5. Hindlimbs are morphologically delayed by about half a day.
- Light blue - indicate mesenchymal condensations.
- Thick black lines - indicate cartilage as determined by alcian blue staining.
Change in cell types and tissue formation as a function of mouse developmental stage.[12]
- Links: Limb Development
Neural Development
The data below is summarised from a study of early neural development in the mouse.[13]
- initial fusion of apposing neural folds occurred at the level of the intermediate point between the third and fourth somites (caudal myelencephalon) both rostrally and caudally
- second fusion - at the original rostral end of the neural plate (rostrodorsally).
- third fusion - in the caudal diencephalon (rostrally and caudally)
- followed by complete closure of the telencephalic neuropore at the midpoint of the telencephalic roof
- then complete closure of the metencephalic neuropore at the rostral part of the metencephalic roof
- fourth fusion - at the original caudal end of the neural plate (rostrally)
- caudal neuropore completely closed at the level of the future 33rd somite
See also these 1980's papers.[14] [15]
Urogenital Development
Mouse E11.0 to E12.0 shows the critical transition in the gonad from a bipotential to sexually-differentiated state. Based upon 2013 transcriptome analysis.[16]
A high-resolution description of the developing murine genitourinary tract from Theiler stage (TS) 17 (E10.5) through to TS27 (E19.5) and then to postnatal day 3 was published in 2007.[17]
The GenitoUrinary Development Molecular Anatomy Project (GUDMAP) is a consortium of laboratories working to provide the scientific and medical community with tools to facilitate research. They intend to develop:
- a molecular atlas of gene expression for the developing organs of the GenitoUrinary (GU) tract
- a high resolution molecular anatomy that highlights development of the GU system
- mouse strains to facilitate developmental and functional studies within the GU system
- tutorials describing GU organogenesis
- rapid access to primary data via the GUDMAP database
Lung Development
Vertebrate lung development is generally divided into 5 stages, based upon growth and histological appearance. Mouse age data[18]
Stage | Mouse Age | Features |
---|---|---|
Embryonic | E9 to E11.5 | lung buds originate as an outgrowth from the ventral wall of the foregut where lobar division occurs |
Pseudoglandular | E11.5 to E16.5 | conducting epithelial tubes surrounded by thick mesenchyme are formed, extensive airway branching |
Canalicular | E16.5 to E17.5 | bronchioles are produced, increasing number of capillaries in close contact with cuboidal epithelium and the beginning of alveolar epithelium development |
Saccular | E17.5 to PN5 | alveolar ducts and air sacs are developed |
Alveolar | PN5 to PN28 | secondary septation occurs, marked increase of the number and size of capillaries and alveoli |
Human and Mouse Comparison
Stage | Human | Mouse | Features | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Embryonic | week 4 to 5 | E9 to E11.5 | lung buds originate as an outgrowth from the ventral wall of the foregut where lobar division occurs | |
Pseudoglandular | week 5 to 17 | E11.5 to E16.5 | conducting epithelial tubes surrounded by thick mesenchyme are formed, extensive airway branching | |
Canalicular | week 16 to 25 | E16.5 to E17.5 | bronchioles are produced, increasing number of capillaries in close contact with cuboidal epithelium and the beginning of alveolar epithelium development | |
Saccular | week 24 to 40 | E17.5 to PN5 | alveolar ducts and air sacs are developed | |
Alveolar | late fetal to 8 years | PN5 to PN28 | secondary septation occurs, marked increase of the number and size of capillaries and alveoli | |
Respiratory Species Comparison
Respiratory Stages - Species Comparison - Stages Gestational age (days) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Term | Embryonic | Pseudoglandular | Canalicular | Saccular |
human | 280 | < 42 | 52 - 112 | 112 - 168 | 168 |
primate | 168 | < 42 | 57 - 80 | 80 - 140 | 140 |
sheep | 150 | < 40 | 40 - 80 | 80 - 120 | 120 |
rabbit | 32 | < 18 | 21 - 24 | 24 - 27 | 27 |
rat | 22 | < 13 | 16 - 19 | 19 - 20 | 21 |
mouse | 20 | < 9 | 16 | 18 | 19 |
Data modified from[20]
Links: respiratory | Respiratory Comparison | Mouse Human Respiratory | Mouse respiratory stages | mouse | rat | rabbit | Timeline Comparisons |
Bronchial Branching
The following images are from a recent study of the development of bronchial branching in he mouse between E10 to E14.[21]
Mesenchyme (red) and epithelium (blue) the study used knockout mice to show the role of Wnt signalling in branching morphogenesis.
Endocrine Development
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
Two postnatal phases identified[22]:
- first phase - (pnd 1 (birth) to pnd 12) corresponds to the hypo-responsive period (SHRP) in the rat. Basal corticosterone levels were low and novelty exposure did not enhance corticosterone or ACTH levels. High expression of CRH in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Expression levels of GR in the hippocampus and UCN3 in the perifornical area are low at birth but increase significantly during the SHRP, both reach maximum expression level at pnd 12.
- second phase - mice developed past the SHRP exhibit enhanced corticosterone basal levels and a response of ACTH and corticosterone to mild novelty stress. CRH expression was decreased significantly, expression of urocortin 3 (UCN3) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) remained high, with a small decrease at pnd 16.
Mouse Knockouts
Knowledge about mouse development has rapidly expanded as it has become the model animal system for genetic "knock out " studies. This technology actually requires development of defined breeding programs, pseudo-pregnancy, in vitro fertilization, molecular biology, and good old fashioned histology. Without understanding normal development the molecular biologists don't stand a hope of understanding what their gene knock out has done. There is a database of all existing mouse knockouts and their consequences.
Murine Development Control Genes
Kessel, M. and Gruss, P. Science 249 374-379 (1990)
An early review of the genes, and method of identifying them, involved in early mouse development. In particular discusses Homeobox genes. (homeobox is 183bp encoding a 61 amino acid DNA-binding domain)
- Gene families
- Hox
- Pax
- POU
The Genealogy Chart of Inbred Strains
This Nature paper[23] chart shows the origins and relationships of inbred mouse strains. The chart is available as a PDF document [Media:Mouse_genealogy.pdf Locally] or from JAX Labs and was originally published by Beck etal., 2000.
Mouse Genome
Mouse Genome completed December 2002, a draft sequence and analysis of the genome of the C57BL/6J mouse strain.
- less than 30,000 genes
- estimated size is 2.5 Gb, smaller than the human genome
- about 40% of the human and mouse genomes can be directly aligned
- about 80% of human genes have one corresponding gene in the mouse genome
- Links: Mouse Genome Sequencing: Mus musculus | Mouse Genome Informatics | Mouse Genome Project | Nature - Mouse Genome
References
- ↑ The House Mouse: Atlas of Mouse Development by Theiler Springer-Verlag, NY (1972, 1989). | online book
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 <pubmed>21267068</pubmed>| PLoS Biol. | Eurexpress transcriptome atlas
- ↑ <pubmed>22431177</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>22147950</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>21677750</pubmed>
- ↑ Otis EM and Brent R. Equivalent ages in mouse and human embryos. (1954) Anat Rec. 120(1):33-63. PMID 13207763
- ↑ <pubmed>16509981</pubmed>| J Exp Clin Assist Reprod.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 <pubmed>21573197</pubmed>| PMC3088645 | PLoS Comput Biol.
- ↑ <pubmed>20308546</pubmed>| PMC2852013 | PNAS
- ↑ <pubmed>12376109</pubmed>
- ↑ Zhou Q, Griswold MD. Regulation of spermatogonia. StemBook [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Harvard Stem Cell Institute. PMID20614596 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27035/ Bookshelf]
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 <pubmed>22174793</pubmed>
- ↑ Neurulation in the mouse: manner and timing of neural tube closure. Sakai Y. Anat Rec. 1989 Feb;223(2):194-203. PMID: 2712345
- ↑ The histogenetic potential of neural plate cells of early-somite-stage mouse embryos. Chan WY, Tam PP. J Embryol Exp Morphol. 1986 Jul;96:183-93. PMID: 3805982
- ↑ Neurulation in the mouse. I. The ontogenesis of neural segments and the determination of topographical regions in a central nervous system. Sakai Y. Anat Rec. 1987 Aug;218(4):450-7. PMID: 3662046
- ↑ <pubmed> 23874228</pubmed>| PLoS Genet.
- ↑ <pubmed>17452023</pubmed>| PMC2117077
- ↑ <pubmed>17237346</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>15005800</pubmed>| BMC Developmental Biology
- ↑ Pinkerton KE & Joad JP. (2000). The mammalian respiratory system and critical windows of exposure for children's health. Environ. Health Perspect. , 108 Suppl 3, 457-62. PMID: 10852845
- ↑ <pubmed>25114215</pubmed>PMC4151720 | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
- ↑ <pubmed>12711350</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>10615122</pubmed>
Reviews
<pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed>26820524</pubmed> <pubmed>26969983</pubmed> <pubmed>26961180</pubmed> <pubmed>19359541</pubmed>
Articles
<pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed></pubmed>
Search Pubmed
Search Pubmed: Mouse Development | Mouse Embryology
Additional Images
External Links
External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.
Mouse Embryology
- The e-Mouse Atlas Project EMAP
Mouse Gene Expression
- EMAGE is a database of in situ gene expression data in the mouse embryo and an accompanying suite of tools to search and analyse the data. (All site content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License.)
- Eurexpress transcriptome atlas a High-Resolution Anatomical Atlas of the Transcriptome in the Mouse Embryo.
- GenePaint.org is a digital atlas of gene expression patterns in the mouse.
- Mouse Imaging Centre
Mouse Genome
- NCBI- Mouse Genome Sequencing
- Mouse Genome Informatics
- EBI- Mouse Genome Sequencing
- ANEX Rat and Mouse Database - (University of Tokushima)
- Genetic and Physical Maps of the Mouse Genome (Whitehead Institute/MIT)
- Genetic Location Database (University of Southampton)
- Koop Human and Mouse Genome Project Research (University of Victoria)
- Genome Systems, Inc.
Mouse Jackson Laboratory
- Jackson Laboratory
- Jackson Laboratory Induced Mutant Resource
- Jackson Laboratory BioInformatics Electronic Bulletin Board System
- Mouse Inbred Strains (Jackson Labs)
- Mouse Linkage Map
- Mouse Nomenclature Rules and Guidelines (Jackson Labs)
Mouse Diseases
- Helicobacter hepaticus, a Recently Recognized Bacterial Pathogen, Associated with Chronic Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Neoplasia in Laboratory Mice (CDC)
- Helicobacter Infection in Laboratory Mice: History, Significance, Detection and Management (Charles River)
- Infectious Diseases of Mice and Rats (NAS-ILAR)
- Infectious Diseases of Mice and Rats Companion Guide (NAS-ILAR)
- Infectious Diseases of Mice and Rats (AFIP-POLA)
- Murine Helicobacters (NCI)
Mouse Transgenics
- NIH List of Available Knockout Mice | Factsheet
- International Knockout Mouse Consortium IKMC | Research using IKMC products
- NC3Rs Mouse databases
- Mammary Transgene Database (Baylor College of Medicine)
- TBASE - Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database
- B Universal Ltd.
- BIG BLUE (Big Blue Transgenic Mouse Mailing List Archives)
- Big Blue lacI Transgenic Mouse Page
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc.
- Chrysalis DNX Transgenic Services
Mouse Transgenic Facilities
- Transgenic Animal Facility (University of Connecticut Biotechnology Center)
- Transgenic Animal Facility (University of Illinois Biotechnology Center)
- Transgenic Animal Facility (University of Iowa)
- Transgenic Animal Facility (Karolinska Institute)
- Transgenic Animal Facility (University of Western Australia)
- Transgenic Animal Facility (University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center)
- Transgenic Animal Model Core (University of Michigan)
- Transgenic Core (Baylor College of Medicine SPORE)
- Transgenic Facility (University of Colorado Health Science Center)
- Transgenic Facility (University of Kentucky)
- Transgenic & Knockout Mouse Facility (University of Maryland at Baltimore)
- Transgenic Models of Skin Disease Core (Harvard Skin Disease Research Center)
- Transgenic Mouse Core Facilities (Mount Sinai School of Medicine)
- Transgenic Mouse Core Facility (University of Virginia)
- Transgenic Mouse Facility (Columbia-Presbyterian Cancer Center)
- Transgenic Mouse Facility (Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center)
- Transgenic Mouse Facility (SUNY-Stony Brook)
- Transgenic Mouse Facility (University of California-Irvine)
- Transgenic Mouse Facility (University of South Carolina)
Mouse Urogenital
- GenitoUrinary Development Molecular Anatomy Project (GUDMAP) Renal Development Tutorial | Genital Development Tutorial
Mouse Unsorted Links
- Covance Research Products
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (Ohio University)
- Encyclopedia of the Mouse Genome (Jackson Laboratory)
- EUCIB Mouse Backcross Database (MBx)
- Harlan Sprague Dawley, Inc.
- It's a Knockout
- Jackson Laboratory Gopher Server
- Lane List of Named Mutations and Polymorphic Loci
- Lexicon Genetics, Inc.
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus: An Unrecognized Teratogenic Pathogen (CDC)
- M & B Breeding and Research Centre Ltd.
- Map Manager Software
- Mice and Men: Making the Most of Our Similarities (ORNL)
- Microinjection Workshop
- Mouse Atlas and Gene Expression Database Project
- Mouse Cytogenetic Map Image
- Mouse Idiograms
- Mouse Linkage Map
- Mouse and Rat Research Home Page
- MouseUp HyperCard Transgenic Mouse Database (Macintosh)
- MRC Mouse Genome Centre
- National Institute of Genetics Mouse Genetic Resources (Japan)
- NIH Animal Genetic Resource
- NIH Directory of Transgenic Mice
- NIH Mouse Club
- Of Mice and Men (HHMI's Blazing a Genetic Trail)
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (University of Sydney)
- Pathology of Genetically-altered Mice
- Portable Dictionary of the Mouse Genome
- Review of Pasteurella pneumotropica (Charles River)
- Taconic
- The Mouse in Science: Cancer Research
- The Mouse in Science: Monoclonal Antibodies
- The Mouse in Science: Vaccines
- The Mouse in Science: Why Mice?
Animal Development: axolotl | bat | cat | chicken | cow | dog | dolphin | echidna | fly | frog | goat | grasshopper | guinea pig | hamster | horse | kangaroo | koala | lizard | medaka | mouse | opossum | pig | platypus | rabbit | rat | salamander | sea squirt | sea urchin | sheep | worm | zebrafish | life cycles | development timetable | development models | K12 |
Glossary Links
- Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 15) Embryology Mouse Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Mouse_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G