Developmental Signals - Wnt

Embryology - 2 Dec 2023        Expand to Translate
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Introduction

Canonical Wnt signaling in normal mouse and Wnt5a KO limb buds

A secreted glycoprotein patterning switch with different roles in different tissues and signaling has generally been divided into the canonical and non-canonical pathways. The name was derived from two drosophila phenotypes wingless and int and the gene was first defined as a protooncogene, int1.

Humans have 19 identified members, with the major subgroup of Wnts (WNT1, WNT3A, WNT8) signaling through activation of beta-catenin dependent transcription from at least 4 WNT genes encoding secreted glycoproteins. At least one wnt receptor called frizzled (FZD). Wnt7a is secreted protein and binds to extracellular matrix. The mechanism of Wnt distribution (free diffusion, restricted diffusion and active transport) and all its possible cell receptors are still being determined.

In the gastrointestinal system, Wnt maintains the pool of undifferentiated intestinal progenitor cells and control maturation and correct positioning of the Paneth cell (a differentiated intestinal cell type).

The Wnt/beta-catenin signal pathway activation has also been identified in several cancers and appears to drive cell-cycle progression.

If you are interested in this family of proteins, look also at Roel Nusse -The Wnt Homepage.

Some Recent Findings

WNT3A transfer via filopodia

European Wnt Meeting Sep 2018

Mouse somitogenesis genes

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved in early dopaminergic differentiation of trabecular meshwork-derived mesenchymal stem cells. "Permanent degeneration and loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in substantia nigra is the main cause of Parkinson's disease. Considering the therapeutic application of stem cells in neurodegeneration, we sought to examine the neurogenic differentiation potential of the newly introduced neural crest originated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), namely, trabecular meshwork-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TM-MSCs) compared to two other sources of MSCs, adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). The three types of cells were therefore cultured in the presence and absence of a neural induction medium followed by the analysis of their differentiation potentials. Our results showed that TM-MSCs exhibited enhanced neural morphologies as well as higher expressions of MAP2 as the general neuron marker and Nurr-1 as an early DA marker compared to the adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) and bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs). Also, analysis of Nurr-1 immunostaining showed more intense Nurr-1 stained nuclei in the neurally induced TM-MSCs compared to those in the AD-MSCs, BMSCs, and noninduced control TM-MSCs. To examine if Wnt/beta-catenin pathway drives TM-MSCs towards a DA fate, we treated them with the Wnt agonist (CHIR, 3 μM) and the Wnt antagonist (IWP-2, 3 μM). Our results showed that the expressions of Nurr-1 and MAP2, as well as the Wnt/beta-catenin target genes, c-Myc and Cyclin D1, were significantly increased in the CHIR-treated TM-MSCs, but significantly reduced in those treated with IWP-2. Altogether, we declare first a higher neural potency of TM-MSCs compared to the more commonly used MSCs, BMSCs and ADSCs, and second that Wnt/beta-catenin activation directs the neurally induced TM-MSCs towards a DA fate." p120-catenin regulates WNT signaling and EMT in the mouse embryo. "epithelial mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) require a complete reorganization of cadherin-based cell-cell junctions. p120-catenin binds to the cytoplasmic juxtamembrane domain of classical cadherins and regulates their stability, suggesting that p120-catenin may play an important role in EMTs. Here, we describe the role of p120-catenin in mouse gastrulation, an EMT that can be imaged at cellular resolution and is accessible to genetic manipulation. Mouse embryos that lack all p120-catenin, or that lack p120-catenin in the embryo proper, survive to midgestation. However, mutants have specific defects in gastrulation, including a high rate of p53-dependent cell death, a bifurcation of the posterior axis, and defects in the migration of mesoderm; all are associated with abnormalities in the primitive streak, the site of the EMT. In embryonic day 7.5 (E7.5) mutants, the domain of expression of the streak marker Brachyury (T) expands more than 3-fold, from a narrow strip of posterior cells to encompass more than one-quarter of the embryo. After E7.5, the enlarged T+ domain splits in 2, separated by a mass of mesoderm cells. Brachyury is a direct target of canonical WNT signaling, and the domain of WNT response in p120-catenin mutant embryos, like the T domain, is first expanded, and then split, and high levels of nuclear β-catenin levels are present in the cells of the posterior embryo that are exposed to high levels of WNT ligand. The data suggest that p120-catenin stabilizes the membrane association of β-catenin, thereby preventing accumulation of nuclear β-catenin and excessive activation of the WNT pathway during EMT." Wnt traffic from endoplasmic reticulum to filopodia "Wnts are a family of secreted palmitoleated glycoproteins that play key roles in cell to cell communication during development and regulate stem cell compartments in adults. Wnt receptors, downstream signaling cascades and target pathways have been extensively studied while less is known about how Wnts are secreted and move from producing cells to receiving cells. We used the synchronization system called Retention Using Selective Hook (RUSH) to study Wnt trafficking from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi and then to plasma membrane and filopodia in real time. Inhibition of porcupine (PORCN) or knockout of Wntless (WLS) blocked Wnt exit from the ER. Wnt-containing vesicles paused at sub-cortical regions of the plasma membrane before exiting the cell. Wnt-containing vesicles were associated with filopodia extending to adjacent cells. These data visualize and confirm the role of WLS and PORCN in ER exit of Wnts and support the role of filopodia in Wnt signaling." Review - Mechanisms of Wnt signaling and control "The Wnt signaling pathway is a highly conserved system that regulates complex biological processes across all metazoan species. At the cellular level, secreted Wnt proteins serve to break symmetry and provide cells with positional information that is critical to the patterning of the entire body plan. At the organismal level, Wnt signals are employed to orchestrate fundamental developmental processes, including the specification of the anterior-posterior body axis, induction of the primitive streak and ensuing gastrulation movements, and the generation of cell and tissue diversity. Wnt functions extend into adulthood where they regulate stem cell behavior, tissue homeostasis, and damage repair. Disruption of Wnt signaling activity during embryonic development or in adults results in a spectrum of abnormalities and diseases, including cancer. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the myriad of Wnt-regulated biological effects have been the subject of intense research for over three decades. This review is intended to summarize our current understanding of how Wnt signals are generated and interpreted." WNT3 involvement in human bladder exstrophy and cloaca development in zebrafish "Bladder exstrophy, a severe congenital urological malformation when a child is born with an open urinary bladder, is the most common form of bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC) with an incidence of 1:30,000 children of Caucasian descent. Recent studies suggest that WNT genes may contribute to the etiology of bladder exstrophy. Here, we evaluated WNT-pathway genes in 20 bladder exstrophy patients using massively parallel sequencing. In total 13 variants were identified in WNT3, WNT6, WNT7A, WNT8B, WNT10A, WNT11, WNT16, FZD5, LRP1 and LRP10 genes and predicted as potentially disease causing, of which seven variants were novel. One variant, identified in a patient with a de novo nonsynonymous substitution in WNT3 (p.Cys91Arg), was further evaluated in zebrafish." Renal System - Abnormalities

More recent papers

This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link. This search now requires a manual link as the original PubMed extension has been disabled. The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance. References also appear on this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing. References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability. More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Wnt | Images <pubmed limit=5>Wnt</pubmed>

Older papers

These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table. See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page. Ror2 regulates branching, differentiation, and actin-cytoskeletal dynamics within the mammary epithelium "Wnt signaling encompasses β-catenin-dependent and -independent networks. How receptor context provides Wnt specificity in vivo to assimilate multiple concurrent Wnt inputs throughout development remains unclear. Here, we identified a refined expression pattern of Wnt/receptor combinations associated with the Wnt/β-catenin-independent pathway in mammary epithelial subpopulations. Moreover, we elucidated the function of the alternative Wnt receptor Ror2 in mammary development and provided evidence for coordination of this pathway with Wnt/β-catenin-dependent signaling in the mammary epithelium. ... The current study presents a model of Wnt signaling coordination in vivo and assigns an important role for Ror2 in mammary development." The precise timeline of transcriptional regulation reveals causation in mouse somitogenesis network "In vertebrate development, the segmental pattern of the body axis is established as somites, masses of mesoderm distributed along the two sides of the neural tube, are formed sequentially in the anterior-posterior axis. This mechanism depends on waves of gene expression associated with the Notch, Fgf and Wnt pathways." Wnt3 and Wnt3a are required for induction of the mid-diencephalic organizer in the caudal forebrain "A fundamental requirement for development of diverse brain regions is the function of local organizers at morphological boundaries. These organizers are restricted groups of cells that secrete signaling molecules, which in turn regulate the fate of the adjacent neural tissue. The thalamus is located in the caudal diencephalon and is the central relay station between the sense organs and higher brain areas. ...We have identified canonical Wnt signaling as a novel pathway, that is required for proper formation of the MDO and consequently for the development of the major relay station of the brain - the thalamus. We propose that Wnt ligands are necessary to maintain the primordial tissue of the organizer during somitogenesis by suppressing Tp53-mediated apoptosis." Development of a Bioassay for Detection of Wnt-Binding Affinities for Individual Frizzled Receptors "Using a novel ELISA-based technique we were able to determine the first measurements of binding affinity for specific Wnt interactions. This study shows that purified Wnt3a, Wnt7a, and Wnt5a have different binding specificities for Frizzled receptors (Fzds) and secreted frizzled related proteins (SFRPs)."

Human Wnt Family

Table - Human Wnt Family
Approved Symbol	Approved Name	Previous Symbols	Synonyms	Chromosome
WNT1	Wnt family member 1	INT1		12q13.12
WNT2	Wnt family member 2	INT1L1	IRP	7q31.2
WNT2B	Wnt family member 2B	WNT13	XWNT2	1p13.2
WNT3	Wnt family member 3	INT4	"MGC131950, MGC138321, MGC138323"	17q21.31-q21.32
WNT3A	Wnt family member 3A			1q42.13
WNT4	Wnt family member 4		WNT-4	1p36.12
WNT5A	Wnt family member 5A		hWNT5A	3p14.3
WNT5B	Wnt family member 5B			12p13.33
WNT6	Wnt family member 6			2q35
WNT7A	Wnt family member 7A			3p25.1
WNT7B	Wnt family member 7B			22q13.31
WNT8A	Wnt family member 8A		WNT8D	5q31.2
WNT8B	Wnt family member 8B			10q24.31
WNT9A	Wnt family member 9A	WNT14		1q42.13
WNT9B	Wnt family member 9B	WNT15	WNT14B	17q21.32
WNT10A	Wnt family member 10A			2q35
WNT10B	Wnt family member 10B		"WNT-12, SHFM6"	12q13.12
WNT11	Wnt family member 11			11q13.5
WNT16	Wnt family member 16			7q31.31
Links: Developmental Signals - Wnt | OMIM Wnt1 | HGNC | Bmp Family | Fgf Family | Pax Family | R-spondin Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family | Wnt Family
Human Chromosomes: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | X | Y

Human WNT Family

Table - Human Wnt Family Approved Symbol Approved Name Previous Symbols Synonyms Chromosome WNT1 Wnt family member 1 INT1 12q13.12 WNT2 Wnt family member 2 INT1L1 IRP 7q31.2 WNT2B Wnt family member 2B WNT13 XWNT2 1p13.2 WNT3 Wnt family member 3 INT4 "MGC131950, MGC138321, MGC138323" 17q21.31-q21.32 WNT3A Wnt family member 3A 1q42.13 WNT4 Wnt family member 4 WNT-4 1p36.12 WNT5A Wnt family member 5A hWNT5A 3p14.3 WNT5B Wnt family member 5B 12p13.33 WNT6 Wnt family member 6 2q35 WNT7A Wnt family member 7A 3p25.1 WNT7B Wnt family member 7B 22q13.31 WNT8A Wnt family member 8A WNT8D 5q31.2 WNT8B Wnt family member 8B 10q24.31 WNT9A Wnt family member 9A WNT14 1q42.13 WNT9B Wnt family member 9B WNT15 WNT14B 17q21.32 WNT10A Wnt family member 10A 2q35 WNT10B Wnt family member 10B "WNT-12, SHFM6" 12q13.12 WNT11 Wnt family member 11 11q13.5 WNT16 Wnt family member 16 7q31.31     Links: Developmental Signals - Wnt | OMIM Wnt1 | HGNC | Bmp Family | Fgf Family | Pax Family | R-spondin Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family | Wnt Family Human Chromosomes: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | X | Y

WNT4

Table - Human Wnt Family
Approved Symbol	Approved Name	Previous Symbols	Synonyms	Chromosome
WNT4	Wnt family member 4		WNT-4	1p36.12

WNT4 adrenal and gonad early development

PubMed Search: WNT4

R-spondin

The 4 vertebrate secreted R-spondin proteins are agonists of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (see reviews).

R-spondin 1 (RSPO1) together with both WNT4 and FOXL2 required for ovary development.).

Table - Human R-spondin Family
Approved Symbol	Approved Name	Previous Symbols	Synonyms	Chromosome
RSPO1	R-spondin 1		FLJ40906, RSPONDIN	1p34.3
RSPO2	R-spondin 2		MGC35555	8q23.1
RSPO3	R-spondin 3	THSD2	FLJ14440	6q22.33
RSPO4	R-spondin 4	C20orf182	dJ824F16.3	20p13
Links: Developmental Signals - Wnt | Bmp Family | Fgf Family | Pax Family | R-spondin Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family | Wnt Family

Human R-spondin Family
Table - Human R-spondin Family Approved Symbol Approved Name Previous Symbols Synonyms Chromosome RSPO1 R-spondin 1 FLJ40906, RSPONDIN 1p34.3 RSPO2 R-spondin 2 MGC35555 8q23.1 RSPO3 R-spondin 3 THSD2 FLJ14440 6q22.33 RSPO4 R-spondin 4 C20orf182 dJ824F16.3 20p13     Links: Developmental Signals - Wnt | Bmp Family | Fgf Family | Pax Family | R-spondin Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family | Wnt Family

PubMed Search: R-spondin | HGNC - RSPO1

Function

Mouse E10.5 Wnt signaling

Body Axis

Wnt signaling and the polarity of the primary body axis "Data from diverse deuterostomes (frog, fish, mouse, and amphioxus) and from planarians (protostomes) suggest that Wnt signaling through beta-catenin controls posterior identity during body plan formation in most bilaterally symmetric animals."

Sensory

Hearing

Wnt9a Can Influence Cell Fates and Neural Connectivity across the Radial Axis of the Developing Cochlea.

"Vertebrate hearing organs manifest cellular asymmetries across the radial axis that underlie afferent versus efferent circuits between the inner ear and the brain. Therefore, understanding the molecular control of patterning across this axis has important functional implications. Radial axis patterning begins before the cells become postmitotic and is likely linked to the onset of asymmetric expression of secreted factors adjacent to the sensory primordium. This study explores one such asymmetrically expressed gene, Wnt9a, which becomes restricted to the neural edge of the avian auditory organ, the basilar papilla, by embryonic day 5 (E5). Radial patterning is disrupted when Wnt9a is overexpressed throughout the prosensory domain beginning on E3. Sexes were pooled for analysis and sex differences were not studied. Analysis of gene expression and afferent innervation on E6 suggests that ectopic Wnt9a expands the neural-side fate, possibly by re-specifying the abneural fate."

Links: Inner Ear | Chicken Development

Vision

Lens-neural crest signaling

See figure from recent article, proposed embryological model summarizing how neural crest cells (NCCs) organize the eye: NCCs (blue) secrete TGF-βs, which signal to the non-lens ectoderm and dorsal optic vesicle. As a consequence, Wnt2b (red) is induced, and together they repress lens formation in the non-lens ectoderm. This leads to the alignment of Pax6 expression in the future lens and neural retina (grey).

Links: Lens

Neural

Chicken embryo neural Wnt 1 and Wnt 6 expression

"Wnts are antagonised by Shh signalling. By demonstrating that Wnt4 expression in the thalamus is repressed by Shh from the ZLI we reveal an additional level of interaction between these two pathways and provide an example for the cross-regulation between patterning centres during forebrain regionalisation."

Wnt receptor Frizzled-1 in presynaptic differentiation and function "We examined the distribution of the Wnt receptor Frizzled-1 in cultured hippocampal neurons and determined that this receptor is located at synaptic contacts co-localizing with presynaptic proteins. Frizzled-1 was found in functional synapses detected with FM1-43 staining and in synaptic terminals from adult rat brain. Interestingly, overexpression of Frizzled-1 increased the number of clusters of Bassoon, a component of the active zone, while treatment with the extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD) of Frizzled-1 decreased Bassoon clustering, suggesting a role for this receptor in presynaptic differentiation. Consistent with this, treatment with the Frizzled-1 ligand Wnt-3a induced presynaptic protein clustering and increased functional presynaptic recycling sites, and these effects were prevented by co-treatment with the CRD of Frizzled-1."

Links: Neural System Development)

Muscle

Wnt signaling promotes AChR aggregation at the neuromuscular synapse

"Wnt proteins regulate the formation of central synapses by stimulating synaptic assembly, but their role at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is unclear. Wnt3 is expressed by lateral motoneurons of the spinal cord during the period of motoneuron-muscle innervation. ...Wnt3 does not signal through the canonical Wnt pathway to induce cluster formation. Instead, Wnt3 induces the rapid formation of unstable AChR micro-clusters through activation of Rac1, which aggregate into large clusters only in the presence of agrin."

Vascular

Canonical Wnt signaling regulates organ-specific assembly and differentiation of CNS vasculature "The central nervous system (CNS) vasculature consists of a tightly sealed endothelium that forms the blood-brain barrier, whereas blood vessels of other organs are more porous. Wnt7a and Wnt7b encode two Wnt ligands produced by the neuroepithelium of the developing CNS coincident with vascular invasion. Using genetic mouse models, we found that these ligands directly target the vascular endothelium and that the CNS uses the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to promote formation and CNS-specific differentiation of the organ's vasculature"

Respiratory

This study used knockout mice to show the role of Wnt signalling in bronchial branching morphogenesis between E10 to E14. The images below are from a normal branching sequence with a mesenchyme (red) and epithelium (blue) marker. Knocking out Frizzled 2 receptor impacted on both tube shape and branch-point formation in the developing lung.

Links: respiratory | mouse

Pancreas

inhibition of Wnt signaling, in both organoid and human stem cell cultures, promotes insulin-producing cell generation.

Links: pancreas

Signaling Pathway

The Wnt signal pathways

At least 3 separate signaling pathways have been identified in relation to Wnt singnaling.

1. Canonical pathway
2. Non-canonical or planar cell polarity pathway
3. Wnt-Calcium ion pathway

Canonical Pathway

1. Wnt binds the surface receptor Frizzled (Fz) and LRP5/6 receptor complex
2. Induces the stabilization of beta-catenin (through the DIX and PDZ domains of Dishevelled and other factors including Axin, glycogen synthase kinase 3 and casein kinase 1)
3. Beta-catenin translocates into the nucleus
4. Beta-catenin complexes with members of the LEF/TCF family of transcription factors.
5. Transcriptional induction of target genes.
6. Beta-catenin is then exported from the nucleus and degraded via the proteosomal machinery.

Example - early development of the sinoatrial node cells in the heart.

Non-Canonical Pathway

(Planar Cell Polarity Pathway)

1. Wnt binds the surface receptor Frizzled (Fz) independent of the LRP5/6 receptor complex.
2. Acts through Dishevelled (PDZ and DEP domains)
3. Mediates cytoskeletal (microfilament) changes through activation of the small GTPases Rho and Rac.

Wnt-Calcium Ion Pathway

1. Wnt binds the surface receptor Frizzled (Fz) and mediates activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins.
2. Acts internally through Dsh, phospholipase C, calcium-calmodulin kinase 2 (CamK2) and protein kinase C (PKC).
3. has various cellular functions including cell adhesion and motility.

Protein Data

• FUNCTION: PROBABLE DEVELOPMENTAL PROTEIN. SIGNALING BY WNT-7A ALLOWS SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE MULLERIAN DUCTS (BY SIMILARITY).
• SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: POSSIBLY SECRETED AND ASSOCIATES WITH THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.
• TISSUE SPECIFICITY: EXPRESSION IS RESTRICTED TO PLACENTA, KIDNEY, TESTIS, UTERUS, FETAL LUNG, AND FETAL AND ADULT BRAIN.
• SIMILARITY: BELONGS TO THE WNT FAMILY.
• FUNCTION: PROBABLE DEVELOPMENTAL PROTEIN. SIGNALING BY WNT-7A ALLOWS SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE MULLERIAN DUCTS.
• SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: POSSIBLY SECRETED AND ASSOCIATES WITH THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.
• DISEASE: MALE MICE LACKING WNT-7A FAIL TO UNDERGO REGRESSION OF THE MULLERIAN DUCT AS A RESULT OF THE ABSENCE OF THE RECEPTOR FOR MULLERIAN-INHIBITING SUBSTANCE. WNT7A-DEFICIENT FEMALES ARE INFERTILE BECAUSE OF ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE OVIDUCT AND UTERUS, BOTH OF WHICH ARE MULLERIAN DUCT DERIVATIVES.
• SIMILARITY: BELONGS TO THE WNT FAMILY.

(data from Expasy)

OMIM

• WNT3A
• WNT7A
• CATENIN, BETA-1; CTNNB1

About OMIM "Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man OMIM is a comprehensive, authoritative, and timely compendium of human genes and genetic phenotypes. The full-text, referenced overviews in OMIM contain information on all known mendelian disorders and over 12,000 genes. OMIM focuses on the relationship between phenotype and genotype. It is updated daily, and the entries contain copious links to other genetics resources." OMIM

References

Reviews

de Jaime-Soguero A, Abreu de Oliveira WA & Lluis F. (2018). The Pleiotropic Effects of the Canonical Wnt Pathway in Early Development and Pluripotency. Genes (Basel) , 9, . PMID: 29443926 DOI.

Inestrosa NC & Arenas E. (2010). Emerging roles of Wnts in the adult nervous system. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. , 11, 77-86. PMID: 20010950 DOI.

Petersen CP & Reddien PW. (2009). Wnt signaling and the polarity of the primary body axis. Cell , 139, 1056-68. PMID: 20005801 DOI.

Franco CA, Liebner S & Gerhardt H. (2009). Vascular morphogenesis: a Wnt for every vessel?. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. , 19, 476-83. PMID: 19864126 DOI.

van Amerongen R & Nusse R. (2009). Towards an integrated view of Wnt signaling in development. Development , 136, 3205-14. PMID: 19736321 DOI.

Search PubMed: Wnt

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

• The Wnt gene Homepage by Roel Nusse
• Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology - The WNT Signaling Pathway and Its Role in Human Solid Tumors
• Mouse Wnt genes
• Comparative table of all vertebrate Wnt genes
• alignments of all mammalian Wnt genes
• Other Wnt pages

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2023, December 2) Embryology Developmental Signals - Wnt. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Developmental_Signals_-_Wnt

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© Dr Mark Hill 2023, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G