Abnormal Development - Environmental: Difference between revisions
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* '''Congenital anomalies among live births in a polluted area'''<ref name=23270371><pubmed>23270371</pubmed></ref> "Congenital anomalies and their primary prevention are a crucial public health issue. This work aimed to estimate the prevalence of congenital anomalies in Brindisi, a city in southeastern Italy at high risk of environmental crisis. This research concerned newborns up to 28 days of age, born between 2001 and 2010 to mothers resident in Brindisi and discharged with a diagnosis of congenital anomaly. ...Our findings indicated an increased prevalence of Congenital Anomalies (especially congenital heart diseases) in the city of Brindisi. More research is needed in order to analyze the role of factors potentially involved in the causation of congenital anomalies." | |||
* '''Environmental factors in axial skeletal dysmorphogenesis'''<ref><pubmed>20544699</pubmed></ref> "Approximately 1 in 1000 live births is afflicted with an axial skeletal defect. Although many of the known human teratogens can produce axial skeletal defects, the etiology of over half of the observed defects is unknown." | * '''Environmental factors in axial skeletal dysmorphogenesis'''<ref><pubmed>20544699</pubmed></ref> "Approximately 1 in 1000 live births is afflicted with an axial skeletal defect. Although many of the known human teratogens can produce axial skeletal defects, the etiology of over half of the observed defects is unknown." | ||
* '''The temporal dynamics of vertebrate limb development, teratogenesis and evolution.'''<ref><pubmed>20537528</pubmed></ref> "Recent genetic and functional analysis of vertebrate limb development begins to reveal how the functions of particular genes and regulatory hierarchies can drastically change over time. The temporal and spatial interplay of the two instructive signalling centres are part of a larger signalling system that orchestrates limb bud morphogenesis in a rather self-regulatory manner. It appears that mesenchymal cells are specified early and subsequently, the progenitors for the different skeletal elements are expanded and determined progressively during outgrowth. Mutations and teratogens that disrupt distal progression of limb development most often cause death of the early-specified progenitors rather than altering their fates." | * '''The temporal dynamics of vertebrate limb development, teratogenesis and evolution.'''<ref><pubmed>20537528</pubmed></ref> "Recent genetic and functional analysis of vertebrate limb development begins to reveal how the functions of particular genes and regulatory hierarchies can drastically change over time. The temporal and spatial interplay of the two instructive signalling centres are part of a larger signalling system that orchestrates limb bud morphogenesis in a rather self-regulatory manner. It appears that mesenchymal cells are specified early and subsequently, the progenitors for the different skeletal elements are expanded and determined progressively during outgrowth. Mutations and teratogens that disrupt distal progression of limb development most often cause death of the early-specified progenitors rather than altering their fates." | ||
* '''Developmental toxicity of pharmaceuticals using human embryonic stem cells and metabolomics.'''<ref><pubmed>20493898</pubmed></ref> "Teratogens, substances that may cause fetal abnormalities during development, are responsible for a significant number of birth defects. Animal models used to predict teratogenicity often do not faithfully correlate to human response. Here, we seek to develop a more predictive developmental toxicity model based on an in vitro method that utilizes both human embryonic stem (hES) cells and metabolomics to discover biomarkers of developmental toxicity." | * '''Developmental toxicity of pharmaceuticals using human embryonic stem cells and metabolomics.'''<ref><pubmed>20493898</pubmed></ref> "Teratogens, substances that may cause fetal abnormalities during development, are responsible for a significant number of birth defects. Animal models used to predict teratogenicity often do not faithfully correlate to human response. Here, we seek to develop a more predictive developmental toxicity model based on an in vitro method that utilizes both human embryonic stem (hES) cells and metabolomics to discover biomarkers of developmental toxicity." | ||
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==Critical Periods== | ==Critical Periods== |
Revision as of 10:36, 8 March 2013
Educational Use Only - Embryology is an educational resource for learning concepts in embryological development, no clinical information is provided and content should not be used for any other purpose. |
Introduction
Materal effects should really be called environmental (in contrast to genetic) removing the association of mother with the deleterious agent. Accepting this caveat, there are several maternal effects from lifestyle, environment and nutrition that can be prevented or decreased by change which is not an option for genetic effects.
Infections, collectively grouped under the acronym TORCH for Toxoplasmosis, Other organisms (parvovirus, HIV, Epstein-Barr, herpes 6 and 8, varicella, syphilis, enterovirus) , Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Hepatitis. See related pages on maternal hyperthermia, viral and bacterial infections.
Maternal diet the best characterised is the role of low folic acid and Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) see also abnormal neural development and Neural Tube Defects and the sample environmental effects listed below.
Maternal drugs effects either prescription drugs (therapeutic chemicals/agents, thalidomide limb development), non-prescription drugs (alcohol, smoking, herbal drugs), and illegal drugs (Cannabis/Marijuana, Methamphetamine/Amphetamine, Cocaine, Heroin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
Environment (smoking, chemical, heavy metals) and maternal endocrine function (maternal diabetes, thyroid development) and maternal stress.
Different environmental effects can act individually or in combination on the same developing system. For example, neural development can be impacted upon by alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome), viral infection (rubella) and/or inadequate dietry folate intake (neural tube defects). These effects may also not be seen as a direct effect on a system or systems but result in a reduced birth weight and the potential postnatal developmental effects.
Finally, when studying this topic remember the concept of "critical periods" of development that will affect the overall impact of the above listed factors. This can be extended to the potential differences between prenatal and postnatal effects, for example with infections and outcomes.
Bacterial Links: bacterial infection | syphilis | gonorrhea | tuberculosis | listeria | salmonella | TORCH | Environmental | Category:Bacteria |
Abnormality Links: abnormal development | abnormal genetic | abnormal environmental | Unknown | teratogens | ectopic pregnancy | cardiovascular abnormalities | coelom abnormalities | endocrine abnormalities | gastrointestinal abnormalities | genital abnormalities | head abnormalities | integumentary abnormalities | musculoskeletal abnormalities | limb abnormalities | neural abnormalities | neural crest abnormalities | placenta abnormalities | renal abnormalities | respiratory abnormalities | hearing abnormalities | vision abnormalities | twinning | Developmental Origins of Health and Disease | ICD-11 | ||
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Some Recent Findings
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Critical Periods
The table below identifies approximate windows of time, "critical periods", that following exposure to teratogens can lead to developmental abnormalities (anomalies, congenital). In general, the effects for each system are more severe (major anomalies) in the embryonic period during organogenesis in the first trimester. Later teratogen exposure are less severe (minor anomalies) in the fetal period during continued growth and differentiation in the second and third trimester.
Conceptus | Embryonic development (weeks) | Fetal period (weeks) | |||||||||||||||||
Neural | |||||||||||||||||||
Heart | |||||||||||||||||||
Upper limbs | |||||||||||||||||||
Lower limbs | |||||||||||||||||||
Ear | |||||||||||||||||||
Eye | |||||||||||||||||||
Palate | |||||||||||||||||||
Teeth | |||||||||||||||||||
External genitalia | |||||||||||||||||||
Loss | Major abnormalities | Functional and Minor abnormalities |
Travel
There is an increasing number of women travelling during pregnancy that may carry some additional environmental risks. The following information is summarised from a recent BMJ article.[4]
- second trimester of pregnancy is considered the safest in which to travel
- air travel may carry risk of miscarriage, preterm birth, and thromboembolism
- obstetric and neonatal care facilities at destinations is varied
- obtain adequate insurance and check with their airline for restrictions on travel
- communicable diseases acquired abroad may increase risks of perinatal morbidity
References
Journals
- Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) is a monthly journal of peer-reviewed research and news on the impact of the environment on human health. EHP | Pubmed EHP
Reviews
Articles
Search Pubmed
June 2010 "teratogens" All (25401) Review (3026) Free Full Text (3991) "TORCH Infections" All (183) Review (37) Free Full Text (18)
Search Pubmed: teratogens | TORCH Infections | maternal abnormalities
Glossary Links
- Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 2) Embryology Abnormal Development - Environmental. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Abnormal_Development_-_Environmental
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G