Neural - Cranial Nerve Development: Difference between revisions
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{{Header}} | {{Header}} | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
[[File:Human Stage14 neural02.jpg|thumb|Human Embryo CNS (Carnegie | [[File:Human Stage14 neural02.jpg|thumb|Human Embryo CNS ([[Carnegie stage 14|stage 14]]) showing cranial nerve development]] | ||
[[File:Neural - cranial nerves.jpg|thumb|Cranial nerves]] | |||
{| | |||
| width=550px|The {{cranial nerve}}s (ganglia) are represented by a roman numeral (I - XII) and many have additional historic names. They are paired, and can be mixed (motor/sensory), and the brain equivalent of the spinal cord spinal nerves. | |||
In embryonic development, the trigeminal ganglia ({{CN V}}, historically the semilunar ganglion, Gasser's ganglion or Gasserian ganglion) is the first to become apparent and is the largest of the cranial nerves. | |||
Neural development is one of the earliest systems to begin and the last to be completed after birth. This development generates the most complex structure within the embryo and the long time period of development means in utero insult during pregnancy may have consequences to development of the nervous system. | Neural development is one of the earliest systems to begin and the last to be completed after birth. This development generates the most complex structure within the embryo and the long time period of development means in utero insult during pregnancy may have consequences to development of the nervous system. | ||
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Neural development beginnings quite early, therefore also look at notes covering Week 3- neural tube and Week 4-early nervous system. Development of the neural crest and sensory systems (hearing/vision/smell) are only introduced in these notes and are covered in other notes sections. | Neural development beginnings quite early, therefore also look at notes covering Week 3- neural tube and Week 4-early nervous system. Development of the neural crest and sensory systems (hearing/vision/smell) are only introduced in these notes and are covered in other notes sections. | ||
|} | |||
<br> | |||
{{Cranial Nerve Table}} | |||
{{Cranial Nerve Table collapsible}} | |||
<br> | |||
{{Cranial Nerve Links}} | |||
::[[Historic Embryology Papers|'''Historic Embryology''']]: [[Paper - The Nuclei of Origin of the Cranial Nerves in the 10 mm Human Embryo|1908 Cranial Nerves 10 mm Human Embryo]] | ::[[Historic Embryology Papers|'''Historic Embryology''']]: [[Paper - The Nuclei of Origin of the Cranial Nerves in the 10 mm Human Embryo|1908 Cranial Nerves 10 mm Human Embryo]] | ||
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{{Neural Links 2}} | {{Neural Links 2}} | ||
==Some Recent Findings== | ==Some Recent Findings== | ||
[[File:Mouse cranial nerve model SHH.jpg|thumb|Mouse cranial nerve model SHH{{#pmid:25799573|PMID25799573}}]] | |||
{| | {| | ||
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF" | |-bgcolor="F5FAFF" | ||
| | | | ||
* '''Dynamic expression of transcription factor Brn3b during mouse cranial nerve development''' | * '''Vestigial-like 3 is a novel Ets1 interacting partner and regulates trigeminal nerve formation and cranial neural crest migration'''{{#pmid:28870996|PMID28870996}} "Drosophila Vestigial is the founding member of a protein family containing a highly conserved domain, called Tondu, which mediates their interaction with members of the TEAD family of transcription factors (Scalloped in Drosophila). In Drosophila, the Vestigial/Scalloped complex controls wing development by regulating the expression of target genes through binding to MCAT sequences. In vertebrates, there are four Vestigial-like genes, the functions of which are still not well understood. Here, we describe the regulation and function of vestigial-like 3 (vgll3) during Xenopus early development. A combination of signals, including FGF8, Wnt8a, Hoxa2, Hoxb2 and retinoic acid, limits vgll3 expression to hindbrain rhombomere 2. We show that vgll3 regulates trigeminal placode and nerve formation and is required for normal neural crest development by affecting their migration and adhesion properties. At the molecular level, vgll3 is a potent activator of pax3, zic1, Wnt and FGF, which are important for brain patterning and neural crest cell formation." | ||
* '''Cranial nerve development requires co-ordinated Shh and canonical Wnt signaling''' | |||
* '''Dynamic expression of transcription factor Brn3b during mouse cranial nerve development'''{{#pmid:26356988|PMID26356988}} "During development, transcription factor combinatorial codes define a large variety of morphologically and physiologically distinct neurons. ...We report the dynamic expression of Brn3b in the somatosensory component of cranial nerves II, V, VII, and VIII and visceromotor nuclei of nerves VII, IX, and X as well as other brainstem nuclei during different stages of development into adult stage. We find that genetically identified Brn3b(KO) RGC axons show correct but delayed pathfinding during the early stages of embryonic development. However, loss of Brn3b does not affect the anatomy of the other cranial nerves normally expressing this transcription factor." | |||
* '''Cranial nerve development requires co-ordinated Shh and canonical Wnt signaling'''{{#pmid:25799573|PMID25799573}} "Cranial nerves govern sensory and motor information exchange between the brain and tissues of the head and neck. The cranial nerves are derived from two specialized populations of cells, cranial neural crest cells and ectodermal placode cells. Defects in either cell type can result in cranial nerve developmental defects. Although several signaling pathways are known to regulate cranial nerve formation our understanding of how intercellular signaling between neural crest cells and placode cells is coordinated during cranial ganglia morphogenesis is poorly understood. Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling is one key pathway that regulates multiple aspects of craniofacial development, but whether it co-ordinates cranial neural crest cell and placodal cell interactions during cranial ganglia formation remains unclear. In this study we examined a new Patched1 (Ptch1) loss-of-function mouse mutant and characterized the role of Ptch1 in regulating Shh signaling during cranial ganglia development. Ptch1(Wig/ Wig) mutants exhibit elevated Shh signaling in concert with disorganization of the trigeminal and facial nerves. Importantly, we discovered that enhanced Shh signaling suppressed canonical Wnt signaling in the cranial nerve region. This critically affected the survival and migration of cranial neural crest cells and the development of placodal cells as well as the integration between neural crest and placodes. Collectively, our findings highlight a novel and critical role for Shh signaling in cranial nerve development via the cross regulation of canonical Wnt singling." | |||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | ||
! More recent papers | ! More recent papers | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}} | | [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}} | ||
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Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cranial+Nerve+Development ''Cranial Nerve Development''] | Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cranial+Nerve+Development ''Cranial Nerve Development''] | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! Older papers | |||
|- | |||
| {{Older papers}} | |||
|} | |||
== Neural Development Overview == | == Neural Development Overview == | ||
Neuralation begins at the trilaminar embryo with formation of the notochord | Neuralation begins at the trilaminar embryo with formation of the {{notochord}} within the {{mesoderm}} that underlies the {{ectoderm}} and do not physically contribute to the nervous system, but is involved with patterning its initial formation. The central portion of the ectoderm then forms the neural plate that folds to form the neural tube, that will eventually form the entire central nervous system. | ||
:'''Early developmental sequence:''' Epiblast - Ectoderm - Neural Plate - Neural groove and Neural Crest - Neural Tube and Neural Crest | :'''Early developmental sequence:''' Epiblast - Ectoderm - Neural Plate - Neural groove and Neural Crest - Neural Tube and Neural Crest | ||
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{{Neural Table}} | {{Neural Table}} | ||
==Embryonic Development == | |||
{| | |||
! clospan=2|Cranial Nerve Development | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Human Stage14 neural02.jpg|400px]] | |||
| [[File:Human Stage16 neural02.jpg|400px]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[Carnegie stage 14|stage 14]] | |||
| [[Carnegie stage 16|stage 16]] | |||
|} | |||
===Timeline=== | |||
Developed from serially-sectioned human embryos{{#pmid:17848161|PMID17848161}} | |||
# An indication of mesencephalic neural crest is discernible already at stage {{CS9}}, and trigeminal, facial, and postotic components can be detected at stage {{CS10}}. | |||
# Crest was not observed at the level of diencephalon 2. Although pre-otic crest from the neural folds is at first continuous (stage 10), crest-free zones are soon observable (stage {{CS11}}) in Rh.1, 3, and 5. | |||
# Emigration of cranial neural crest from the neural folds at the neurosomatic junction begins before closure of the rostral neuropore, and later crest cells do not accumulate above the neural tube. | |||
# The trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal ganglia, which develop from crest that emigrates before the neural folds have fused, continue to receive contributions from the roof plate of the neural tube after fusion of the folds. | |||
# The nasal crest and the terminalis-vomeronasal complex are the last components of the cranial crest to appear (at stage 13) and they persist longer. | |||
# The optic, mesencephalic, isthmic, accessory, and hypoglossal crest do not form ganglia. Cervical ganglion 1 is separated early from the neural crest and is not a Froriep ganglion. | |||
# The cranial ganglia derived from neural crest show a specific relationship to individual neuromeres, and rhombomeres are better landmarks than the otic primordium, which descends during stages {{CS9}}-{{CS14}}. | |||
# Epipharyngeal placodes of the pharyngeal arches contribute to cranial ganglia, although that of arch 1 is not typical. | |||
# The neural crest from rhombomeres 6 and 7 that migrates to pharyngeal arch 3 and from there rostrad to the truncus arteriosus at stage 12 is identified here, for the first time in the human, as the cardiac crest. | |||
# The hypoglossal crest provides cells that accompany those of myotomes 1-4 and form the hypoglossal cell cord at stages 13 and 14. # The occipital crest, which is related to {{somite}}s 1-4 in the human, differs from the spinal mainly in that it does not develop ganglia. | |||
# The occipital and spinal portions of the crest migrate dorsoventrad and appear to traverse the sclerotomes before the differentiation into loose and dense zones in the latter. | |||
===Size Growth=== | |||
{{HumanCNS images}} | |||
==Motor and Sensory== | ==Motor and Sensory== | ||
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| Primary Terminal Nuclei of the Afferent (sensory) Cranial Nerves | | Primary Terminal Nuclei of the Afferent (sensory) Cranial Nerves | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Pharyngeal Arches=== | |||
During early development each {{pharyngeal arch}} is associated with different cranial nerves. | |||
{| | |||
! Arch Nerve | |||
|- | |||
| width=300px| | |||
* Arch 1 - {{CN V}} trigeminal, caudal 2/3 maxillary (V2) and mandibular (V3), cranial 1/3 sensory nerve of head and neck, mastication motor | |||
* Arch 2 - {{CN VII}} facial | |||
* Arch 3 - {{CN IX}} glossopharyngeal | |||
* Arch 4&6 - {{CN X}} vagus, arch 4- superior laryngeal, arch 6- recurrent laryngeal | |||
|} | |||
==CN I Olfactory== | ==CN I Olfactory== | ||
* sensory - olfactory receptor neuron axons | {| | ||
| [[File:Human week 10 fetus 12.jpg|400px]] | |||
Olfactory Nerve - Human fetus ([[Week 10]]) | |||
| | |||
* '''sensory''' - olfactory receptor neuron axons | |||
* olfactory epithelium to cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone then to the olfactory bulb | * olfactory epithelium to cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone then to the olfactory bulb | ||
:'''Links:''' {{smell}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cranial+Nerve+One+Development PubMed Search - CN I] | |||
|} | |||
==CN II Optic== | |||
Based upon Streeter.<ref name=Streeter1957>{{Ref-Streeter1957}}</ref> | |||
* Carnegie stage {{CS19}} - Optic nerve small, slender. Lumen practically whole length of stalk. Few or no fibers. | |||
* Carnegie stage {{CS20}} - Ependymal arrangement partially retained along stalk. Remnant of ependyma along whole length of stalk. Hyaloid groove at bulbar end. A few fibers arriving at brain. | |||
* Carnegie stage {{CS21}} - Remnant of ependyma present. | |||
* Carnegie stage {{CS22}} - Sheath layer beginning to form. Vascular canal present. | |||
* Carnegie stage {{CS23}} - Early nerve sheath. Reticular spongioblastic framework, striate arrangement of nuclei, bundles of fibers. Definite nerve sheath. | |||
{| | {| | ||
| [[File:Stage 22 image 209.jpg|400px]] | | [[File:Stage 22 image 209.jpg|400px]] | ||
Optic Nerve - Human embryo (week 8, | Optic Nerve - Human embryo (week 8, Carnegie stage {{CS22}}) | ||
| | | | ||
* sensory - retinal ganglion neuron axons | * '''sensory''' - retinal ganglion neuron axons | ||
* development - CNS out-pouching of the diencephalon (optic stalks) | * development - CNS out-pouching of the diencephalon (optic stalks) | ||
* optic nerve fibres covered with myelin produced by oligodendrocytes | * optic nerve fibres covered with myelin produced by oligodendrocytes | ||
* ensheathed in all three meningeal layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater) | * ensheathed in all three meningeal layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater) | ||
:'''Links:''' {{vision}} | |||
|} | |} | ||
==CN III Oculomotor== | ==CN III Oculomotor== | ||
motor - innervates muscles that enable most eye movement | '''motor''' - innervates muscles that enable most eye movement | ||
development - oculomotor nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic midbrain | development - oculomotor nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic midbrain | ||
:'''Links:''' {{vision}} | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! Historic Embryology | |||
|- | |||
| {{Ref-Mann1927}} | |||
|} | |||
==CN IV Trochlear== | ==CN IV Trochlear== | ||
motor - innervates the superior oblique muscle that enables eye movement | '''motor''' - innervates the superior oblique muscle that enables eye movement | ||
{| | |||
|- | |||
! Cranial Nerve | |||
! Rhombomere | |||
|- | |||
| trochlear | |||
| 1 | |||
|- | |||
| trigeminal | |||
| 2–3 | |||
|- | |||
| abducens | |||
| 5–6 | |||
|- | |||
| facial | |||
| 4–5 | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
See also the historic 1943 description of this cranial nerve development by Pearson.<ref name=Pearson1943>{{Ref-Pearson1943}}</ref> | |||
:'''Links:''' {{vision}} | |||
==CN V Trigeminal== | ==CN V Trigeminal== | ||
(semilunar ganglion or | [[File:Gray0781.jpg|thumb|Mandibular division of the Trigeminal Nerve]] | ||
(semilunar ganglion, Gasser's ganglion or Gasserian ganglion) | |||
This is largest of all the cranial nerves during early development and has three major branches: ophthalmic nerve (V1), maxillary nerve (V2), mandibular nerve (V3) | |||
Mixed motor/sensory | |||
* '''sensory''' - provide tactile, proprioceptive, and nociceptive afference to the face and mouth. | |||
* '''motor''' - innervate the skin of the face via ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2) and mandibular (V3) divisions. Special visceral efferent (SVE) axons innervate the muscles of mastication via the mandibular (V3) division. | |||
[[File:Human Stage14-16 CN5-01.jpg|600px]] | |||
CN V Trigeminal week 5 Stage {{CS14}} and week 6 {{CS16}} | |||
In the embryo, the trigeminal ganglia is first visible in week 4 [[Carnegie stage 10|stage 10]], initially developing from neural crest cells before neural fold fusion, and after fusion receive contributions from the neural tube roof plate.{{#pmid:17848161|PMID17848161}} | |||
In the adult, ''cavum trigeminale'' (Meckel's cave) is an arachnoidal pouch containing cerebrospinal fluid. Though the dura and arachnoid layers end at the trigeminal ganglion and do not extend to cover the three branches of the trigeminal nerve.{{#pmid:9090638|PMID9090638}} | |||
<gallery caption="Human Embryo {{CN V}}"> | |||
File:Streeter1906 fig01.jpg|Week 7 stage {{CS18}} | |||
File:Streeter1906 fig02.jpg|Week 8 stage {{CS23}} | |||
File:Streeter1906 fig05.jpg|Week 5 to 8 acoustic nerve complex | |||
</gallery> | |||
<gallery caption="Adult {{CN V}}"> | |||
File:Gray0778.jpg|Fig. 778. Maxillary, mandibular nerves, submaxillary ganglion | |||
File:Gray0781.jpg|Fig. 781. Mandibular division | |||
File:Gray0784.jpg|Fig. 784. Sensory Areas of the Head | |||
</gallery> | |||
===Gasser's ganglion or Gasserian ganglion=== | |||
This historic terminology was given by Antonius Hirsh who described the ganglion in 1765 and then named the ganglion in the honour of his teacher, Johann Lorenz Gasser (1723-1765) an Austrian anatomist. | |||
==CN VI Abducent== | ==CN VI Abducent== | ||
motor - innervates the lateral rectus muscle that enables eye movement | '''motor''' - innervates the lateral rectus muscle that enables eye movement | ||
development - from the basal plate of the embryonic pons | development - from the basal plate of the embryonic pons | ||
:'''Links:''' {{vision}} | |||
==CN VII Facial== | ==CN VII Facial== | ||
(N. Facialis; Seventh Nerve; CN VII) | (N. Facialis; Seventh Nerve; CN VII) | ||
{| | |||
|Mixed motor/sensory | |||
* '''motor''' - innervates the muscles of facial expression | |||
* '''sensory''' - {{taste}} from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity | |||
Development - second pharyngeal arch | |||
* motor derived from the basal plate of the embryonic pons | |||
* sensory derived from cranial neural crest | |||
{| | :'''Links:''' {{vision}} | {{taste}} | ||
| | | rowspan=2|[[File:Gray0788.jpg|400px]] | ||
| [[File:Gray0788.jpg|400px]] | |||
Gray Fig. 788. Plan of the Facial and Intermediate Nerves and their Communication with Other Nerves | Gray Fig. 788. Plan of the Facial and Intermediate Nerves and their Communication with Other Nerves | ||
|- | |||
| The facial nerve (Figs. [[:File:Gray0788.jpg|788]], [[:File:Gray0790.jpg|790]]) consists of a motor and a sensory part, the latter being frequently described under the name of the nervus intermedius (pars intermedii of Wrisberg) ([[:File:Gray0788.jpg|Fig. 788]]). The two parts emerge at the lower border of the pons in the recess between the olive and the inferior peduncle, the motor part being the more medial, immediately to the lateral side of the sensory part is the acoustic nerve. | |||
|} | |} | ||
[[File:Streeter1908 fig02.jpg|400px]] | |||
development - | Facial nerve development - right facial nerve and its nucleus of origin (A. 10 mm embryo, C. neonate).<ref>{{Ref-Streeter1908cranial n}}</ref> | ||
==CN | <gallery caption="Facial {{CN VII}}"> | ||
File:Streeter1906 fig08.jpg|Geniculate Ganglion Human Embryo stage {{CS23}} | |||
File:Streeter1906 fig07.jpg|{{pig}} 20 cm - facial nerve | |||
</gallery> | |||
Geniculate ganglion - contains fibres for taste and somatic sensation and is located in the petrous temporal bone. | |||
==CN VIII Vestibulocochlear== | |||
Cranial nerve eight (CN VIII) In the embryo, cells derive from the otic placode forming the otic vesicle (otocyst). Ganglion previously thought to also involve otic neural crest (rhombomere 4){{#pmid:17848161|PMID17848161}}, but recent studies suggest an entirely placodal origin. In the adult, as in its name it consists of 2 parts vestibular (balance and position in space) and cochlear (hearing, spiral). | |||
[[File:Adult hearing embryonic origins.jpg|400px]] | |||
:'''Links:''' {{hearing}} | {{balance}} | |||
<br> | |||
{| | |||
! Week 5 | |||
! Week 8 | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Stage13 otocyst.jpg|300px]] | |||
Embryo Stage {{CS13}} showing inner ear and CN VIII. | |||
| [[File:Stage22 ear.jpg|300px]] | |||
Embryo Stage {{CS22}} showing otocyst and CN VIII. | |||
|} | |||
===Scarpa's ganglion=== | |||
The historic name for the vestibular ganglion, also called is the ganglion of the vestibular nerve. | |||
:'''Links:''' {{hearing}} | {{balance}} | |||
==CN IX Glossopharyngeal== | |||
[[File:Baroreceptor reflex cartoon.jpg|thumb|Baroreceptor reflex CN IX, X{{#pmid:20184720|PMID20184720}}]] | |||
Visceral sensory (general visceral afferent) – carries visceral sensory information from the carotid sinus and carotid body. | Mixed motor/sensory and lies anterior to the medulla oblongata | ||
* '''Branchial motor''' (special visceral efferent) – supplies the stylopharyngeus muscle. | |||
* '''Visceral motor''' (general visceral efferent) – provides parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland via the otic ganglion. | |||
* '''Visceral sensory''' (general visceral afferent) – carries visceral sensory information from the carotid sinus and carotid body. | |||
General sensory (general somatic afferent) – provides general sensory information from inner surface of the tympanic membrane, upper pharynx (GVA), and the posterior one-third of the tongue. | General sensory (general somatic afferent) – provides general sensory information from inner surface of the tympanic membrane, upper pharynx (GVA), and the posterior one-third of the tongue. | ||
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==CN X Vagus== | ==CN X Vagus== | ||
(pneumogastric nerve) responsible for heart rate, gastrointestinal peristalsis, sweating, and muscle movements in the mouth, including speech (via the recurrent laryngeal nerve) | (pneumogastric nerve) responsible for {{heart rate}}, gastrointestinal peristalsis, sweating, and muscle movements in the mouth, including speech (via the recurrent laryngeal nerve) | ||
Development | |||
* motor derived from the basal plate of the medulla oblongata | * motor derived from the basal plate of the medulla oblongata | ||
* sensory derived from cranial neural crest | * sensory derived from cranial {{neural crest}} | ||
==CN XI Accessory== | ==CN XI Accessory== | ||
motor - innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles | |||
'''motor''' - innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles | |||
* sternomastoid - muscle superficial layer side of the neck, rotation of the head | * sternomastoid - muscle superficial layer side of the neck, rotation of the head | ||
* trapezius - superficial muscles from occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the spine of the scapula, move the scapulae and support the arm | * trapezius - superficial muscles from occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the spine of the scapula, move the scapulae and support the arm. | ||
See also the historic 1938 description of this cranial nerve development by Pearson.<ref name=Pearson1938>{{Ref-Pearson1938}}</ref> | |||
development - basal plate of the medulla oblongata | ==CN XII Hypoglossal== | ||
{| | |||
| [[File:Human week 10 fetus 04.jpg|400px]] | |||
| | |||
* motor - hypoglossal nucleus of the ventromedial medulla oblongata from a number of smaller rootlets | |||
* development - basal plate of the medulla oblongata | |||
|} | |||
:'''Links:''' {{tongue}} | [[Paper - The development of the hypoglossal ganglia of pig embryos|1910 Pig hypoglossal ganglia development]] | |||
==Neonatal - Clinical== | ==Neonatal - Clinical== | ||
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==Additional Images== | ==Additional Images== | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
File:Mouse E10.5 Nav2 expression.jpg|Mouse E10.5 Nav2 expression{{#pmid:20184720|PMID20184720}} | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
===Historic Images=== | ===Historic Images=== | ||
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File:Lewis1920 fig08.jpg|Lewis Fig. 8 (1920) | File:Lewis1920 fig08.jpg|Lewis Fig. 8 (1920) | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
{{Ref-Thyng1914}} [[Harvard Collection]] | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:Thyng1914_plate1a.jpg|Plate 1a | |||
File:Thyng1914_plate1b.jpg|Plate 1b | |||
File:Thyng1914_plate2a.jpg|Plate 2a | |||
File:Thyng1914_plate2b.jpg|Plate 2b | |||
File:Thyng1914_plate3a.jpg|Plate 3a | |||
File:Thyng1914_plate3b.jpg|Plate 3b | |||
File:Thyng1914_plate4a.jpg|Plate 4a | |||
File:Thyng1914_plate4b.jpg|Plate 4b | |||
File:Thyng1914_plate5a.jpg|Plate 5a | |||
File:Thyng1914_plate5b.jpg|Plate 5b | |||
File:Thyng1914_plate6.jpg|Plate 6 | |||
</gallery> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
===Reviews=== | ===Reviews=== | ||
{{#pmid:19206138}} | |||
{{#pmid:11882306}} | |||
===Articles=== | ===Articles=== | ||
{{#pmid:18230116}} | |||
===Search PubMed=== | ===Search PubMed=== |
Latest revision as of 05:30, 10 December 2019
Embryology - 16 Jun 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
The cranial nerves (ganglia) are represented by a roman numeral (I - XII) and many have additional historic names. They are paired, and can be mixed (motor/sensory), and the brain equivalent of the spinal cord spinal nerves.
In embryonic development, the trigeminal ganglia (CN V, historically the semilunar ganglion, Gasser's ganglion or Gasserian ganglion) is the first to become apparent and is the largest of the cranial nerves. Neural development is one of the earliest systems to begin and the last to be completed after birth. This development generates the most complex structure within the embryo and the long time period of development means in utero insult during pregnancy may have consequences to development of the nervous system. Differences between birds and mammals:
Neural development beginnings quite early, therefore also look at notes covering Week 3- neural tube and Week 4-early nervous system. Development of the neural crest and sensory systems (hearing/vision/smell) are only introduced in these notes and are covered in other notes sections. |
Cranial Nerves | |
---|---|
CN I | Olfactory |
CN II | Optic |
CN III | Oculomotor |
CN IV | Trochlear |
CN V | Trigeminal |
CN VI | Abducent |
CN VII | Facial |
CN VIII | Acoustic |
CN IX | Glossopharyngeal |
CN X | Vagus |
CN XI | Accessory |
CN XII | Hypoglossal |
Cranial Nerves | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nerve Number | Name | Type | Origin | Function |
CN I | Olfactory | sensory | telencephalon | smell placode |
CN II | Optic | sensory | retinal ganglial cells | vision |
CN III | Oculomotor | motor | anterior midbrain | extraocular muscles eye movements and pupil dilation (motor) |
CN IV | Trochlear | motor | dorsal midbrain | extraocular muscles (superior oblique muscle) |
CN V | Trigeminal | motor/sensory | pons | touch, mastication |
CN VI | Abducent | motor | extraocular muscles | control eye movements (lateral rectus muscle) |
CN VII | Facial | motor/sensory | pons | facial expression, taste (tongue anterior and central regions) regulate salivary production. |
CN VIII | Acoustic | sensory | vestibular and cochlear nuclei | hearing, placode |
CN IX | Glossopharyngeal | motor/sensory | medulla | swallowing and speech, taste (tongue posterior region) |
CN X | Vagus | motor/sensory | medulla | larynx and pharynx muscles (speech and swallowing), regulates heartbeat, sweating, and peristalsis |
CN XI | Accessory | motor | motor neurons | sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles |
CN XII | Hypoglossal | motor | motor neurons | tongue muscles (speech, eating and other oral functions) |
Cranial Nerve Links: Neural | Neural Crest | CN I | CN II | CN III| CN IV | CN V | CN VI | CN VII | CN VIII | CN IX | CN X | CN XI | CN XII | placodes | Category:Cranial Nerve |
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Cranial Nerve Development |
Older papers |
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These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.
See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page. |
Neural Development Overview
Neuralation begins at the trilaminar embryo with formation of the notochord within the mesoderm that underlies the ectoderm and do not physically contribute to the nervous system, but is involved with patterning its initial formation. The central portion of the ectoderm then forms the neural plate that folds to form the neural tube, that will eventually form the entire central nervous system.
- Early developmental sequence: Epiblast - Ectoderm - Neural Plate - Neural groove and Neural Crest - Neural Tube and Neural Crest
Neural Tube | Primary Vesicles | Secondary Vesicles | Adult Structures |
---|---|---|---|
week 3 | week 4 | week 5 | adult |
prosencephalon (forebrain) | telencephalon | Rhinencephalon, Amygdala, hippocampus, cerebrum (cortex), hypothalamus, pituitary | Basal Ganglia, lateral ventricles | |
diencephalon | epithalamus, thalamus, Subthalamus, pineal, posterior commissure, pretectum, third ventricle | ||
mesencephalon (midbrain) | mesencephalon | tectum, Cerebral peduncle, cerebral aqueduct, pons | |
rhombencephalon (hindbrain) | metencephalon | cerebellum | |
myelencephalon | medulla oblongata, isthmus | ||
spinal cord, pyramidal decussation, central canal |
Embryonic Development
Cranial Nerve Development | |
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stage 14 | stage 16 |
Timeline
Developed from serially-sectioned human embryos[4]
- An indication of mesencephalic neural crest is discernible already at stage 9, and trigeminal, facial, and postotic components can be detected at stage 10.
- Crest was not observed at the level of diencephalon 2. Although pre-otic crest from the neural folds is at first continuous (stage 10), crest-free zones are soon observable (stage 11) in Rh.1, 3, and 5.
- Emigration of cranial neural crest from the neural folds at the neurosomatic junction begins before closure of the rostral neuropore, and later crest cells do not accumulate above the neural tube.
- The trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal ganglia, which develop from crest that emigrates before the neural folds have fused, continue to receive contributions from the roof plate of the neural tube after fusion of the folds.
- The nasal crest and the terminalis-vomeronasal complex are the last components of the cranial crest to appear (at stage 13) and they persist longer.
- The optic, mesencephalic, isthmic, accessory, and hypoglossal crest do not form ganglia. Cervical ganglion 1 is separated early from the neural crest and is not a Froriep ganglion.
- The cranial ganglia derived from neural crest show a specific relationship to individual neuromeres, and rhombomeres are better landmarks than the otic primordium, which descends during stages 9-14.
- Epipharyngeal placodes of the pharyngeal arches contribute to cranial ganglia, although that of arch 1 is not typical.
- The neural crest from rhombomeres 6 and 7 that migrates to pharyngeal arch 3 and from there rostrad to the truncus arteriosus at stage 12 is identified here, for the first time in the human, as the cardiac crest.
- The hypoglossal crest provides cells that accompany those of myotomes 1-4 and form the hypoglossal cell cord at stages 13 and 14. # The occipital crest, which is related to somites 1-4 in the human, differs from the spinal mainly in that it does not develop ganglia.
- The occipital and spinal portions of the crest migrate dorsoventrad and appear to traverse the sclerotomes before the differentiation into loose and dense zones in the latter.
Size Growth
Embryonic Central Nervous System | |||
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Stage 13 | Stage 14 | Stage 16 | Stage 21 |
scale bar = 1 mm |
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Week 4 | Week 5 | Week 6 | Week 8 |
- Human CNS Images: Carnegie stage 13 | Carnegie stage 13 label | Carnegie stage 14 | Carnegie stage 14 label | Carnegie stage 16 | Carnegie stage 16 label | CN V | Carnegie stage 21 lateral | Carnegie stage 21 median | Fetus CRL 240mm | Neural System Development | Cranial Nerves
Motor and Sensory
Cranial motor nerves brainstem nuclei of origin | Primary Terminal Nuclei of the Afferent (sensory) Cranial Nerves |
Pharyngeal Arches
During early development each pharyngeal arch is associated with different cranial nerves.
Arch Nerve |
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CN I Olfactory
Olfactory Nerve - Human fetus (Week 10) |
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CN II Optic
Based upon Streeter.[5]
- Carnegie stage 19 - Optic nerve small, slender. Lumen practically whole length of stalk. Few or no fibers.
- Carnegie stage 20 - Ependymal arrangement partially retained along stalk. Remnant of ependyma along whole length of stalk. Hyaloid groove at bulbar end. A few fibers arriving at brain.
- Carnegie stage 21 - Remnant of ependyma present.
- Carnegie stage 22 - Sheath layer beginning to form. Vascular canal present.
- Carnegie stage 23 - Early nerve sheath. Reticular spongioblastic framework, striate arrangement of nuclei, bundles of fibers. Definite nerve sheath.
Optic Nerve - Human embryo (week 8, Carnegie stage 22) |
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CN III Oculomotor
motor - innervates muscles that enable most eye movement
development - oculomotor nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic midbrain
- Links: vision
Historic Embryology |
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Mann IC. The developing third nerve nucleus in human embryos (1927) J Anat. 61(4): 424-438. PubMed 17104156 |
CN IV Trochlear
motor - innervates the superior oblique muscle that enables eye movement
Cranial Nerve | Rhombomere |
---|---|
trochlear | 1 |
trigeminal | 2–3 |
abducens | 5–6 |
facial | 4–5 |
See also the historic 1943 description of this cranial nerve development by Pearson.[6]
- Links: vision
CN V Trigeminal
(semilunar ganglion, Gasser's ganglion or Gasserian ganglion)
This is largest of all the cranial nerves during early development and has three major branches: ophthalmic nerve (V1), maxillary nerve (V2), mandibular nerve (V3)
Mixed motor/sensory
- sensory - provide tactile, proprioceptive, and nociceptive afference to the face and mouth.
- motor - innervate the skin of the face via ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2) and mandibular (V3) divisions. Special visceral efferent (SVE) axons innervate the muscles of mastication via the mandibular (V3) division.
CN V Trigeminal week 5 Stage 14 and week 6 16
In the embryo, the trigeminal ganglia is first visible in week 4 stage 10, initially developing from neural crest cells before neural fold fusion, and after fusion receive contributions from the neural tube roof plate.[4]
In the adult, cavum trigeminale (Meckel's cave) is an arachnoidal pouch containing cerebrospinal fluid. Though the dura and arachnoid layers end at the trigeminal ganglion and do not extend to cover the three branches of the trigeminal nerve.[7]
Gasser's ganglion or Gasserian ganglion
This historic terminology was given by Antonius Hirsh who described the ganglion in 1765 and then named the ganglion in the honour of his teacher, Johann Lorenz Gasser (1723-1765) an Austrian anatomist.
CN VI Abducent
motor - innervates the lateral rectus muscle that enables eye movement
development - from the basal plate of the embryonic pons
- Links: vision
CN VII Facial
(N. Facialis; Seventh Nerve; CN VII)
Mixed motor/sensory
Development - second pharyngeal arch
|
Gray Fig. 788. Plan of the Facial and Intermediate Nerves and their Communication with Other Nerves |
The facial nerve (Figs. 788, 790) consists of a motor and a sensory part, the latter being frequently described under the name of the nervus intermedius (pars intermedii of Wrisberg) (Fig. 788). The two parts emerge at the lower border of the pons in the recess between the olive and the inferior peduncle, the motor part being the more medial, immediately to the lateral side of the sensory part is the acoustic nerve. |
Facial nerve development - right facial nerve and its nucleus of origin (A. 10 mm embryo, C. neonate).[8]
Geniculate ganglion - contains fibres for taste and somatic sensation and is located in the petrous temporal bone.
CN VIII Vestibulocochlear
Cranial nerve eight (CN VIII) In the embryo, cells derive from the otic placode forming the otic vesicle (otocyst). Ganglion previously thought to also involve otic neural crest (rhombomere 4)[4], but recent studies suggest an entirely placodal origin. In the adult, as in its name it consists of 2 parts vestibular (balance and position in space) and cochlear (hearing, spiral).
Week 5 | Week 8 |
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Embryo Stage 13 showing inner ear and CN VIII. |
Embryo Stage 22 showing otocyst and CN VIII. |
Scarpa's ganglion
The historic name for the vestibular ganglion, also called is the ganglion of the vestibular nerve.
CN IX Glossopharyngeal
Mixed motor/sensory and lies anterior to the medulla oblongata
- Branchial motor (special visceral efferent) – supplies the stylopharyngeus muscle.
- Visceral motor (general visceral efferent) – provides parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland via the otic ganglion.
- Visceral sensory (general visceral afferent) – carries visceral sensory information from the carotid sinus and carotid body.
General sensory (general somatic afferent) – provides general sensory information from inner surface of the tympanic membrane, upper pharynx (GVA), and the posterior one-third of the tongue.
Visceral afferent (special visceral afferent) – provides taste sensation from the posterior one-third of the tongue, including circumvallate papillae.
CN X Vagus
(pneumogastric nerve) responsible for heart rate, gastrointestinal peristalsis, sweating, and muscle movements in the mouth, including speech (via the recurrent laryngeal nerve)
Development
- motor derived from the basal plate of the medulla oblongata
- sensory derived from cranial neural crest
CN XI Accessory
motor - innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
- sternomastoid - muscle superficial layer side of the neck, rotation of the head
- trapezius - superficial muscles from occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the spine of the scapula, move the scapulae and support the arm.
See also the historic 1938 description of this cranial nerve development by Pearson.[10]
CN XII Hypoglossal
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Neonatal - Clinical
Examination of the baby’s cranial nerve function is often accomplished by observing spontaneous activity.
Newborn - Cranial Nerves | |||||||
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Normal | Abnormal |
Cranial Nerve Development: 3 months | 12 months | 18 months
- Links: Neural Exam Movies | Neonatal Development
Additional Images
Mouse E10.5 Nav2 expression[9]
Historic Images
Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages |
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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding. (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers) |
Thyng FW. The anatomy of a 17.8 mm human embryo. (1914) Amer. J Anat. 17: 31-112. Harvard Collection
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kurosaka H, Trainor PA, Leroux-Berger M & Iulianella A. (2015). Cranial nerve development requires co-ordinated Shh and canonical Wnt signaling. PLoS ONE , 10, e0120821. PMID: 25799573 DOI.
- ↑ Simon E, Thézé N, Fédou S, Thiébaud P & Faucheux C. (2017). Vestigial-like 3 is a novel Ets1 interacting partner and regulates trigeminal nerve formation and cranial neural crest migration. Biol Open , 6, 1528-1540. PMID: 28870996 DOI.
- ↑ Sajgo S, Ali S, Popescu O & Badea TC. (2016). Dynamic expression of transcription factor Brn3b during mouse cranial nerve development. J. Comp. Neurol. , 524, 1033-61. PMID: 26356988 DOI.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 O'Rahilly R & Müller F. (2007). The development of the neural crest in the human. J. Anat. , 211, 335-51. PMID: 17848161 DOI.
- ↑ Streeter GL. Developmental Horizons In Human Embryos Description Or Age Groups XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, And XXIII, Being The Fifth Issue Of A Survey Of The Carnegie Collection. (1957) Carnegie Instn. Wash. Publ. 611, Contrib. Embryol., 36: 167-196.
- ↑ Pearson AA. The trochlear nerve in human fetuses. (1943) J Comp. Neurol. : 29-43.
- ↑ Kehrli P, Maillot C & Wolff MJ. (1997). Anatomy and embryology of the trigeminal nerve and its branches in the parasellar area. Neurol. Res. , 19, 57-65. PMID: 9090638
- ↑ Streeter GL. The nuclei of origin of the cranial nerves in the 10 mm human embryo. (1908) Amer. J Anat. 2:111 - 115.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 McNeill EM, Roos KP, Moechars D & Clagett-Dame M. (2010). Nav2 is necessary for cranial nerve development and blood pressure regulation. Neural Dev , 5, 6. PMID: 20184720 DOI.
- ↑ Pearson AA. The spinal accessory nerve in human embryos. (1938) J Comp. Neurol. 68(2): 243-266.
Reviews
Greene ND & Copp AJ. (2009). Development of the vertebrate central nervous system: formation of the neural tube. Prenat. Diagn. , 29, 303-11. PMID: 19206138 DOI.
Barlow LA. (2002). Cranial nerve development: placodal neurons ride the crest. Curr. Biol. , 12, R171-3. PMID: 11882306
Articles
Saitsu H & Shiota K. (2008). Involvement of the axially condensed tail bud mesenchyme in normal and abnormal human posterior neural tube development. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) , 48, 1-6. PMID: 18230116 DOI.
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 16) Embryology Neural - Cranial Nerve Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Neural_-_Cranial_Nerve_Development
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