K12 Comparative Embryology: Difference between revisions
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This page introduces a few of the concepts of comparative development shared with all animals. | This page introduces a few of the concepts of comparative development shared with all animals. | ||
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:[[:File:Ernst Haeckel.jpg|Ernst Haeckel (1834 – 1919)]] "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" claimed that an individual organism's biological development (ontogeny), parallels and summarises its species evolutionary development (phylogeny). First a single-celled organism, then evolve into a fish, then an amphibian, then a reptile, then a bird, and finally reach a mammal. | |||
[[#Meiosis|Meiosis]] | [[#Mitosis|Mitosis]] | [[#Gastrulation|Gastrulation]] | [[#Body Plan|Body Plan]] | [[#Limbs|Limbs]] | [[#Tissue Development|Tissue Development]] | [[#Organ Development|Organ Development]] | :Current developmental biology shows that animals follow similar developmental programs, but do not go through Haeckel's "species change" during development. | ||
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[[#Meiosis|Meiosis]] | [[#Mitosis|Mitosis]] | [[#Gastrulation|Gastrulation]] | [[#Body Plan|Body Plan]] | [[#Limbs|Limbs]] | [[#Tissue Development|Tissue Development]] | [[#Organ Development|Organ Development]] | [[#Animal Models|Animal Models]] | [[K12_Human_and_Other_Animal_Development|Human and Other Animal Development]] | |||
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Also look at the [[K12 Human and Other Animal Development]] that simply compares development times and embryo structures. | Also look at the [[K12 Human and Other Animal Development]] that simply compares development times and embryo structures. | ||
See also online textbook - Gilbert SF. Developmental Biology. 6th edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2000. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9974/ Comparative Embryology]. | |||
[[K12 Professional Development 2016]] | [[K12 Professional Development 2014]] | [[K12 Professional Development 2016]] | [[K12 Professional Development 2014]] | ||
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# Genetic reorganisation - the genetic material (chromosomes) that you have from your mother and father are recombined. | # Genetic reorganisation - the genetic material (chromosomes) that you have from your mother and father are recombined. | ||
# Genetic reductive - the chromosome number is halved and only fertilisation will allow the paired chromosomes that we all contain in all our cells. | # Genetic reductive - the chromosome number is halved and only fertilisation will allow the paired chromosomes that we all contain in all our cells. | ||
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| [[File:Human idiogram.jpg|300px]] | |||
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'''Meiosis''' in all mammals: | |||
* Female embryo '''XX''' - X chromosome from egg and X chromosome from sperm | |||
* Male embryo '''XY''' - X chromosome from egg and Y chromosome from sperm | |||
* Both male and female embryos - get the recombined 22 autosomes and the mother's mitochondrial DNA | |||
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| width=305px|<html5media height="200" width="300">File:Oocyte_Meiosis_01.mp4</html5media> | | width=305px|<html5media height="200" width="300">File:Oocyte_Meiosis_01.mp4</html5media> | ||
This movie shows the egg (oocyte) completing the first part of meiosis (meiosis I). The chromosomes are coloured blue, the cell membrane is green. The small structure on the left are chromosomes that will not be used in the embryo. | This movie shows the egg (oocyte) completing the first part of meiosis (meiosis I). The chromosomes are coloured blue, the cell membrane is green. The small structure on the left are chromosomes that will not be used in the embryo. | ||
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# Chromosome duplication - has to occur before cell division can occur. | # Chromosome duplication - has to occur before cell division can occur. | ||
# Mitosis - a set of 5 standard phases dividing the nucleus (and the chromosomes it contains) before the cytoplasm divides. | # Mitosis - a set of 5 standard phases dividing the nucleus (and the chromosomes it contains) before the cytoplasm divides. | ||
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| '''Mitosis''' is a biological process that is the same (evolutionarily conserved) in all plants and animals. | |||
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| width=310px|<html5media height="300" width="300">File:Mitosis 11.mp4</html5media> | | width=310px|<html5media height="300" width="300">File:Mitosis 11.mp4</html5media> | ||
This movie shows a cell that has already begun mitosis separating the chromosomes in the nucleus then the cell cytoplasm. The chromosomes are white. | This movie shows a cell that has already begun mitosis separating the chromosomes in the nucleus then the cell cytoplasm. The chromosomes are white. | ||
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| valign=top|Development of any animal requires the differentiation of different cell types and tissues from essentially the same initial cells. One of the first shared steps is the process of "gastrulation" (means gut formation). This forms the 3 cell layers that will form all the embryo, they are often described as the "germ layers" and this stage of development as the "gastrula". The same layers form the same structures in all these animals. | | valign=top|Development of any animal requires the differentiation of different cell types and tissues from essentially the same initial cells. One of the first shared steps is the process of "gastrulation" (means gut formation). This forms the 3 cell layers that will form all the embryo, they are often described as the "germ layers" and this stage of development as the "gastrula". The same layers form the same structures in all these animals. | ||
3 Germ Layers: | 3 Germ Layers: | ||
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# '''Mesoderm''' - bone, muscle, cartilage, blood (connective tissues) | # '''Mesoderm''' - bone, muscle, cartilage, blood (connective tissues) | ||
# '''Endoderm''' - lining of the gut, lungs, endocrine organs. | # '''Endoderm''' - lining of the gut, lungs, endocrine organs. | ||
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| '''Gastrulation''' is a process that occurs in nearly all animals and each germ layer contributes the same body components to all animal embryos. | |||
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| [[File:Inner cell mass cartoon.jpg|300px|alt=germ cell layers]] | |||
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| [[File: | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | ||
! Teacher Note | |||
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| colspan="2"|[[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|50px]] '''Triploblastic''' (three layer) organisms describe vertebrate embryos with these 3 germ layers. '''Diploblastic''' (two layers) lacy a mesoderm layer and occurs in some marine invertebrate animals: ''porifera'' (sponges), ''cnidarians'' (sea anemones, hydra, jellyfish) and ''ctenophores'' (comb jellies). | |||
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Many signals used to establish this patterning have been identified and are shared (similar or the same) between different animals. Note that some of the signals used to establish the overall body plan can be reused later at other stages in embryo development and within the body organs and tissues. | Many signals used to establish this patterning have been identified and are shared (similar or the same) between different animals. Note that some of the signals used to establish the overall body plan can be reused later at other stages in embryo development and within the body organs and tissues. | ||
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| '''Body plan''' genes and signaling pathways are similar for all animals. | |||
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| [[File:Anatomical axes comparison.jpg|300px|alt=animal body patterns]] | | [[File:Anatomical axes comparison.jpg|300px|alt=animal body patterns]] | ||
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Here is a page with University level student information on [[Developmental Signals - Homeobox|Homeobox]] | Here is a page with University level student information on [[Developmental Signals - Homeobox|Homeobox]] | ||
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==Pharyngeal Arches== | |||
The vertebrate early embryo head region develops a series of transient structures called '''pharyngeal arches''' (branchial arches and gill arches). Each arch has a similar structure and is formed from all 3 germ layers. In fish, these arches develop into the gill apparatus. In mammals, these arches contribute many different head structures including the jaws, hearing components and endocrine organs. | |||
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| width=210px|[[File:Stage14 sem2l.jpg|200px]] | |||
| This is a human embryo (week 5) showing the pharyngeal arches numbered 1, 2, 3, 4. | |||
* The arches developmentally form in sequence, top to bottom (1 to 6). | |||
* The arches are then remodelled over the next 3 developmental weeks to form many different components of the head. | |||
* Other mammals form similar structures from each arch, but over a different time course. | |||
The cartoon below shows the repeated structure within each arch, germ layer contribution, and the special names given to each region. | |||
[[File:Pharyngeal arch structure cartoon.gif|480px]] | |||
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| '''Pharyngeal Arches''' are formed by all vertebrates, are temporary structures, contain all 3 germ layer, and contribute similar head components to all animal embryos. | |||
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{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! Teacher Note | |||
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| colspan="2"|[[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|50px]] Note that humans do not have a 5th arch (numbered on the basis of structures formed) and arch 4 and 6 are present as a single structure on the above surface embryo view. | |||
The table below gives a detailed overview of adult structures formed from each arch in the human embryo. | |||
{{Pharyngeal Arch table}} | |||
[[Pharyngeal arches]] this page contains more detailed information about these structures. | |||
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| Many different animals form limbs (arms and legs). During embryo development there are common signalling molecules and regions that form the initial limb structure. A similar process occurs for both the upper (arm) and low (leg) limb development. | | Many different animals form limbs (arms and legs). During embryo development there are common signalling molecules and regions that form the initial limb structure. A similar process occurs for both the upper (arm) and low (leg) limb development. | ||
The final limb structures formed can appear different, but the bones shows that they share a pattern of development. | |||
| [[File:Stage16-17-limbs01.jpg|300px]] | | [[File:Stage16-17-limbs01.jpg|300px]] | ||
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Cartoon of the early limb showing regions that establish the developmental patterning. | Cartoon of the early limb showing regions that establish the developmental patterning. | ||
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| [[File:Mouse limb cartilage and bone E14.5L.jpg|300px]]<br> | |||
Mouse Embryo Limb | |||
| bgcolor="F5FFFA"|'''Limbs''' even though animal arms, legs, flippers and wings appear externally different their skeletons show common features and have a common function (motility). | |||
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{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! Teacher Note | |||
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| colspan="2"|[[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|50px]] Even animals like snakes, that today don't today have limbs, express transiently the genes that are required to pattern limbs. Leal and Cohn, [http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(16)31069-7 Loss and Re-emergence of Legs in Snakes by Modular Evolution of Sonic hedgehog and HOXD Enhancers], Current Biology (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.020 | |||
* Python legs are truncated due to early arrest of [[Developmental Signals - Sonic hedgehog|Sonic hedgehog]] (SHH) transcription | |||
* The python SHH limb enhancer has weak activity due to deletion of key binding sites | |||
* [[Developmental Signals - Homeobox|HOXD]] digit enhancers and the footplate expression domain are conserved in pythons | |||
* Python leg buds form transitory condensations of the tibia, fibula, and footplate | |||
See also notes on [[Musculoskeletal System - Limb Development|Limb development and patterning]]. | |||
Other animals, like salamanders ([[Axolotl Development|axolotl]] and newts) are capable of regenerating their entire limb. See the [https://youtu.be/byLDgtSMI0w HHMI Video] below. | |||
<html5media width="480" height="360">https://www.youtube.com/embed/byLDgtSMI0w</html5media> | |||
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==Tissue Development== | ==Tissue Development== | ||
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The developmental signals that control say a connective tissue, like bone, are the same for all bones throughout the body. These mechanisms are the same in other animals. Therefore bone development will go through similar stages in all animals bodies even though different bones are eventually formed. | The developmental signals that control say a connective tissue, like bone, are the same for all bones throughout the body. These mechanisms are the same in other animals. Therefore bone development will go through similar stages in all animals bodies even though different bones are eventually formed. | ||
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'''Mouse limb tissue development''' | |||
[[File:Mouse limb tissue development.jpg|700px]] | |||
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| '''Tissue Development''' - the genes and signals that control embryonic development of these tissues are closely related in all animals and differ from the "patterning genes". | |||
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| [[File:Appendicular skeleton.jpg|200px]] | | [[File:Appendicular skeleton.jpg|200px]] | ||
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! Teacher Note | ! Teacher Note | ||
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| colspan="2"|[[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|50px]] If the students have already done some biology they should understand these 4 main tissue types: connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial. | | colspan="2"|[[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|50px]] If the students have already done some biology they should understand these 4 main tissue types: connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial. It is beyond the scope of this current page to go through these developmental molecular mechanisms. | ||
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==Organ Development== | ==Organ Development== | ||
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The signalling mechanisms that are used to control their initial development and later internal patterning are the same in many different species embryos. | The signalling mechanisms that are used to control their initial development and later internal patterning are the same in many different species embryos. | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! colspan="2"|Teacher Note | |||
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| colspan="2"|[[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|50px]] Organ development is difficult to explain easily to students. The diagram below shows how the mouse liver development is controlled by different genes. Most easily explained as, similar to what is seen in the human liver development. | |||
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| [[File:Liver development signaling.jpg|400px]] | |||
Mouse liver development | |||
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* '''E''' - means the embryonic day of development. | |||
* '''Red names''' - are the genes controlling specific development steps. | |||
* The other colours refer to developmental stages and features. | |||
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==Animal Models== | ==Animal Models== | ||
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These shared signalling mechanisms allow us to use animal development to study both normal and abnormal human development. | These shared signalling mechanisms allow us to use animal development to study both normal and abnormal human development. | ||
Common animal models used include mouse (mammal), chicken (bird) and zebrafish (fish). Though very different species, current research shows that these embryos share common signalling mechanisms that form similar structures in different animals. | Common animal "models" used include mouse (mammal), chicken (bird) and zebrafish (fish). Though very different species, current research shows that these embryos share common signalling mechanisms that form similar structures in different animals. | ||
* [[Mouse Development|'''Mouse''']] - (mammal) good model for easy genetic manipulation. | |||
* [[Chicken Development|'''Chicken''']] - (bird) develops in an egg so the earlier stages of development can be observed in the living embryo. | |||
* [[Zebrafish Development|'''Zebrafish''']] - (fish) good model of vertebrate (backbone) animal development as the embryos are "see through" and can be observed while growing. | |||
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{| | |||
! Fertilisation to Implantation | |||
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| Human (9 days) | |||
| Mouse (5 days) | |||
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| [[File:Week1 summary.jpg|400px]] | |||
| [[File:Mouse E0-E5.jpg|400px]] | |||
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| Human embryo summary of the events from fertilisation not implantation.<br>Humans take about 37 weeks to develop before birth. | |||
| Mouse embryo summary of the events from fertilisation not implantation.<br>Mice take about 3 weeks to develop before birth. | |||
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| '''Human and Mouse''' - In mammals, there is a difference in overall timing but the processes, organs and tissues are shared. | |||
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! Zebrafish embryo development from the 1-cell stage to 85 hours post fertilisation. | |||
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| <html5media height="300" width="948">File:zebrafish movie01.mp4</html5media> | |||
Zebrafish take about 3 days to develop before hatching. | |||
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| '''Animal Models''' - because of these shared (common) mechanisms we can use animals to model human development. | |||
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==Comparing Embryos== | |||
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| Whats difference in humans? | |||
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The long fetal growth period allows extensive neural growth and development, though humans are not the longest prenatal period, so its not just about time. | |||
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| '''Developmental Times''' - the graph compares different animals time to reach the same stage in embryo development. | |||
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| [[File:Carnegie stages species comparison.jpg|500px]] | |||
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{{Animal development period table}} | |||
{{CarnegieComparisonHRM}} | |||
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Now looks at [[K12_Human_and_Other_Animal_Development|Human and Other Animal Development]] | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! colspan="2"|Teacher Note | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2"|[[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|50px]] This next page allows students to directly compare the appearance of embryos from different species. | |||
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Latest revision as of 09:21, 21 October 2016
Embryology - 27 Jun 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
All human and animal embryos go through very similar stages of early development. See also Humans and Animal Embryology.
This page introduces a few of the concepts of comparative development shared with all animals.
MeiosisMitosis
Gastrulation
Body Plan
Below is an example of what happens in a fly if these patterning signals get disrupted, putting legs from the body on the head where antenna should be located.
This fly mutation identified a common patterning gene family called Hox that establishes the head to tail axes in the embryo. This complicated picture shows how different Hox genes are expressed at different embryo levels in different species (worms, flies, mouse and human).
Pharyngeal ArchesThe vertebrate early embryo head region develops a series of transient structures called pharyngeal arches (branchial arches and gill arches). Each arch has a similar structure and is formed from all 3 germ layers. In fish, these arches develop into the gill apparatus. In mammals, these arches contribute many different head structures including the jaws, hearing components and endocrine organs.
Limbs
Tissue Development
Organ DevelopmentMany animals have common organs used for digestion (stomach, liver, pancreas), breathing (lungs), waste (kidneys) and cardiovascular (heart). The signalling mechanisms that are used to control their initial development and later internal patterning are the same in many different species embryos.
Animal ModelsThese shared signalling mechanisms allow us to use animal development to study both normal and abnormal human development. Common animal "models" used include mouse (mammal), chicken (bird) and zebrafish (fish). Though very different species, current research shows that these embryos share common signalling mechanisms that form similar structures in different animals.
Comparing Embryos
Now looks at Human and Other Animal Development
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 27) Embryology K12 Comparative Embryology. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/K12_Comparative_Embryology
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