Cardiovascular System - Atrial Septal Defects: Difference between revisions
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=LB20 Congenital Anomaly of Atrioventricular Valves or Septum= | |||
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! {{ICD-11}} | |||
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| {{ICD11weblink}}1055878726 '''LB20''' Congenital Anomaly of Atrioventricular Valves or Septum] | |||
:''A congenital cardiovascular malformation in which there is an abnormality of the atrioventricular valve or atrioventricular septum.'' | |||
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{{ICD-11-Circulatory system structural anomalies table}} | |||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
[[File:Atrial Septal Defect.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Atrial Septal Defect cartoon|Atrial Septal Defect]] | |||
Atrial | The {{Atrial septal defects}} (ASD) are a group of common (1% of cardiac) congenital anomolies defects occuring in a number of different forms and more often in [[:Category:Female|females]]. Patients have been reported living to old age with forms of this cardiac abnormality{{#pmid:30799379|PMID30799379}}, that is also common in {{Trisomy 21}}. | ||
* patent foramen ovale- allows a continuation of the atrial shunting of blood, in 25% of people a probe patent foramen ovale (allowing a probe to bepassed from one atria to the other) exists. | * patent foramen ovale - allows a continuation of the atrial shunting of blood, in 25% of people a probe patent foramen ovale (allowing a probe to bepassed from one atria to the other) exists. | ||
* ostium secundum defect | * ostium secundum defect | ||
* endocardial cushion defect involving ostium primum | * endocardial cushion defect involving ostium primum | ||
* sinus venosus defect - contributes about 10% of all ASDs and occurs mainly in a common and less common form. Common ("usual type") - in upper atrial septum which is contiguous with the superior vena cava. Less common - at junction of the right atrium and inferior vena cava. | * sinus venosus defect - contributes about 10% of all ASDs and occurs mainly in a common and less common form. | ||
** Common ("usual type") - in upper atrial septum which is contiguous with the superior vena cava. | |||
** Less common - at junction of the right atrium and inferior vena cava. | |||
* common atrium | * common atrium | ||
{{Heart Abnormal}} | |||
{{Heart Links}} | |||
==Some Recent Findings== | ==Some Recent Findings== | ||
[[File:Australia Congenital heart disease 2016–17.png|thumb|alt=Australia Congenital heart disease 2016–17|Australia Congenital heart disease 2016–17]] | |||
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* '''Atrial septal defect devices used in the cardiac catheterization laboratory''' | * '''Australia - Congenital heart disease hospitalisations, principal diagnosis, by condition and sex, 2016–17'''<ref>Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2019. Congenital heart disease in Australia. Cat. no. [https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/heart-stroke-vascular-diseases/congenital-heart-disease-in-australia/contents/table-of-contents CDK 14]. Canberra: AIHW.</ref> "In 2016–17, there were around 4,900 hospitalisations in Australia where congenital heart disease was the principal diagnosis—a rate of 20 hospitalisations per 100,000 population. The highest rate of hospitalisation for a specific form of congenital heart disease was for {{atrial septal defects}} (6.6 hospitalisations per 100,000 population), followed by {{ventricular septal defect}} (1.8), {{transposition of the great vessels}} (1.2), {{patent ductus arteriosus}} and {{coarctation of the aorta}}." | ||
* '''Atrial septal defect devices used in the cardiac catheterization laboratory'''{{#pmid:19737165|PMID19737165}} "An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in the atrium of the heart. There are 3 types of ASDs; sinus venosus (high in the atrial septum), secundum ASD (middle of septum), and ostium primum (low in the septum). The most common ASD is a secundum ASD. Secundum ASDs are caused by a failure of the atrial septum to close completely during the development of the heart. The most common reported symptoms are fatigue and shortness of breath. Most patients are found to have an ASD after evaluation for a murmur. All ASDs used to be repaired by open heart surgery. However, with advances in the cardiac catheterization lab and development of new devices, some secundum ASDs are able to be closed in the catheterization lab by an interventional cardiologist. There are various types of devices that may be used for closure of an ASD in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. This paper will address 2 of the devices most commonly used. Anticoagulation therapy will need to be followed for approximately 6 months and echocardiograms will need to be obtained at follow-up visits. Nurses have an important role in preparing and teaching the patient and family about the ASD closure procedure and follow-up care." | |||
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{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! More recent papers | |||
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| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}} | |||
Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Atrial+Septal+Defect ''Atrial Septal Defect''] | | |||
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Congenital+Anomaly+of+Atrioventricular+Valves ''Congenital Anomaly of Atrioventricular Valves''] | |||
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==Movies== | |||
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{| | |||
| valign="bottom"|{{Atrial Septation movie}} | |||
| valign="bottom"|{{I Cardiac Septation}} | |||
| valign="bottom"|{{A Cardiac Septation}} | |||
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| [[File:Heart1_atrium.gif]] | |||
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==Oval Fossa Defect== | |||
{| | |||
| [[File:Anderson2016-fig19.jpg|400px]] | |||
| [[File:Anderson2016-fig20.jpg|400px]] | |||
|- | |||
| The cross-section of a human heart shows defects (patent foramen ovale) in the floor of the oval fossa (''fossa ovalis'', ''annulus ovalis'') shown by double headed white arrow due to deficiency and perforation of the flap valve derived from the primary atrial septum.<br>The white arrow with black borders shows the intact infolded cranial rim of the fossa. | |||
| Human heart has been sectioned across the short axis of the atrial chambers, and photographed from above, to show a persistently patent oval foramen (double headed red arrow).<br>The double headed white arrow shows the normal rims of the oval fossa, which are overlapped by the flap valve, but in absence of fusion with the left atrial aspect of the rims. | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2|Heart specimen images produced by Diane Spicer. | |||
|} | |||
==Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defect== | |||
Sinus venosus atrial septal defects (SV-ASDs) are inter-atrial abnormality caused by a deficiency of the common wall between the superior or inferior vena cava and the right-sided pulmonary veins. The images below are MRI from a 25-year-old asymptomatic male{{#pmid:24987269|PMID24987269}} SSFP - Breath-held fat suppressed three-dimensional steady-state free precession. | |||
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| [[File:Sinus venosus atrial septal defect 02.jpg|400px]] | |||
| [[File:Sinus venosus atrial septal defect 03.jpg|400px]] | |||
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| MRI SSFP sagittal view | |||
| SSFP axial view | |||
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| [[File:Sinus venosus atrial septal defect 04.jpg|400px]] | |||
| [[File:Sinus venosus atrial septal defect 05.jpg|400px]] | |||
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| Turbo spin-echo axial plane | |||
| SSFP dilated right ventricle | |||
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:'''Links:''' [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]] | |||
==History== | |||
===1941=== | |||
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT.{{#pmid:18609869|PMID18609869}} | |||
:"Patent foramen ovale and atrial (or auricular) septal defect (A.S.D.), though both characterised by an aperture in the atrial septum, are embryologically and pathologically different conditions." | |||
==Treatment== | |||
The surgical repair requires a cardiopulmonary bypass and is recommended in most cases of ostium secundum ASD, even though there is a significant risk involved. Ostium primum defects tend to present earlier and are often associated with endocardial cushion defects and defective mitral or tricuspid valves. In such cases, valve replacement may be necessary and the extended operation has a considerable chance of mortality. | |||
* Increasingly closure by a transcatheter device closure has been applied. | |||
* Repair of atrial septal defects on the perfused beating heart (atrial septal defect size 2 cm - 4.5 cm){{#pmid:19876418|PMID19876418}} | |||
==Cardiovascular Abnormalities== | ==Cardiovascular Abnormalities== | ||
[[File:Abnormal81-92-heart.png|thumb|350px|{{ | [[File:Abnormal81-92-heart.png|thumb|350px|{{AbnormalDataPie1981-1992}}]] | ||
Heart defects and preterm birth are the most common causes of neonatal and infant death. The long-term development of the heart combined with extensive remodelling and post-natal changes in circulation lead to an abundance of abnormalities associated with this system. | Heart defects and preterm birth are the most common causes of neonatal and infant death. The long-term development of the heart combined with extensive remodelling and post-natal changes in circulation lead to an abundance of abnormalities associated with this system. | ||
A UK study literature showed that preterm infants have more than twice as many cardiovascular malformations (5.1 / 1000 term infants and 12.5 / 1000 preterm infants) as do infants born at term and that 16% of all infants with cardiovascular malformations are preterm. (0.4% of live births occur at greater than 28 weeks of gestation, 0.9% at 28 to 31 weeks, and 6% at 32 to 36 weeks. Overall, 7.3% of live-born infants are preterm) | A UK study literature showed that preterm infants have more than twice as many cardiovascular malformations (5.1 / 1000 term infants and 12.5 / 1000 preterm infants) as do infants born at term and that 16% of all infants with cardiovascular malformations are preterm. (0.4% of live births occur at greater than 28 weeks of gestation, 0.9% at 28 to 31 weeks, and 6% at 32 to 36 weeks. Overall, 7.3% of live-born infants are preterm){{#pmid:16322141|PMID16322141}} | ||
"Baltimore-Washington Infant Study data on live-born cases and controls (1981-1989) was reanalyzed for potential environmental and genetic risk-factor associations in complete atrioventricular septal defects AVSD (n = 213), with separate comparisons to the atrial (n = 75) and the ventricular (n = 32) forms of partial AVSD. ...Maternal diabetes constituted a potentially preventable risk factor for the most severe, complete form of AVSD." | "Baltimore-Washington Infant Study data on live-born cases and controls (1981-1989) was reanalyzed for potential environmental and genetic risk-factor associations in complete atrioventricular septal defects AVSD (n = 213), with separate comparisons to the atrial (n = 75) and the ventricular (n = 32) forms of partial AVSD. ...Maternal diabetes constituted a potentially preventable risk factor for the most severe, complete form of AVSD."{{#pmid:11241431|PMID111241431}} | ||
In addition, there are in several congenital abnormalities that exist in adults (bicuspid aortic valve, mitral valve prolapse, and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection) which may not be clinically recognized. | In addition, there are in several congenital abnormalities that exist in adults (bicuspid aortic valve, mitral valve prolapse, and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection) which may not be clinically recognized. | ||
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===Articles=== | ===Articles=== | ||
{{#pmid:22252195}} | |||
{{#pmid:22219470}} | |||
{{#pmid:22097699}} | |||
{{#pmid:22066780}} | |||
{{#pmid:21545985}} | |||
===Search Pubmed=== | ===Search Pubmed=== | ||
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{{Glossary}} | |||
{{Footer}} | |||
[[Category:Atrial Septal Defect]] | |||
[[Category:Cardiovascular]] [[Category:Heart]] [[Category:Abnormal Development]] | [[Category:Cardiovascular]] [[Category:Heart]] [[Category:Abnormal Development]] |
Latest revision as of 10:57, 14 November 2019
Embryology - 16 Jun 2024 Expand to Translate |
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LB20 Congenital Anomaly of Atrioventricular Valves or Septum
ICD-11 |
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LB20 Congenital Anomaly of Atrioventricular Valves or Septum
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ICD-11 Structural developmental anomalies of the circulatory system (draft) |
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ICD-11 Beta Draft - NOT FINAL, updated on a daily basis, It is not approved by WHO, NOT TO BE USED for CODING except for agreed FIELD TRIALS.
20 Developmental Anomalies - Structural Developmental Anomalies Beta coding and tree structure for "structural developmental anomalies" within this section are shown in the table below. |
Structural developmental anomalies of the circulatory system |
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CD-11 Beta Draft - NOT FINAL, updated on a daily basis, It is not approved by WHO, NOT TO BE USED for CODING except for agreed FIELD TRIALS.
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Introduction
The atrial septal defects (ASD) are a group of common (1% of cardiac) congenital anomolies defects occuring in a number of different forms and more often in females. Patients have been reported living to old age with forms of this cardiac abnormality[1], that is also common in Trisomy 21.
- patent foramen ovale - allows a continuation of the atrial shunting of blood, in 25% of people a probe patent foramen ovale (allowing a probe to bepassed from one atria to the other) exists.
- ostium secundum defect
- endocardial cushion defect involving ostium primum
- sinus venosus defect - contributes about 10% of all ASDs and occurs mainly in a common and less common form.
- Common ("usual type") - in upper atrial septum which is contiguous with the superior vena cava.
- Less common - at junction of the right atrium and inferior vena cava.
- common atrium
Some Recent Findings
|
More recent papers |
---|
This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Atrial Septal Defect | Congenital Anomaly of Atrioventricular Valves |
Movies
|
Oval Fossa Defect
The cross-section of a human heart shows defects (patent foramen ovale) in the floor of the oval fossa (fossa ovalis, annulus ovalis) shown by double headed white arrow due to deficiency and perforation of the flap valve derived from the primary atrial septum. The white arrow with black borders shows the intact infolded cranial rim of the fossa. |
Human heart has been sectioned across the short axis of the atrial chambers, and photographed from above, to show a persistently patent oval foramen (double headed red arrow). The double headed white arrow shows the normal rims of the oval fossa, which are overlapped by the flap valve, but in absence of fusion with the left atrial aspect of the rims. |
Heart specimen images produced by Diane Spicer. |
Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defect
Sinus venosus atrial septal defects (SV-ASDs) are inter-atrial abnormality caused by a deficiency of the common wall between the superior or inferior vena cava and the right-sided pulmonary veins. The images below are MRI from a 25-year-old asymptomatic male[4] SSFP - Breath-held fat suppressed three-dimensional steady-state free precession.
MRI SSFP sagittal view | SSFP axial view |
Turbo spin-echo axial plane | SSFP dilated right ventricle |
- Links: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
History
1941
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT.[5]
- "Patent foramen ovale and atrial (or auricular) septal defect (A.S.D.), though both characterised by an aperture in the atrial septum, are embryologically and pathologically different conditions."
Treatment
The surgical repair requires a cardiopulmonary bypass and is recommended in most cases of ostium secundum ASD, even though there is a significant risk involved. Ostium primum defects tend to present earlier and are often associated with endocardial cushion defects and defective mitral or tricuspid valves. In such cases, valve replacement may be necessary and the extended operation has a considerable chance of mortality.
- Increasingly closure by a transcatheter device closure has been applied.
- Repair of atrial septal defects on the perfused beating heart (atrial septal defect size 2 cm - 4.5 cm)[6]
Cardiovascular Abnormalities
Heart defects and preterm birth are the most common causes of neonatal and infant death. The long-term development of the heart combined with extensive remodelling and post-natal changes in circulation lead to an abundance of abnormalities associated with this system.
A UK study literature showed that preterm infants have more than twice as many cardiovascular malformations (5.1 / 1000 term infants and 12.5 / 1000 preterm infants) as do infants born at term and that 16% of all infants with cardiovascular malformations are preterm. (0.4% of live births occur at greater than 28 weeks of gestation, 0.9% at 28 to 31 weeks, and 6% at 32 to 36 weeks. Overall, 7.3% of live-born infants are preterm)[7]
"Baltimore-Washington Infant Study data on live-born cases and controls (1981-1989) was reanalyzed for potential environmental and genetic risk-factor associations in complete atrioventricular septal defects AVSD (n = 213), with separate comparisons to the atrial (n = 75) and the ventricular (n = 32) forms of partial AVSD. ...Maternal diabetes constituted a potentially preventable risk factor for the most severe, complete form of AVSD."[8]
In addition, there are in several congenital abnormalities that exist in adults (bicuspid aortic valve, mitral valve prolapse, and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection) which may not be clinically recognized.
References
- ↑ Matsumoto T, Tamiya E, Kanoh T, Takabe T, Kuremoto KI, Kamiyama T, Yamamoto S & Daida H. (2019). Atrial Septal Defect of the Ostium Secundum Type in A 101-Year-Old Patient. Int Heart J , , . PMID: 30799379 DOI.
- ↑ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2019. Congenital heart disease in Australia. Cat. no. CDK 14. Canberra: AIHW.
- ↑ Gervasi L & Basu S. (2009). Atrial septal defect devices used in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs , 24, 86-9. PMID: 19737165 DOI.
- ↑ Ganigara M, Tanous D, Celermajer D & Puranik R. (2014). The role of cardiac MRI in the diagnosis and management of sinus venosus atrial septal defect. Ann Pediatr Cardiol , 7, 160-2. PMID: 24987269 DOI.
- ↑ Bedford DE, Papp C & Parkinson J. (1941). ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT. Br Heart J , 3, 37-68. PMID: 18609869
- ↑ Pendse N, Gupta S, Geelani MA, Minhas HS, Agarwal S, Tomar A & Banerjee A. (2009). Repair of atrial septal defects on the perfused beating heart. Tex Heart Inst J , 36, 425-7. PMID: 19876418
- ↑ Tanner K, Sabrine N & Wren C. (2005). Cardiovascular malformations among preterm infants. Pediatrics , 116, e833-8. PMID: 16322141 DOI.
- ↑ Loffredo CA, Hirata J, Wilson PD, Ferencz C & Lurie IW. (2001). Atrioventricular septal defects: possible etiologic differences between complete and partial defects. Teratology , 63, 87-93. PMID: 11241431 <87::AID-TERA1014>3.0.CO;2-5 DOI.
Articles
Ng WP & Yip WL. (2012). Successful maternal-foetal outcome using nitric oxide and sildenafil in pulmonary hypertension with atrial septal defect and HIV infection. Singapore Med J , 53, e3-5. PMID: 22252195
Ma ZS, Dong MF, Yin QY, Feng ZY & Wang LX. (2012). Totally thoracoscopic closure for atrial septal defect on perfused beating hearts. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg , 41, 1316-9. PMID: 22219470 DOI.
Scheuerle A. (2011). Clinical differentiation of patent foramen ovale and secundum atrial septal defect: a survey of pediatric cardiologists in Dallas, Texas, USA. J Registry Manag , 38, 4-8. PMID: 22097699
Ağaç MT, Akyüz AR, Acar Z, Akdemir R, Korkmaz L, Kırış A, Erkuş E, Erkan H & Celik S. (2012). Evaluation of right ventricular function in early period following transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect. Echocardiography , 29, 358-62. PMID: 22066780 DOI.
Rodriguez FH, Moodie DS, Parekh DR, Franklin WJ, Morales DL, Zafar F, Graves DE, Friedman RA & Rossano JW. (2011). Outcomes of hospitalization in adults in the United States with atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and atrioventricular septal defect. Am. J. Cardiol. , 108, 290-3. PMID: 21545985 DOI.
Search Pubmed
Search Pubmed: Atrial Septal Defect
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- OMIM Atrial Septal Defect
- Medline Plus ASD Repair Video
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 16) Embryology Cardiovascular System - Atrial Septal Defects. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Cardiovascular_System_-_Atrial_Septal_Defects
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G