Pharyngeal arches: Difference between revisions
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The pharyngeal arches ([[B#branchial arch|branchial arch]], Greek, ''branchial'' = gill) are a series of externally visible anterior tissue bands lying under the early brain that give rise to the structures of the head and neck. Each arch though initially formed from similar components will differentiate to form different head and neck structures. In humans, five arches form (1, 2, 3, 4 and 6) but only four are externally visible on the [[E#embryo|embryo]]. | The pharyngeal arches ([[B#branchial arch|branchial arch]], Greek, ''branchial'' = gill) are a series of externally visible anterior tissue bands lying under the early brain that give rise to the structures of the head and neck. Each arch though initially formed from similar components will differentiate to form different head and neck structures. In humans, five arches form (1, 2, 3, 4 and 6) but only four are externally visible on the [[E#embryo|embryo]]. | ||
Each arch has initially identical structures: an internal endodermal pouch, a mesenchymal ( | Each arch has initially identical structures: an internal endodermal pouch, a mesenchymal ({{mesoderm}} and {{neural crest}}) core, a membrane ({{endoderm}} and {{ectoderm}}) and external cleft ({{ectoderm}}). Each arch mesenchymal core also contains similar components: blood vessel, nerve, muscular, cartilage. | ||
Both the {{endocrine}} organs {{thymus}} and {{parathyroid}} have developmental origins from the pharyngeal pouches. Cranial nerves are also associated with specific cranial arches. | |||
The arch arteries undergo extensive remodelling during development of the vascular system, in general the inferior arteries have major contributions and superior arteries have minor contributions. The endothelium of arch arteries 1 and 2 has been shown to have different embryonic origin from 3-6 (second heart field).{{#pmid:27955943|PMID27955943}} | |||
''Note is a draft page and this topic is currently covered in more detail on the {{head}} Development page.'' | |||
:'''Links:''' {{pharyngeal arch}} | {{head}} | {{neural crest}} | {{endocrine}} | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! [[Historic Embryology_Papers|Historic Head Embryology]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[Paper - Three demonstrations on congenital melformations of palate, face, and neck|1909 Head Malformations]] | [[Book - Contributions to Embryology Carnegie Institution No.68|1922 Aortic-Arch System]] | [[Paper - Evolutionary factors in the production of pharyngeal diverticula|1925 Pharyngeal Diverticula]] | [[Paper - The Disappearance of the Precervical Sinus|1926 Precervical Sinus]] | |||
|} | |||
== Some Recent Findings == | == Some Recent Findings == | ||
[[File:Pharyngeal arch segmentation model - Tbx and Fox.jpg|thumb|Pharyngeal arch segmentation model Tbx1 and Foxi3{{#pmid:31412026|PMID31412026}}]] | |||
{| | {| | ||
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* ''' | * '''GATA3 is essential for separating patterning domains during facial morphogenesis'''{{#pmid:34383890|PMID34383890}} "Neural crest cells (NCCs) within the mandibular and maxillary prominences of the first pharyngeal arch are initially competent to respond to signals from either region. However, mechanisms that are only partially understood establish developmental tissue boundaries to ensure spatially correct patterning. In the 'hinge and caps' model of facial development, signals from both ventral prominences (the caps) pattern the adjacent tissues whereas the intervening region, referred to as the maxillomandibular junction (the hinge), maintains separation of the mandibular and maxillary domains. One cap signal is GATA3, a member of the GATA family of zinc-finger transcription factors with a distinct expression pattern in the ventral-most part of the mandibular and maxillary portions of the first arch. Here, we show that disruption of Gata3 in mouse embryos leads to craniofacial microsomia and syngnathia (bony fusion of the upper and lower jaws) that results from changes in {{BMP}}4 and {{FGF}}8 gene regulatory networks within NCCs near the maxillomandibular junction. GATA3 is thus a crucial component in establishing the network of factors that functionally separate the upper and lower jaws during development." | ||
* '''Pharyngeal pouches provide a niche microenvironment for arch artery progenitor specification'''{{#pmid:33334861|PMID33334861}} "The paired pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs) are transient blood vessels connecting the heart with the dorsal aorta during embryogenesis. Although PAA malformations often occur along with pharyngeal pouch defects, the functional interaction between these adjacent tissues remains largely unclear. Here, we report that pharyngeal pouches are essential for PAA progenitor specification in zebrafish embryos. We reveal that the segmentation of pharyngeal pouches coincides spatiotemporally with the emergence of PAA progenitor clusters. These pouches physically associate with pharyngeal mesoderm in discrete regions and provide a niche microenvironment for PAA progenitor commitment by expressing {{BMP}} proteins. Specifically, pouch-derived {{BMP}}2a and {{BMP}}5 are the primary niche cues responsible for activating the {{BMP}}/Smad pathway in pharyngeal mesoderm, thereby promoting progenitor specification. In addition, BMP2a and BMP5 play an inductive function in the expression of the cloche gene npas4l in PAA progenitors. cloche mutants exhibit a striking failure to specify PAA progenitors and display ectopic expression of head muscle markers in the pharyngeal mesoderm. Therefore, our results support a crucial role for pharyngeal pouches in establishing a progenitor niche for PAA morphogenesis via BMP2a/5 expression." | |||
* '''{{Tbx}}1 and {{Fox}}i3 genetically interact in the pharyngeal pouch endoderm in a mouse model for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome'''{{#pmid:31412026|PMID31412026}} "We investigated whether Tbx1, the gene for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) and Foxi3, both required for segmentation of the pharyngeal apparatus (PA) to individual arches, genetically interact. We found that all Tbx1+/-;Foxi3+/- double heterozygous mouse embryos had {{thymus}} and {{parathyroid}} gland defects, similar to those in 22q11.2DS patients.... Several genes expressed in the PA epithelia were downregulated in both {{Tbx}}1 and {{Fox}}i3 null mutant embryos including Notch pathway genes Jag1, Hes1, and Hey1, suggesting that they may, along with other genes, act downstream to explain the observed genetic interaction. We found Alcam and Fibronectin extracellular matrix proteins were reduced in expression in Foxi3 null but not Tbx1 null embryos, suggesting that some, but not all of the downstream mechanisms are shared." [https://www.omim.org/entry/6020547 OMIM - Tbx1] | [https://www.omim.org/entry/612351 OMIM - Foxi3] | |||
* '''{{Hox}} genes in the pharyngeal region: how Hoxa3 controls early embryonic development of the pharyngeal organs'''{{#pmid:30604847|PMID30604847}} "The pharyngeal organs, namely the {{thyroid}}, {{thymus}}, {{parathyroid}}s, and ultimobranchial bodies, derive from the pharyngeal {{endoderm}} during embryonic development. The pharyngeal region is a segmented structure comprised of a series of reiterated structures: the pharyngeal arches on the exterior surface, the pharyngeal pouches on the interior, and a mesenchymal core. It is well known that {{Hox}} genes control spatial identity along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing vertebrate embryo, and nowhere is this is more evident than in the pharyngeal region. Each of the distinct segmented regions has a unique pattern of Hox expression, which conveys crucial positional information to the cells and tissues within it. In the context of pharyngeal organ development, molecular data suggest that HOXA3 is responsible for specifying organ identity within the third pharyngeal pouch, and in its absence, thymus and parathyroid organogenesis fails to proceed normally" | |||
* '''Foxi1 promotes late-stage pharyngeal pouch morphogenesis through ectodermal Wnt4a activation'''{{#pmid:29932895|PMID29932895}} "The pharyngeal pouches are a series of epithelial outgrowths of the foregut {{endoderm}}. Pharyngeal pouches segment precursors of the vertebrate face into pharyngeal arches and pattern the facial skeleton. These pouches fail to develop normally in {{zebrafish}} foxi1 mutants, yet the role Foxi1 plays in pouch development remains to be determined. Here we show that ectodermal Foxi1 acts downstream of Fgf8a during the late stage of pouch development to promote rearrangement of pouch-forming cells into bilayers. During this phase, foxi1 and wnt4a are coexpressed in the facial ectoderm and their expression is expanded in fgf8a mutants. foxi1 expression is unaffected in wnt4a mutants; conversely, ectodermal wnt4a expression is abolished in foxi1 mutants. Consistent with this, foxi1 mutant pouch and facial skeletal defects resemble those of wnt4a mutants. These findings suggest that ectodermal Foxi1 mediates late-stage pouch morphogenesis through wnt4a expression. We therefore propose that Fox1 activation of Wnt4a in the ectoderm signals the epithelial stabilization of pouch-forming cells during late-stage of pouch morphogenesis." | |||
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| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}} | | [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}} | ||
Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pharyngeal+Arch ''Pharyngeal Arch''] | Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pharyngeal+Arch ''Pharyngeal Arch''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pharyngeal+Pouch ''Pharyngeal Pouch''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pharyngeal+Cleft ''Pharyngeal Cleft''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pharyngeal+Membrane ''Pharyngeal Membrane''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pharyngeal+Arch+Artery ''Pharyngeal Arch Artery''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pharyngeal+Arch+Cartilage ''Pharyngeal Arch Cartilage''] | ||
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! Older papers | |||
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| {{Older papers}} | |||
* '''Endothelium in the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 is derived from the second heart field'''{{#pmid:27955943|PMID27955943}} "Oxygenated blood from the heart is directed into the systemic circulation through the aortic arch arteries (AAAs). The AAAs arise by remodeling of three symmetrical pairs of pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs), which connect the heart with the paired dorsal aortae at mid-gestation. Aberrant PAA formation results in defects frequently observed in patients with lethal congenital heart disease. How the PAAs form in mammals is not understood. The work presented in this manuscript shows that the second heart field (SHF) is the major source of progenitors giving rise to the endothelium of the pharyngeal arches 3 - 6, while the endothelium in the pharyngeal arches 1 and 2 is derived from a different source. During the formation of the PAAs 3 - 6, endothelial progenitors in the SHF extend cellular processes toward the pharyngeal endoderm, migrate from the SHF and assemble into a uniform vascular plexus. This plexus then undergoes remodeling, whereby plexus endothelial cells coalesce into a large PAA in each pharyngeal arch." {{heart}} | |||
|} | |||
==Pharyngeal Arch Development== | |||
[[File:Head arches cartoon.jpg|300px]] | |||
[[File:Pharyngeal arch structure cartoon.gif]][[File:Stage13 pharyngeal arch excerpts.gif|300px]] | |||
* branchial arch (Gk. branchia= gill) | |||
* arch consists of all 3 trilaminar embryo layers | |||
* {{ectoderm}} - outside | |||
* {{mesoderm}} - core of mesenchyme | |||
* {{endoderm}} - inside | |||
==Pharyngeal Arch Components== | |||
This table gives an overview of what each arch will contribute to the embryo. | |||
{{Pharyngeal Arch table}} | |||
{{Pharyngeal Arch collapse table}} | |||
===Neural Crest === | ===Neural Crest === | ||
Links: [[ | Cranial neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells (ectomesenchyme) migrate into pharyngeal arches from midbrain and hindbrain region forming: | ||
* neurons | |||
* {{Schwann cell}}s | |||
* smooth muscle cells | |||
* {{osteoblast}}s | |||
* {{chondrocyte}}s | |||
* {{odontoblast}}s | |||
{{SHH}} secreted from {{pharyngeal arch}} 1 epithelium is necessary for early mandibular arch cell survival and later cartilage (Meckel's cartilage) condensation differentiation.{{#pmid:25626636|PMID25626636}} | |||
:'''Links:''' [[Neural_Crest_Development#Cranial_neural_crest|cranial neural crest]] | {{neural crest}} | |||
===Arch Features=== | ===Arch Features=== | ||
Each arch contains: artery, cartilage, nerve, muscular component | Each arch contains: artery, {{cartilage}}, nerve, muscular component | ||
Arches and Phanynx Form the face, tongue, lips, jaws, palate, pharynx and neck cranial nerves, sense organ components, glands | Arches and Phanynx Form the face, tongue, lips, jaws, palate, pharynx and neck cranial nerves, sense organ components, glands | ||
Line 90: | Line 120: | ||
** neck structures | ** neck structures | ||
===Arch Arteries=== | |||
'''Endothelium in the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 is derived from the second heart field'''{{#pmid:27955943|PMID27955943}} | |||
:"Oxygenated blood from the heart is directed into the systemic circulation through the aortic arch arteries (AAAs). The AAAs arise by remodeling of three symmetrical pairs of pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs), which connect the heart with the paired dorsal aortae at mid-gestation. Aberrant PAA formation results in defects frequently observed in patients with lethal congenital heart disease. How the PAAs form in mammals is not understood. The work presented in this manuscript shows that the second heart field (SHF) is the major source of progenitors giving rise to the endothelium of the pharyngeal arches 3 - 6, while the endothelium in the pharyngeal arches 1 and 2 is derived from a different source. During the formation of the PAAs 3 - 6, endothelial progenitors in the SHF extend cellular processes toward the pharyngeal endoderm, migrate from the SHF and assemble into a uniform vascular plexus. This plexus then undergoes remodeling, whereby plexus endothelial cells coalesce into a large PAA in each pharyngeal arch." | |||
{{Week}} | {{Week}} | ||
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==Pharyngeal Arch 1== | ==Pharyngeal Arch 1== | ||
{{cranial nerve}} {{CN V}} trigeminal | |||
See Meckel's cartilage, facial canal and associated structures by Richany (1956)<ref name=Ref-RichanyBastAnson1956>{{Ref-RichanyBastAnson1956}}</ref> | |||
:'''Historic:''' [[Paper - The development of the first branchial arch in man and the fate of Meckel's cartilage|1956 first branchial arch]] | |||
==Pharyngeal Arch 2== | ==Pharyngeal Arch 2== | ||
{{cranial nerve}} {{CN VII}} facial | |||
See Reichert's cartilage, facial canal and associated structures by Anson (1956).<ref name=AnsonBastRichany1956>{{Ref-AnsonBastRichany1956}</ref> | |||
:'''Historic:''' [[Paper - The development of the second branchial arch (Reichert's cartilage), facial canal and associated structures in man|1956 second branchial arch]] | |||
==Pharyngeal Arch 3== | ==Pharyngeal Arch 3== | ||
{{cranial nerve}} {{CN IX}} glossopharyngeal | |||
===Pouch 3=== | |||
Pharyngeal pouch III is the embryonic origin of endodermal component of the [[Endocrine - Thymus Development|thymus]] (that also has a neural crest contribution). | |||
==Pharyngeal Arch 4== | ==Pharyngeal Arch 4== | ||
{{cranial nerve}} {{CN X}} vagus - superior laryngeal branch | |||
==Pharyngeal Arch 6== | ==Pharyngeal Arch 6== | ||
{{cranial nerve}} {{CN X}} vagus - recurrent laryngeal branch | |||
part of right pulmonary artery (right) | |||
==References== | |||
<references/> | |||
==Additional Images== | ==Additional Images== | ||
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{{Ref-KeibelMall1912}} | {{Ref-KeibelMall1912}} | ||
<gallery caption="Pharynx"> | <gallery caption="Pharynx"> | ||
File:Keibel_Mall_2_314.jpg|Fig 314 Pharynx embryo Klb (Kromer-Pfannenstiel | File:Keibel_Mall_2_314.jpg|Fig 314 Pharynx embryo {{Klb}} (Kromer-Pfannenstiel | ||
File:Keibel_Mall_2_315.jpg|Fig 315 Pharynx embryo Rob. Meyer No. 335 | File:Keibel_Mall_2_315.jpg|Fig 315 Pharynx embryo Rob. Meyer No. 335 | ||
File:Keibel_Mall_2_316.jpg|Fig 316 Pharynx embryo Hah | File:Keibel_Mall_2_316.jpg|Fig 316 Pharynx embryo Hah | ||
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File:Keibel_Mall_2_330.jpg|Fig 330 Laryngeal region embryo Nat2 | File:Keibel_Mall_2_330.jpg|Fig 330 Laryngeal region embryo Nat2 | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==Terms== | |||
{{Head terms}} | |||
{{Glossary}} | {{Glossary}} |
Latest revision as of 13:19, 23 February 2022
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Introduction
The pharyngeal arches (branchial arch, Greek, branchial = gill) are a series of externally visible anterior tissue bands lying under the early brain that give rise to the structures of the head and neck. Each arch though initially formed from similar components will differentiate to form different head and neck structures. In humans, five arches form (1, 2, 3, 4 and 6) but only four are externally visible on the embryo.
Each arch has initially identical structures: an internal endodermal pouch, a mesenchymal (mesoderm and neural crest) core, a membrane (endoderm and ectoderm) and external cleft (ectoderm). Each arch mesenchymal core also contains similar components: blood vessel, nerve, muscular, cartilage.
Both the endocrine organs thymus and parathyroid have developmental origins from the pharyngeal pouches. Cranial nerves are also associated with specific cranial arches.
The arch arteries undergo extensive remodelling during development of the vascular system, in general the inferior arteries have major contributions and superior arteries have minor contributions. The endothelium of arch arteries 1 and 2 has been shown to have different embryonic origin from 3-6 (second heart field).[1]
Note is a draft page and this topic is currently covered in more detail on the head Development page.
- Links: pharyngeal arch | head | neural crest | endocrine
Historic Head Embryology |
---|
1909 Head Malformations | 1922 Aortic-Arch System | 1925 Pharyngeal Diverticula | 1926 Precervical Sinus |
Some Recent Findings
|
More recent papers |
---|
This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Pharyngeal Arch | Pharyngeal Pouch | Pharyngeal Cleft | Pharyngeal Membrane | Pharyngeal Arch Artery | Pharyngeal Arch Cartilage |
Older papers |
---|
These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.
See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page.
|
Pharyngeal Arch Development
- branchial arch (Gk. branchia= gill)
- arch consists of all 3 trilaminar embryo layers
- ectoderm - outside
- mesoderm - core of mesenchyme
- endoderm - inside
Pharyngeal Arch Components
This table gives an overview of what each arch will contribute to the embryo.
Pharyngeal Arch | Nerve | Artery | Neural Crest (Skeletal Structures) |
Muscles | Ligaments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (maxillary/mandibular) |
trigeminal (CN V) | maxillary artery (terminal branches) | mandible, maxilla, malleus, incus | muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, tensor tympanic, ant. belly digastric | ant lig of malleus, sphenomandibular ligament |
2 (hyoid) |
facial (CN VII) | stapedial (embryonic) corticotympanic (adult) |
stapes, styloid process, lesser cornu of hyoid, upper part of body of hyoid bone | muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, post. belly digastric | stylohyoid ligament |
3 | glossopharyngeal (CN IX) | common carotid, internal carotid arteries | greater cornu of hyoid, lower part of body of hyoid bone | stylopharyngeus | |
4 | vagus (CN X) superior laryngeal branch | part of aortic arch (left), part right subclavian artery (right) | thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneform cartilages | crycothyroid, soft palate levator veli palatini (not tensor veli palatini) | |
6 | vagus (CN X) recurrent laryngeal branch | part of left pulmonary artery (left), part of right pulmonary artery (right) | thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneform cartilages | larynx intrinsic muscles (not cricothyroid muscle) |
Pharyngeal Arch Derivatives | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pharyngeal Arch | Nerve | Artery | Neural Crest (Skeletal Structures) |
Muscles | Ligaments |
1 (maxillary/mandibular) |
trigeminal (V) | maxillary artery (terminal branches) | mandible, maxilla, malleus, incus | muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, tensor tympanic, ant. belly digastric | ant lig of malleus, sphenomandibular ligament |
2 (hyoid) |
facial (VII) | stapedial (embryonic) corticotympanic (adult) |
stapes, styloid process, lesser cornu of hyoid, upper part of body of hyoid bone | muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, post. belly digastric | stylohyoid ligament |
3 | glossopharyngeal (IX) | common carotid, internal carotid arteries | greater cornu of hyoid, lower part of body of hyoid bone | stylopharyngeus | |
4 | vagus (X) superior laryngeal branch | part of aortic arch (left), part right subclavian artery (right) | thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneform cartilages | crycothyroid, soft palate levator veli palatini (not tensor veli palatini) | |
6 | vagus (X) recurrent laryngeal branch | part of left pulmonary artery (left), part of right pulmonary artery (right) | thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneform cartilages | larynx intrinsic muscles (not cricothyroid muscle) |
Neural Crest
Cranial neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells (ectomesenchyme) migrate into pharyngeal arches from midbrain and hindbrain region forming:
- neurons
- Schwann cells
- smooth muscle cells
- osteoblasts
- chondrocytes
- odontoblasts
SHH secreted from pharyngeal arch 1 epithelium is necessary for early mandibular arch cell survival and later cartilage (Meckel's cartilage) condensation differentiation.[7]
- Links: cranial neural crest | neural crest
Arch Features
Each arch contains: artery, cartilage, nerve, muscular component
Arches and Phanynx Form the face, tongue, lips, jaws, palate, pharynx and neck cranial nerves, sense organ components, glands
- Humans have 5 arches - 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 (Arch 5 does not form or regresses rapidly)
- from in rostro-caudal sequence, Arch 1 to 6 from week 4 onwards
- arch 1 and 2 appear at time of closure of cranial neuropore
- Face - mainly arch 1 and 2
- Neck components - arch 3 and 4 (arch 4 and 6 fuse)
Arch Features
- arch
- groove
- externally separates each arch
- also called a cleft
- only first pair persist as external auditory meatus
- externally separates each arch
- pouch
- internally separates each arch
- pockets from the pharynx
- membrane
- ectoderm and endoderm contact regions
- only first pair persist as tympanic membrane
- Pharyngeal Arch 1 (Mandibular Arch) has 2 prominances
- smaller upper- maxillary forms maxilla, zygomatic bone and squamous part of temporal
- larger lower- mandibular, forms mandible
- Pharyngeal Arch 2 (Hyoid Arch)
- forms most of hyoid bone
- Arch 3 and 4
- neck structures
Arch Arteries
Endothelium in the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 is derived from the second heart field[1]
- "Oxygenated blood from the heart is directed into the systemic circulation through the aortic arch arteries (AAAs). The AAAs arise by remodeling of three symmetrical pairs of pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs), which connect the heart with the paired dorsal aortae at mid-gestation. Aberrant PAA formation results in defects frequently observed in patients with lethal congenital heart disease. How the PAAs form in mammals is not understood. The work presented in this manuscript shows that the second heart field (SHF) is the major source of progenitors giving rise to the endothelium of the pharyngeal arches 3 - 6, while the endothelium in the pharyngeal arches 1 and 2 is derived from a different source. During the formation of the PAAs 3 - 6, endothelial progenitors in the SHF extend cellular processes toward the pharyngeal endoderm, migrate from the SHF and assemble into a uniform vascular plexus. This plexus then undergoes remodeling, whereby plexus endothelial cells coalesce into a large PAA in each pharyngeal arch."
Embryo Week: Week 1 | Week 2 | Week 3 | Week 4 | Week 5 | Week 6 | Week 7 | Week 8 | Week 9
- Carnegie Stages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | About Stages | Timeline
Pharyngeal Arch 1
cranial nerve CN V trigeminal
See Meckel's cartilage, facial canal and associated structures by Richany (1956)[8]
- Historic: 1956 first branchial arch
Pharyngeal Arch 2
cranial nerve CN VII facial
See Reichert's cartilage, facial canal and associated structures by Anson (1956).[9]
- Historic: 1956 second branchial arch
Pharyngeal Arch 3
cranial nerve CN IX glossopharyngeal
Pouch 3
Pharyngeal pouch III is the embryonic origin of endodermal component of the thymus (that also has a neural crest contribution).
Pharyngeal Arch 4
cranial nerve CN X vagus - superior laryngeal branch
Pharyngeal Arch 6
cranial nerve CN X vagus - recurrent laryngeal branch
part of right pulmonary artery (right)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Wang X, Chen D, Chen K, Jubran A, Ramirez A & Astrof S. (2017). Endothelium in the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 is derived from the second heart field. Dev. Biol. , 421, 108-117. PMID: 27955943 DOI.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hasten E & Morrow BE. (2019). Tbx1 and Foxi3 genetically interact in the pharyngeal pouch endoderm in a mouse model for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. PLoS Genet. , 15, e1008301. PMID: 31412026 DOI.
- ↑ Abe M, Cox TC, Firulli AB, Kanai SM, Dahlka J, Lim KC, Engel JD & Clouthier DE. (2021). GATA3 is essential for separating patterning domains during facial morphogenesis. Development , 148, . PMID: 34383890 DOI.
- ↑ Mao A, Zhang M, Li L, Liu J, Ning G, Cao Y & Wang Q. (2021). Pharyngeal pouches provide a niche microenvironment for arch artery progenitor specification. Development , 148, . PMID: 33334861 DOI.
- ↑ Gordon J. (2018). Hox genes in the pharyngeal region: how Hoxa3 controls early embryonic development of the pharyngeal organs. Int. J. Dev. Biol. , 62, 775-783. PMID: 30604847 DOI.
- ↑ Jin S, O J, Stellabotte F & Choe CP. (2018). Foxi1 promotes late-stage pharyngeal pouch morphogenesis through ectodermal Wnt4a activation. Dev. Biol. , 441, 12-18. PMID: 29932895 DOI.
- ↑ Billmyre KK & Klingensmith J. (2015). Sonic hedgehog from pharyngeal arch 1 epithelium is necessary for early mandibular arch cell survival and later cartilage condensation differentiation. Dev. Dyn. , 244, 564-76. PMID: 25626636 DOI.
- ↑ Richany SF. Bast TH. and Anson BJ. The development of the first branchial arch in man and the fate of Meckel's cartilage. (1956) Q Bull Northwest Univ Med Sch. 30(4):331-55. PMID: 13408429.
- ↑ {{Ref-AnsonBastRichany1956}
Additional Images
Historic Images
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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding. (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers) |
Frazer JE. The second visceral arch and groove in the tubo-tympanic region. (1914) J Anat Physiol. 48(4): 391-408. PMID 17233005
Frazer JE. Development of the larynx. (1910) J Anat. 44: 156-191. PMID 17232839
Keibel F. and Mall FP. Manual of Human Embryology II. (1912) J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
Fig 314 Pharynx embryo Klb (Kromer-Pfannenstiel
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 19) Embryology Pharyngeal arches. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Pharyngeal_arches
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G