Abnormal Development - Hepatitis Virus
Introduction
Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) is caused in humans by one of 7 viruses (A, B, C, D, E) with the 2 additional F has not been confirmed as a distinct genotype; and G is a newly described flavivirus.
"All of these viruses can cause an acute disease with symptoms lasting several weeks including yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice); dark urine; extreme fatigue; nausea; vomiting and abdominal pain. It can take several months to a year to feel fit again." (CDC text).
Virus particles measure 42nm in overall diameter and contain a 27nm diameter DNA-based core.
Environmental Links: Introduction | low folic acid | iodine deficiency | Nutrition | Drugs | Australian Drug Categories | USA Drug Categories | thalidomide | herbal drugs | Illegal Drugs | smoking | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | TORCH | viral infection | bacterial infection | fungal infection | zoonotic infection | toxoplasmosis | Malaria | maternal diabetes | maternal hypertension | maternal hyperthermia | Maternal Inflammation | Maternal Obesity | hypoxia | biological toxins | chemicals | heavy metals | air pollution | radiation | Prenatal Diagnosis | Neonatal Diagnosis | International Classification of Diseases | Fetal Origins Hypothesis |
Some Recent Findings
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Hepatitis Transmission Risk to the Fetus
Hepatitis A
- Fetal transmission of virus occurs with extreme rarity.
Hepatitis B
- Can occur as a consequence of intrapartum exposure, transplacental transmission, and breastfeeding.
- 20% - 30% of HBsAg-positive/HbeAg-negative women will transmit virus to their infants.
- 90% of HBsAg- and HBeAg-positive women will transmit virus to their infants.
- Immunoprophylaxis at birth with both HBIG and Hepatitis B vaccine within 12 hours of birth decreases the risk of transmission.
- Passive (HBIG) and active immunization is 85-95% effective in preventing neonatal HBV infection.
Hepatitis C
- The overall risk of transmission is approximately 2-6% with unknown maternal viral titers.
- All pregnant women with HCV should have viral titers performed.
- The placenta appears to act as an immunological organ providing antiviral protection against hepatitis C viral transmission in the majority of cases.[2]
Hepatitis E virions (CDC)
References
Textbooks
- Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. Baron S, editor. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996.
- Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. New York: Garland Science; 2002.
Reviews
Articles
Search Pubmed
Search PubMed: term = Hepatitis Virus teratology | embryo infection | fetal infection | neonatal infection
External Links
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- International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
- Australian Government The Australian Immunisation Handbook 9th Edition 2008
Glossary Links
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 16) Embryology Abnormal Development - Hepatitis Virus. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Abnormal_Development_-_Hepatitis_Virus
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G