Cardiovascular System - Lymphatic Development: Difference between revisions
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This system was first identified by Aselli G. (1627) in a paper "''De Lacteibus sive Lacteis Venis''", Quarto Vasorum Mesarai corum Genere novo invento. Milan: Mediolani. Then postulated by Sabin (1902)<ref>Sabin, F. R. '''On the origin of the lymphatic system from the veins and the development of the lymph hearts and thoracic duct in the pig.''' (1902) Am. J. Anat. 1, 367-389.</ref> as venous in origin, it required a recent 2007 lineage tracing study to confirm this theory. | This system was first identified by Aselli G. (1627) in a paper "''De Lacteibus sive Lacteis Venis''", Quarto Vasorum Mesarai corum Genere novo invento. Milan: Mediolani. Then postulated by Sabin (1902)<ref>Sabin, F. R. '''On the origin of the lymphatic system from the veins and the development of the lymph hearts and thoracic duct in the pig.''' (1902) Am. J. Anat. 1, 367-389.</ref> as venous in origin, it required a recent 2007 lineage tracing study to confirm this theory.{{#pmid:17908929|PMID17908929}} Only vertebrates possess a true lymphatic vascular system, with primitive fish possessing a lymphatic-like secondary vascular system that also contains blood. Clinically, important for roles in immune surveillance and oncogenic (cancer) processes. | ||
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{{Immune Links}} | {{Immune Links}} | ||
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==Some Recent Findings== | ==Some Recent Findings== | ||
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* '''Development of the mammalian lymphatic vasculature''' | * '''Paraxial Mesoderm Is the Major Source of Lymphatic Endothelium'''{{#pmid:31130354|PMID31130354}} " Endothelial cells (ECs), which line blood and lymphatic vessels, are generally described to come from the lateral plate mesoderm despite experimental evidence for a broader source of origin, including the paraxial mesoderm (PXM). Current dogma suggests that following specification from mesoderm, local environmental cues establish the distinct molecular and functional characteristics of ECs in different vascular beds. Here we present evidence to challenge this view, showing that lymphatic EC fate is imprinted during transition through the PXM lineage. We show that PXM-derived cells form the lymphatic endothelium of multiple organs and tissues, with a more restricted contribution to blood vessel endothelium. By deleting Prox1 specifically in PXM-derived cells, we show that this lineage is indispensable for lymphatic vessel development. Collectively, our data establish lineage history as a critical determinant of EC specialization, a finding with broad implications for our understanding of vascular development and heterogeneity." | ||
* '''prox1b Activity is essential in zebrafish lymphangiogenesis''' | |||
* '''Development of the mammalian lymphatic vasculature'''{{#pmid:24590273|PMID24590273}} "The two vascular systems of our body are the blood and lymphatic vasculature. Our understanding of the cellular and molecular processes controlling the development of the lymphatic vasculature has progressed significantly in the last decade. In mammals, this is a stepwise process that starts in the embryonic veins, where lymphatic EC (LEC) progenitors are initially specified. The differentiation and maturation of these progenitors continues as they bud from the veins to produce scattered primitive lymph sacs, from which most of the lymphatic vasculature is derived. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the key steps leading to the formation of a functional lymphatic vasculature." | |||
* '''prox1b Activity is essential in zebrafish lymphangiogenesis'''{{#pmid:20976189|PMID20976189}} "The lymphatic vascular system, draining interstitial fluids from most tissues and organs, exerts crucial functions in several physiological and pathological processes. Lymphatic system development depends on Prox1, the first marker to be expressed in the endothelial cells of the cardinal vein from where lymph vessels originate." | |||
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Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymphatic+Development ''Lymphatic Development''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lymphatic+Vessel+Development ''Lymphatic Vessel Development''] | |||
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* '''Lineage tracing demonstrates the venous origin of the mammalian lymphatic vasculature'''{{#pmid:17908929|PMID17908929}} "These studies, together with the analysis of Runx1-mutant embryos lacking definitive hematopoiesis, conclusively determined that from venous-derived lymph sacs, lymphatic endothelial cells sprouted, proliferated, and migrated to give rise to the entire lymphatic vasculature, and that hematopoietic cells did not contribute to the developing lymph sacs. We conclude that the mammalian lymphatic system has a solely venous origin." | |||
* '''The lymphatic vasculature: recent progress and paradigms'''{{#pmid:16212503|PMID16212503}} "The field of lymphatic research has been recently invigorated by the identification of genes and mechanisms that control various aspects of lymphatic development. We are beginning to understand how, starting from a subgroup of embryonic venous endothelial cells, the whole lymphatic system forms in a stepwise manner. The generation of genetically engineered mice with defects in different steps of the lymphangiogenic program has provided models that are increasing our understanding of the lymphatic system in health and disease." | |||
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==Lymphatic Vessels== | ==Lymphatic Vessels== | ||
[[File:Lymphatic capillary.jpg|thumb|Lymph capillary]] | [[File:Lymphatic capillary.jpg|thumb|Lymph capillary]] |
Revision as of 22:56, 3 June 2019
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Introduction
An important part of the cardiovascular system is the lymphatic vasculature, which functions to both return interstitial fluid (lymph) to the bloodstream and also as part of the immune system. In the embryo, lymphatic development begins at the cardinal vein, where venous endothelial cells differentiate (express Prox1) to form lymphatic endothelial cells that out-pocket and bud to form lymph sacs. During development these lymph sacs remodel to form both the lymphatic space within future nodes, formed by engulfed connective tissue, and the associated afferent and efferent vessel network.
This system was first identified by Aselli G. (1627) in a paper "De Lacteibus sive Lacteis Venis", Quarto Vasorum Mesarai corum Genere novo invento. Milan: Mediolani. Then postulated by Sabin (1902)[1] as venous in origin, it required a recent 2007 lineage tracing study to confirm this theory.[2] Only vertebrates possess a true lymphatic vascular system, with primitive fish possessing a lymphatic-like secondary vascular system that also contains blood. Clinically, important for roles in immune surveillance and oncogenic (cancer) processes.
Cardiovascular Links: cardiovascular | Heart Tutorial | Lecture - Early Vascular | Lecture - Heart | Movies | 2016 Cardiac Review | heart | coronary circulation | heart valve | heart rate | Circulation | blood | blood vessel | blood vessel histology | heart histology | Lymphatic | ductus venosus | spleen | Stage 22 | cardiovascular abnormalities | OMIM | 2012 ECHO Meeting | Category:Cardiovascular | ||
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Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Lymphatic Development | Lymphatic Vessel Development |
Older papers |
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These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.
See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page.
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Lymphatic Vessels
- Lymph capillaries - begin as blind-ending tubes in connective tissue, larger than blood capillaries, very irregularly shaped.
- Lymph collecting vessels - larger and form valves, morphology similar to lymph capillaries.
- Lymph ducts - 1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle cells in wall.
- (Remember the anatomy acronym NAVL = Nerve, Artery, Vein and Lymph)
Lymphatic Capillaries
- single-cell layer of overlapping endothelial cells
- lack a basement membrane
- lack smooth muscle cells or pericytes (pre-collecting and collecting trunks contain both)
- linked by discontinuous endothelial cell-cell junctions (button-like).
- junctions open in response to increased interstitial fluid pressure.
Lymphatic microvasculature model[7]
Lymphatic Vessel Development
Tunneling model of lymphatic vessel formation. |
The model shown here is from a recent paper[8] and is based on ultrastructural observations performed in in vitro and in vivo models of lymphangiogenesis. Lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) display tight junctions and interdigitations, and are connected to the surrounding collagen fibers by anchoring filaments.
Note that this postnatal model may differ from developmental lymphatic vessel development.
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Lymphatic Vessel Contraction
Lymphatic vessels undergo spontaneous rhythmic contractions which aid lymph flow. This is most easily demonstrated in models based upon mesentry lymphatics of the gastrointestinal tract. Contractile activity is regulated by physical factors (transmural pressure) and neurological (alpha-adrenergic, histamine, bradykinin) acting on lymphatic smooth muscle. Contractility and receptor expression may also be different in different parts of the lymphatic system.
Alpha-adrenergic - alpha 1- and not alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
Histamine - lymphatic smooth muscle via stimulation of H(1) (and in some vessels H(2)) receptors.
Bradykinin - chronotropic but not inotropic effects on lymphatic pump activity via stimulation of B1 receptors.
Lymphatic Vasculature Organization[9]
Molecular Development
Angiopoietins (Ang1–Ang4)
Notch probably mediates choice of fate between arterial and venous.
Prox1 Prospero-related Homeobox 1 - expressed in a subpopulation of blood endothelial cells that then generate, by both budding and sprouting, cells of the lymphatic vascular system. Triggers the molecular program leading to the formation of the lymphatic system. (OMIM - PROSPERO-RELATED HOMEOBOX 1; PROX1)
Tie (Tie1 and Tie2) tyrosine kinase receptors.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of proteins and angiopoietin/Tie, Notch, and ephrin/Eph pathways play major roles in eary vessel development. (VEGFR-3)
LYVE-1
Podoplanin
Abnormalities
Lymphangioma
Dysplasia of childhood form lymphatic capillaries or collectors, which form fluid-filled cysts.
- lymphatic spaces lined by endothelium
- smooth muscle fascicles in the septa between the lymphatic spaces
- lymphoid aggregates in the delicate collagenous stroma
References
- ↑ Sabin, F. R. On the origin of the lymphatic system from the veins and the development of the lymph hearts and thoracic duct in the pig. (1902) Am. J. Anat. 1, 367-389.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Srinivasan RS, Dillard ME, Lagutin OV, Lin FJ, Tsai S, Tsai MJ, Samokhvalov IM & Oliver G. (2007). Lineage tracing demonstrates the venous origin of the mammalian lymphatic vasculature. Genes Dev. , 21, 2422-32. PMID: 17908929 DOI.
- ↑ Stone OA & Stainier DYR. (2019). Paraxial Mesoderm Is the Major Source of Lymphatic Endothelium. Dev. Cell , , . PMID: 31130354 DOI.
- ↑ Yang Y & Oliver G. (2014). Development of the mammalian lymphatic vasculature. J. Clin. Invest. , 124, 888-97. PMID: 24590273 DOI.
- ↑ Del Giacco L, Pistocchi A & Ghilardi A. (2010). prox1b Activity is essential in zebrafish lymphangiogenesis. PLoS ONE , 5, e13170. PMID: 20976189 DOI.
- ↑ Oliver G & Alitalo K. (2005). The lymphatic vasculature: recent progress and paradigms. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. , 21, 457-83. PMID: 16212503 DOI.
- ↑ <pubmed>14581448</pubmed>| JCB
- ↑ <pubmed>21702933</pubmed>| PMC3141733 | BMC Cell Biol.
- ↑ <pubmed>21576390</pubmed>| PMC3166860 | J Cell Biol.
Journals
- Lymphology - Journal Homepage
Reviews
<pubmed>18519960</pubmed> <pubmed>17036631</pubmed> <pubmed>16212503</pubmed> <pubmed>15293565</pubmed> <pubmed>14704766</pubmed> <pubmed>12543725</pubmed>
Articles
<pubmed>19056883</pubmed> <pubmed>17908929</pubmed> <pubmed>17202268</pubmed> <pubmed>16291864</pubmed> <pubmed>16877368</pubmed> <pubmed>11937485</pubmed>
Lymphatic endothelial cell identity is reversible and its maintenance requires Prox1 activity Nicole C. Johnson, Miriam E. Dillard, Peter Baluk, Donald M. McDonald, Natasha L. Harvey, Sharon L. Frase, and Guillermo Oliver Genes Dev. 2008;22 3282-3291
Search Pubmed
Search NLM Bookshelf: lymphatic
Search PubMed: lymphatic development | lymphology
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 8) Embryology Cardiovascular System - Lymphatic Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Cardiovascular_System_-_Lymphatic_Development
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