Cardiovascular System - Abnormalities: Difference between revisions
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==Some Recent Findings== | ==Some Recent Findings== | ||
==Heart Abnormalities== | |||
===Atrial Septal Defects=== | |||
Atrial Septal Defects (ASD) are a group of common (1% of cardiac) congenital anomolies defects occuring in a number of different forms and more often in females. | |||
* patent foramen ovale- allows a continuation of the atrial shunting of blood, in 25% of people a probe patent foramen ovale (allowing a probe to bepassed from one atria to the other) exists. | |||
* ostium secundum defect | |||
* endocardial cushion defect involving ostium primum | |||
* sinus venosus defect - contributes about 10% of all ASDs and occurs mainly in a common and less common form. Common ("usual type") - in upper atrial septum which is contiguous with the superior vena cava. Less common - at junction of the right atrium and inferior vena cava. (More? eMedicine - Atrial Septal Defect, Sinus Venosus | Medline Plus - ASD Repair Video) | |||
* common atrium | |||
Treatment: The surgical repair requires a cardiopulmonary bypass and is recommended in most cases of ostium secundum ASD, even though there is a significant risk involved. Ostium primum defects tend to present earlier and are often associated with endocardial cushion defects and defective mitral or tricuspid valves. In such cases, valve replacement may be necessary and the extended operation has a considerable chance of mortality. | |||
Increasingly closure by a transcatheter device closure has been applied. (More? Medline Plus - ASD Repair Video) | |||
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/108800 OMIM: Atrial Septal Defect] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 02:00, 27 March 2010
Introduction
Heart defects and preterm birth are the most common causes of neonatal and infant death. The long-term development of the heart combined with extensive remodelling and post-natal changes in circulation lead to an abundance of abnormalities associated with this system.
A UK study literature showed that preterm infants have more than twice as many cardiovascular malformations (5.1 / 1000 term infants and 12.5 / 1000 preterm infants) as do infants born at term and that 16% of all infants with cardiovascular malformations are preterm. (0.4% of live births occur at greater than 28 weeks of gestation, 0.9% at 28 to 31 weeks, and 6% at 32 to 36 weeks. Overall, 7.3% of live-born infants are preterm) [1]
"Baltimore-Washington Infant Study data on live-born cases and controls (1981-1989) was reanalyzed for potential environmental and genetic risk-factor associations in complete atrioventricular septal defects AVSD (n = 213), with separate comparisons to the atrial (n = 75) and the ventricular (n = 32) forms of partial AVSD. ...Maternal diabetes constituted a potentially preventable risk factor for the most severe, complete form of AVSD." [2].
In addition, there are in several congenital abnormalities that exist in adults (bicuspid aortic valve, mitral valve prolapse, and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection) which may not be clinically recognized.
Australian Statistics (1981-1992) | USA Statistics (1997-2003) | Aortic Stenosis | Atrial Septal Defects | Coarctation of Aorta | Dextrocardia | Hypoplastic Left Heart | Long QT Syndrome | Patent Ductus Arteriosus | Pulmonary Atresia | Pulmonary Stenosis | Tetralogy of Fallot | Transposition of Great Vessels | Tricuspid Atresia | Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection | Ventricular Septal Defect | Abnormalities of Conducting System | Prenatal Diagnosis | Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease
Some Recent Findings
Heart Abnormalities
Atrial Septal Defects
Atrial Septal Defects (ASD) are a group of common (1% of cardiac) congenital anomolies defects occuring in a number of different forms and more often in females.
- patent foramen ovale- allows a continuation of the atrial shunting of blood, in 25% of people a probe patent foramen ovale (allowing a probe to bepassed from one atria to the other) exists.
- ostium secundum defect
- endocardial cushion defect involving ostium primum
- sinus venosus defect - contributes about 10% of all ASDs and occurs mainly in a common and less common form. Common ("usual type") - in upper atrial septum which is contiguous with the superior vena cava. Less common - at junction of the right atrium and inferior vena cava. (More? eMedicine - Atrial Septal Defect, Sinus Venosus | Medline Plus - ASD Repair Video)
- common atrium
Treatment: The surgical repair requires a cardiopulmonary bypass and is recommended in most cases of ostium secundum ASD, even though there is a significant risk involved. Ostium primum defects tend to present earlier and are often associated with endocardial cushion defects and defective mitral or tricuspid valves. In such cases, valve replacement may be necessary and the extended operation has a considerable chance of mortality.
Increasingly closure by a transcatheter device closure has been applied. (More? Medline Plus - ASD Repair Video)
References
- ↑ Tanner K, Sabrine N, Wren C. Cardiovascular malformations among preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2005 Dec;116(6):e833-8. PMID: 16322141
- ↑ Loffredo CA, Hirata J, Wilson PD, Ferencz C, Lurie IW. Atrioventricular septal defects: possible etiologic differences between complete and partial defects. Teratology. 2001 Feb;63(2):87-93 PMID: 11241431
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 30) Embryology Cardiovascular System - Abnormalities. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Cardiovascular_System_-_Abnormalities
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
