Abnormal Development - Rotavirus

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Introduction

Rotavirus (CDC)

The rotavirus is a common cause of diarrhoea and vomiting (viral gastroenteritis) in infants and young children. The virus was first identified in 1973 from epithelial cells of duodenal mucosa from children with acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis.[1]


The live attenuated rotavirus vaccine is contraindicated in pregnancy, but can be safely administered to household contacts of pregnant women. There is only a very small risk of transmission of the rotavirus vaccine virus to a susceptible pregnant woman and there is no evidence of risk to the fetus if pregnant women are in contact with recently vaccinated individuals.



(data based on: The Australian Immunisation Handbook 9th Edition 2008 2.3.2 Vaccination of women planning pregnancy, pregnant or breastfeeding women, and preterm infants - updated July 2009 )

Viral Links: viral infection | TORCH | cytomegalovirus | hepatitis | HIV | parvovirus | polio | rubella virus | chickenpox | Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus | Zika virus | human papillomavirus | rotavirus | West Nile virus | varicella virus | vaccination | zoonotic infection | environment
Historic Embryology - Viral 
1941 Rubella Cataracts | 1944 Rubella Defects


Links: Abnormal Development - Rotavirus | Postnatal - Vaccination | The Australian Immunisation Handbook 9th Edition 2008 | Australian Immunisation Handbook - Rotavirus | 2.3.2 Vaccination of women planning pregnancy, pregnant or breastfeeding women, and preterm infants - updated July 2009 | Medical Microbiology - Rotaviruses

Some Recent Findings

  • Perinatal Risk Factors Associated With Gastroenteritis Hospitalizations in Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Children in Western Australia (2000-2012): A Record Linkage Cohort Study[2] "Gastroenteritis is a leading cause of childhood morbidity worldwide. We aimed to assess the maternal and infant characteristics and population attributable fractions associated with childhood gastroenteritis-related hospitalizations. METHODS: We conducted a whole-of-population retrospective birth cohort study of 367,476 children live-born in Western Australia 2000-2012. We identified hospital admissions up to <15 years of age pertaining to these children, with a principal diagnosis code for infectious gastroenteritis. Cox regression was used to obtain the adjusted hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals and the population attributable fractions associated with each risk factor in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children for their first gastroenteritis-related hospital admission. ...Given the beneficial effect of infant rotavirus vaccination in preventing all-cause gastroenteritis hospitalization, efforts should be taken to optimize rotavirus vaccine coverage in those at highest risk."
  • Human Neonatal Rotavirus Vaccine (RV3-BB) to Target Rotavirus from Birth[3] "A strategy of administering a neonatal rotavirus vaccine at birth to target early prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis may address some of the barriers to global implementation of a rotavirus vaccine. ... RV3-BB was efficacious in preventing severe rotavirus gastroenteritis when administered according to a neonatal or an infant schedule in Indonesia."
  • Safety of a heat-stable rotavirus vaccine among children in Niger[4] "Rotavirus remains a major cause of diarrhea among children under 5 years of age. The efficacy of RotaSIIL, a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine, was shown in an event-driven trial in Niger. We describe the two-year safety follow-up of this trial. ...Most serious adverse events were hospitalizations due to infection (malaria, lower respiratory tract infection and gastroenteritis) or marasmus. Overall, 1474 (72.1%) participants receiving RotaSIIL and 1456 (71.1%) participants receiving placebo had at least one adverse event (p = 0.49) in the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: At two years of follow-up, RotaSIIL was found to be safe."
More recent papers  
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Search term: Abnormal Development Rotavirus

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Older papers  
These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.

See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page.

Discovery of Rotavirus

Ruth Bishop (c 1980)

The virus was identified in 1973[1] from epithelial cells of duodenal mucosa from children with acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis, and has been summarised in a 2009 paper by Ruth Bishop, who was one of original discoverers of the virus.[5]

"For centuries, acute diarrhea has been a major worldwide cause of death in young children, and until 1973, no infectious agents could be identified in about 80% of patients admitted to hospital with severe dehydrating diarrhea. In 1973 Ruth Bishop, Geoffrey Davidson, Ian Holmes, and Brian Ruck identified abundant particles of a 'new' virus (rotavirus) in the cytoplasm of mature epithelial cells lining duodenal villi and in feces, from such children admitted to the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. Rotaviruses have now been shown to cause 40-50% of severe acute diarrhea in young children worldwide in both developing and developed countries, and > 600 000 young children die annually from rotavirus disease, predominantly in South-East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Longitudinal surveillance studies following primary infection in young children have shown that rotavirus reinfections are common. However the immune response that develops after primary infection is protective against severe symptoms on reinfection. This observation became the basis for development of live oral rotavirus vaccines"

Virus Structure

  • Non-enveloped, icosahedral virus of the Reoviridae family containing a genome of 11 segments of double stranded RNA (dsRNA).
  • Divided into seven serotypes (Rotavirus A–G).
Environmental Links: Introduction | low folic acid | iodine deficiency | Nutrition | Drugs | Australian Drug Categories | USA Drug Categories | thalidomide | herbal drugs | Illegal Drugs | smoking | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | TORCH | viral infection | bacterial infection | fungal infection | zoonotic infection | toxoplasmosis | Malaria | maternal diabetes | maternal hypertension | maternal hyperthermia | Maternal Inflammation | Maternal Obesity | hypoxia | biological toxins | chemicals | heavy metals | air pollution | radiation | Prenatal Diagnosis | Neonatal Diagnosis | International Classification of Diseases | Fetal Origins Hypothesis

Vaccine

Two oral rotavirus vaccines are available in Australia, and their efficacy and safety in the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis have been extensively evaluated.[6][7] Both rotavirus vaccines have been shown to have similar efficacy against rotavirus gastroenteritis (of any severity) of around 70%.

  • Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline) - 2 oral doses (1.5 mL/dose)
  • RotaTeq (bioCSL /Merck & Co Inc) - 3 oral doses (2 mL/dose)

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Bishop RF, Davidson GP, Holmes IH & Ruck BJ. (1973). Virus particles in epithelial cells of duodenal mucosa from children with acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis. Lancet , 2, 1281-3. PMID: 4127639
  2. Fathima P, Snelling TL, de Klerk N, Lehmann D, Blyth CC, Waddington CS & Moore HC. (2019). Perinatal Risk Factors Associated With Gastroenteritis Hospitalizations in Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Children in Western Australia (2000-2012): A Record Linkage Cohort Study. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. , 38, 169-175. PMID: 29620723 DOI.
  3. Bines JE, At Thobari J, Satria CD, Handley A, Watts E, Cowley D, Nirwati H, Ackland J, Standish J, Justice F, Byars G, Lee KJ, Barnes GL, Bachtiar NS, Viska Icanervilia A, Boniface K, Bogdanovic-Sakran N, Pavlic D, Bishop RF, Kirkwood CD, Buttery JP & Soenarto Y. (2018). Human Neonatal Rotavirus Vaccine (RV3-BB) to Target Rotavirus from Birth. N. Engl. J. Med. , 378, 719-730. PMID: 29466164 DOI.
  4. Coldiron ME, Guindo O, Makarimi R, Soumana I, Matar Seck A, Garba S, Macher E, Isanaka S & Grais RF. (2018). Safety of a heat-stable rotavirus vaccine among children in Niger: Data from a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Vaccine , , . PMID: 29752026 DOI.
  5. Bishop R. (2009). Discovery of rotavirus: Implications for child health. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. , 24 Suppl 3, S81-5. PMID: 19799704 DOI.
  6. Vesikari T, Matson DO, Dennehy P, Van Damme P, Santosham M, Rodriguez Z, Dallas MJ, Heyse JF, Goveia MG, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Christie CD, Ylitalo S, Itzler RF, Coia ML, Onorato MT, Adeyi BA, Marshall GS, Gothefors L, Campens D, Karvonen A, Watt JP, O'Brien KL, DiNubile MJ, Clark HF, Boslego JW, Offit PA & Heaton PM. (2006). Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human-bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. , 354, 23-33. PMID: 16394299 DOI.
  7. Soares-Weiser K, Maclehose H, Ben-Aharon I, Goldberg E, Pitan F & Cunliffe N. (2010). Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: vaccines in use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev , , CD008521. PMID: 20464766 DOI.


Reviews

Desselberger U. (2017). Differences of Rotavirus Vaccine Effectiveness by Country: Likely Causes and Contributing Factors. Pathogens , 6, . PMID: 29231855 DOI.

Crawford SE, Ramani S, Tate JE, Parashar UD, Svensson L, Hagbom M, Franco MA, Greenberg HB, O'Ryan M, Kang G, Desselberger U & Estes MK. (2017). Rotavirus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers , 3, 17083. PMID: 29119972 DOI.

Kuate Defo Z & Lee B. (2016). New approaches in oral rotavirus vaccines. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. , 42, 495-505. PMID: 25268934 DOI.

Articles

Mwenda JM, Burke RM, Shaba K, Mihigo R, Tevi-Benissan MC, Mumba M, Biey JN, Cheikh D, Poy MSc A, Zawaira FR, Aliabadi N, Tate JE, Hyde T, Cohen AL & Parashar UD. (2017). Implementation of Rotavirus Surveillance and Vaccine Introduction - World Health Organization African Region, 2007-2016. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. , 66, 1192-1196. PMID: 29095805 DOI.

. (2017). Progress with the implementation of rotavirus surveillance and vaccines in countries of the WHO African Region, 2007–2016. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. , 92, 673-80. PMID: 29106113

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Search term: Rotavirus

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 19) Embryology Abnormal Development - Rotavirus. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Abnormal_Development_-_Rotavirus

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G