Molecular Development - Signaling

Embryology - 2 Dec 2023        Expand to Translate
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Introduction

Model of Sonic hedgehog signaling in the drosophila wing

Limb induction-initiation signaling

In current years we have turned from wanting to merely describe the events of embryogenesis, to a desire to understand the mechanisms of development. These notes are intended to introduce a number of different mechanisms at the cellular level and factors that form structures within the embryo. These cellular dynamic and physical interactions form basic tissue structures of epithelia, connective tissues and features such as tubes.

Template page - notice removed when completed.

Membrane Receptors Signaling between cells, cells and matrix, tissues, and systemically, is key to the developmental and differentiation process. While there are a large number of known methods of signaling these all fall into a few broad classes. Signaling also depends upon having an initial source for the signal and cells which can interpret the signal. To see how these mechanisms are employed you should look at embryo axes formation or the specific pages within each set of notes that refer to early development or system development (these pages are listed on Molecular Development homepage).

Some signals act internally (More? cell cycle) or over a short distance (between ajoining cells or to the cell itself), others act in a distance dependent manner (changing concentration of the signal will alter the response), others act by cascading (signaling from one cell to the next, to the next), and finally some signals act at a distance (between one tissue and a distant cell population).

Signaling in many cases precedes any observable change in cell shape and motility. Please note as an introduction the notes below have been extensively simplified. More details can be gained by clicking on the specific links below.

Molecular Factors

• BMP - Bone Morphogenetic Protein
• hCG - human Chorionic Gonadotropin
• FGF - Fibroblast Growth Factor
• FOX - Forkhead bOX
• HIPPO
• HOX - Homeobox
• PAX - "paired" (prd) with a box (homeodomain) domain.
• NANOG - Tír na nÓg ("Land of the Young")
• NOTCH
• RA - Retinoic Acid
• SHH - Sonic HedgeHog
• SIX
• Slit2/Robo1
• SOX
• TBX
• TGF-beta - Transforming Growth Factor - beta
• VEGF - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
• WNT - Wingless and iNT

Human BMP Family   Table - Human Bmp Family Approved Symbol Approved Name Previous Symbols Synonyms Chromosome BMP1 bone morphogenetic protein 1 PCOLC 8p21.3 BMP2 bone morphogenetic protein 2 BMP2A 20p12.3 BMP3 bone morphogenetic protein 3 4q21.21 BMP4 bone morphogenetic protein 4 BMP2B 14q22.2 BMP5 bone morphogenetic protein 5 6p12.1 BMP6 bone morphogenetic protein 6 VGR VGR1 6p24.3 BMP7 bone morphogenetic protein 7 OP-1 20q13.31 BMP8A bone morphogenetic protein 8a 1p34.3 BMP8B bone morphogenetic protein 8b BMP8 OP-2 1p34.2 BMP10 bone morphogenetic protein 10 2p13.3 BMP15 bone morphogenetic protein 15 GDF9B Xp11.22     Links: Developmental Signals - Bone Morphogenetic Protein | OMIM BMP2 | HGNC | Bmp Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family	Human FGF Family   Table - Human Fibroblast Growth Factor Family FGF Approved Symbol Approved Name Previous Symbols Synonyms Chromosome FGF1 fibroblast growth factor 1 FGFA "AFGF, ECGF, ECGFA, ECGFB, HBGF1, ECGF-beta, FGF-alpha, GLIO703" 5q31.3 FGF2 fibroblast growth factor 2 FGFB 4q28.1 FGF4 fibroblast growth factor 4 HSTF1 "K-FGF, HBGF-4, HST, HST-1, KFGF" 11q13.3 FGF5 fibroblast growth factor 5 4q21.21 FGF6 fibroblast growth factor 6 12p13.32 FGF7 fibroblast growth factor 7 KGF 15q21.2 FGF8 fibroblast growth factor 8 AIGF 10q24.32 FGF9 fibroblast growth factor 9 13q12.11     Links: Developmental Signals - Fibroblast Growth Factor | OMIM Fgf1 | HGNC | Bmp Family | Fgf Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family	Human Hedgehog Family   Table - Human Hedgehog Family Approved Symbol Approved Name Previous Symbols Synonyms Chromosome DHH desert hedgehog "HHG-3, MGC35145" 12q13.12 IHH indian hedgehog "HHG2, BDA1" 2q35 SHH sonic hedgehog "HPE3, HLP3" "HHG1, SMMCI, TPT, TPTPS, MCOPCB5" 7q36.3     Links: sonic hedgehog | OMIM Fgf1 | HGNC | Bmp Family | Fgf Family | Hedgehog Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family	Human BMP Family   Table - Human Notch Family (Ankyrin repeat domain - ANKRD) Approved Symbol Approved Name Previous Symbols Synonyms Chromosome OMIM ID NOTCH1 notch 1 TAN1 9q34.3 190198 NOTCH2 notch 2 1p12 600275 NOTCH3 notch 3 CADASIL CASIL 19p13.12 600276 NOTCH4 notch 4 INT3 6p21.32 164951     Links: Notch | OMIM BMP2 | HGNC - ANKRD | Bmp Family | Notch Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family	Human PAX Family   Table - Human Pax Family Approved Symbol Approved Name Previous Symbols Synonyms Chromosome PAX1 paired box 1 20p11.22 PAX2 paired box 2 10q24.31 PAX3 paired box 3 WS1 HUP2 2q36.1 PAX4 paired box 4 MODY9 7q32.1 PAX5 paired box 5 BSAP 9p13.2 PAX6 paired box 6 AN2 "D11S812E, AN, WAGR" 11p13 PAX7 paired box 7 Hup1 1p36.13 PAX8 paired box 8 2q14.1 PAX9 paired box 9 14q13.3     Links: Developmental Signals - Pax | OMIM Pax1 | HGNC | Bmp Family | Fgf Family | Pax Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family
Human SOX Family   Table - Human Sox Family Approved Symbol Approved Name Previous Symbols Synonyms Chromosome SOX1 SRY-box 1 13q34 SOX2 SRY-box 2 3q26.33 SOX3 SRY-box 3 PHP Xq27.1 SOX4 SRY-box 4 6p22.3 SOX5 SRY-box 5 "L-SOX5, MGC35153" 12p12.1 SOX6 SRY-box 6 11p15.3 SOX7 SRY-box 7 8p23.1 SOX8 SRY-box 8 16p13.3 SOX9 SRY-box 9 "CMD1, CMPD1" SRA1 17q24.3 SOX10 SRY-box 10 "DOM, WS4, WS2E" 22q13.1 SOX11 SRY-box 11 2p25.2 SOX12 SRY-box 12 SOX22 20p13 SOX13 SRY-box 13 "Sox-13, ICA12, MGC117216" 1q32.1 SOX14 SRY-box 14 SOX28 3q22.3 SOX15 SRY-box 15 SOX20 "SOX27, SOX26" 17p13.1 SOX17 SRY-box 17 8q11.23 SOX18 SRY-box 18 20q13.33 SOX21 SRY-box 21 SOX25 13q32.1 SOX30 SRY-box 30 5q33.3 SRY sex determining region Y TDF Yp11.2     Links: Developmental Signals - Sox | OMIM | HGNC | Tbx Family | Bmp Family | Fgf Family | Pax Family | R-spondin Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family	Human TBX Family   Table - Human Tbx Family Approved Symbol Approved Name Previous Symbols Synonyms Chromosome TBX1 T-box 1 VCF CATCH22 22q11.21 TBX2 T-box 2 17q23.2 TBX3 T-box 3 UMS "TBX3-ISO, XHL" 12q24.21 TBX4 T-box 4 17q23.2 TBX5 T-box 5 HOS 12q24.21 TBX6 T-box 6 16p11.2 TBX10 T-box 10 TBX7 TBX13 11q13.2 TBX15 T-box 15 TBX14 1p12 TBX18 T-box 18 6q14.3 TBX19 T-box 19 "dj747L4.1, TPIT" 1q24.2 TBX20 T-box 20 7p14.2 TBX21 T-box 21 "TBLYM, T-bet" 17q21.32 TBX22 T-box 22 "CPX, CLPA" Xq21.1 TBX23P T-box 23, pseudogene TBX23 1q25 TBR1 T-box, brain 1 2q24.2 EOMES eomesodermin TBR2 3p24.1 MGA MGA, MAX dimerization protein "KIAA0518, MAD5, MXD5, FLJ12634" 15q15 TBXT T-box transcription factor T T 6q27     Links: Developmental Signals - Tbx | OMIM Tbx3 | HGNC | Bmp Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family	Human VEGF Family   Table - Human Vegf Family Approved Symbol Approved Name Previous Symbols Synonyms Chromosome PGF placental growth factor PGFL "PLGF, PlGF-2, PlGF, SHGC-10760, D12S1900, PIGF" 14q24.3 VEGFA vascular endothelial growth factor A VEGF "VEGF-A, VPF" 6p21.1 VEGFB vascular endothelial growth factor B VRF VEGFL 11q13.1 VEGFC vascular endothelial growth factor C VRP 4q34.3 VEGFD vascular endothelial growth factor D FIGF VEGF-D Xp22.2     Links: Developmental Signals - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor | OMIM Vegf | HGNC | Bmp Family | Fgf Family | Pax Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family | Vegf Family | Wnt Family	Human WNT Family   Table - Human Wnt Family Approved Symbol Approved Name Previous Symbols Synonyms Chromosome WNT1 Wnt family member 1 INT1 12q13.12 WNT2 Wnt family member 2 INT1L1 IRP 7q31.2 WNT2B Wnt family member 2B WNT13 XWNT2 1p13.2 WNT3 Wnt family member 3 INT4 "MGC131950, MGC138321, MGC138323" 17q21.31-q21.32 WNT3A Wnt family member 3A 1q42.13 WNT4 Wnt family member 4 WNT-4 1p36.12 WNT5A Wnt family member 5A hWNT5A 3p14.3 WNT5B Wnt family member 5B 12p13.33 WNT6 Wnt family member 6 2q35 WNT7A Wnt family member 7A 3p25.1 WNT7B Wnt family member 7B 22q13.31 WNT8A Wnt family member 8A WNT8D 5q31.2 WNT8B Wnt family member 8B 10q24.31 WNT9A Wnt family member 9A WNT14 1q42.13 WNT9B Wnt family member 9B WNT15 WNT14B 17q21.32 WNT10A Wnt family member 10A 2q35 WNT10B Wnt family member 10B "WNT-12, SHFM6" 12q13.12 WNT11 Wnt family member 11 11q13.5 WNT16 Wnt family member 16 7q31.31     Links: Developmental Signals - Wnt | OMIM Wnt1 | HGNC | Bmp Family | Fgf Family | Pax Family | R-spondin Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family | Wnt Family Human Chromosomes: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | X | Y

Mechanisms

• cell cycle- position in cell cycle, proliferative rate, post-mitotic
• time- position in cell cycle, cell death (apoptosis)
• adhesive interactions- cell/cell, cell/extracellular matrix
• transcription factors- Hox, bHLH, zinc finger,
• protein growth factors- VEGF, FGF, NGF, GDNF, TGFb
• steroidal growth factors- RA, TH,
• extracellular matrix proteins- Wnt7a, laminin, fibronectin
• ion signaling- calcium

References

Reviews

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Glossary Links

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2023, December 2) Embryology Molecular Development - Signaling. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Molecular_Development_-_Signaling

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© Dr Mark Hill 2023, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G