Developmental Signals - Hippo

Embryology - 27 Apr 2024        Expand to Translate
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Introduction

The Hippo pathway, first identified in Drosophila, controls organ size by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis.

| Category:Retinoic acid

Some Recent Findings

Retinoic acid signaling and neuronal differentiation "The identification of neurological symptoms caused by vitamin A deficiency pointed to a critical, early developmental role of vitamin A and its metabolite, retinoic acid (RA). The ability of RA to induce post-mitotic, neural phenotypes in various stem cells, in vitro, served as early evidence that RA is involved in the switch between proliferation and differentiation. In vivo studies have expanded this "opposing signal" model, and the number of primary neurons an embryo develops is now known to depend critically on the levels and spatial distribution of RA. The proneural and neurogenic transcription factors that control the exit of neural progenitors from the cell cycle and allow primary neurons to develop are partly elucidated, but the downstream effectors of RA receptor (RAR) signaling (many of which are putative cell cycle regulators) remain largely unidentified. The molecular mechanisms underlying RA-induced primary neurogenesis in anamniote embryos are starting to be revealed; however, these data have been not been extended to amniote embryos. There is growing evidence that bona fide RARs are found in some mollusks and other invertebrates, but little is known about their necessity or functions in neurogenesis. One normal function of RA is to regulate the cell cycle to halt proliferation, and loss of RA signaling is associated with dedifferentiation and the development of cancer. Identifying the genes and pathways that mediate cell cycle exit downstream of RA will be critical for our understanding of how to target tumor differentiation. Overall, elucidating the molecular details of RAR-regulated neurogenesis will be decisive for developing and understanding neural proliferation-differentiation switches throughout development."

More recent papers

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Organ Expression

Summary of Rar gene expression patterns in mouse developing organ systems.

Endoderm

Chicken antero-posterior endoderm patterning

Links: Endoderm | Chicken Development

Fetal Gonad

Immunohistochemical localisation of retinoid receptor expression in the human fetal gonad

Neural

Model retinoic acid extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Wnt pathway interactions

RA Is Not Required for Radial Expansion of the Embryonic Cortex

References

Articles

<pubmed>21673209</pubmed>| Can Fam Physician

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 27) Embryology Developmental Signals - Hippo. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Developmental_Signals_-_Hippo

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G