Pharyngeal arches: Difference between revisions
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! [[Historic Embryology_Papers|Historic Head Embryology]] | ! [[Historic Embryology_Papers|Historic Head Embryology]] | ||
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| [[Paper - The Disappearance of the Precervical Sinus|1926 Precervical Sinus]] | | [[Paper - Three demonstrations on congenital melformations of palate, face, and neck|1909 Head Malformations]] | [[Paper - The Disappearance of the Precervical Sinus|1926 Precervical Sinus]] | ||
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==Pharyngeal Arch Development== | ==Pharyngeal Arch Development== |
Revision as of 00:32, 17 May 2018
Embryology - 20 Jun 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
The pharyngeal arches (branchial arch, Greek, branchial = gill) are a series of externally visible anterior tissue bands lying under the early brain that give rise to the structures of the head and neck. Each arch though initially formed from similar components will differentiate to form different head and neck structures. In humans, five arches form (1, 2, 3, 4 and 6) but only four are externally visible on the embryo.
Each arch has initially identical structures: an internal endodermal pouch, a mesenchymal (mesoderm and neural crest) core, a membrane (endoderm and ectoderm) and external cleft (ectoderm). Each arch mesenchymal core also contains similar components: blood vessel, nerve, muscular, cartilage.
The arch arteries undergo extensive remodelling during development of the vascular system, in general the inferior arteries have major contributions and superior arteries have minor contributions. The endothelium of arch arteries 1 and 2 has been shown to have different embryonic origin from 3-6 (second heart field).[1]
Note is a draft page and this topic is currently covered in more detail on the Head Development page.
- Links: head | neural crest | endocrine
Historic Head Embryology |
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1909 Head Malformations | 1926 Precervical Sinus |
Pharyngeal Arch Development
- branchial arch (Gk. branchia= gill)
- arch consists of all 3 trilaminar embryo layers
- ectoderm- outside
- mesoderm- core of mesenchyme
- endoderm- inside
Pharyngeal Arch Tables
This table gives an overview of what each arch will contribute to the embryo.
Pharyngeal Arch | Nerve | Artery | Neural Crest (Skeletal Structures) |
Muscles | Ligaments |
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1 (maxillary/mandibular) |
trigeminal (CN V) | maxillary artery (terminal branches) | mandible, maxilla, malleus, incus | muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, tensor tympanic, ant. belly digastric | ant lig of malleus, sphenomandibular ligament |
2 (hyoid) |
facial (CN VII) | stapedial (embryonic) corticotympanic (adult) |
stapes, styloid process, lesser cornu of hyoid, upper part of body of hyoid bone | muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, post. belly digastric | stylohyoid ligament |
3 | glossopharyngeal (CN IX) | common carotid, internal carotid arteries | greater cornu of hyoid, lower part of body of hyoid bone | stylopharyngeus | |
4 | vagus (CN X) superior laryngeal branch | part of aortic arch (left), part right subclavian artery (right) | thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneform cartilages | crycothyroid, soft palate levator veli palatini (not tensor veli palatini) | |
6 | vagus (CN X) recurrent laryngeal branch | part of left pulmonary artery (left), part of right pulmonary artery (right) | thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneform cartilages | larynx intrinsic muscles (not cricothyroid muscle) |
Pharyngeal Arch Derivatives | |||||
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Pharyngeal Arch | Nerve | Artery | Neural Crest (Skeletal Structures) |
Muscles | Ligaments |
1 (maxillary/mandibular) |
trigeminal (V) | maxillary artery (terminal branches) | mandible, maxilla, malleus, incus | muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, tensor tympanic, ant. belly digastric | ant lig of malleus, sphenomandibular ligament |
2 (hyoid) |
facial (VII) | stapedial (embryonic) corticotympanic (adult) |
stapes, styloid process, lesser cornu of hyoid, upper part of body of hyoid bone | muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, post. belly digastric | stylohyoid ligament |
3 | glossopharyngeal (IX) | common carotid, internal carotid arteries | greater cornu of hyoid, lower part of body of hyoid bone | stylopharyngeus | |
4 | vagus (X) superior laryngeal branch | part of aortic arch (left), part right subclavian artery (right) | thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneform cartilages | crycothyroid, soft palate levator veli palatini (not tensor veli palatini) | |
6 | vagus (X) recurrent laryngeal branch | part of left pulmonary artery (left), part of right pulmonary artery (right) | thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneform cartilages | larynx intrinsic muscles (not cricothyroid muscle) |
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Pharyngeal Arch <pubmed limit=5>Pharyngeal Arch</pubmed> |
Neural Crest
- Mesenchyme invaded by neural crest generating connective tissue components
- cartilage, bone, ligaments
- arises from midbrain and hindbrain region
Links: Neural Crest Development
Arch Features
Each arch contains: artery, cartilage, nerve, muscular component
Arches and Phanynx Form the face, tongue, lips, jaws, palate, pharynx and neck cranial nerves, sense organ components, glands
- Humans have 5 arches - 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 (Arch 5 does not form or regresses rapidly)
- from in rostro-caudal sequence, Arch 1 to 6 from week 4 onwards
- arch 1 and 2 appear at time of closure of cranial neuropore
- Face - mainly arch 1 and 2
- Neck components - arch 3 and 4 (arch 4 and 6 fuse)
Arch Features
- arch
- groove
- externally separates each arch
- also called a cleft
- only first pair persist as external auditory meatus
- externally separates each arch
- pouch
- internally separates each arch
- pockets from the pharynx
- membrane
- ectoderm and endoderm contact regions
- only first pair persist as tympanic membrane
- Pharyngeal Arch 1 (Mandibular Arch) has 2 prominances
- smaller upper- maxillary forms maxilla, zygomatic bone and squamous part of temporal
- larger lower- mandibular, forms mandible
- Pharyngeal Arch 2 (Hyoid Arch)
- forms most of hyoid bone
- Arch 3 and 4
- neck structures
Embryo Week: Week 1 | Week 2 | Week 3 | Week 4 | Week 5 | Week 6 | Week 7 | Week 8 | Week 9
- Carnegie Stages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | About Stages | Timeline
Pharyngeal Arch 1
Pharyngeal Arch 2
Pharyngeal Arch 3
Pouch 3
Pharyngeal pouch III is the embryonic origin of endodermal component of the thymus (that also has a neural crest contribution).
Pharyngeal Arch 4
Pharyngeal Arch 6
Additional Images
Historic Images
Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages |
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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding. (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers) |
Frazer JE. The second visceral arch and groove in the tubo-tympanic region. (1914) J Anat Physiol. 48(4): 391-408. PMID 17233005
Frazer JE. Development of the larynx. (1910) J Anat. 44: 156-191. PMID 17232839
Keibel F. and Mall FP. Manual of Human Embryology II. (1912) J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
Glossary Links
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 20) Embryology Pharyngeal arches. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Pharyngeal_arches
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G