Zygote
Embryology - 15 Jun 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
The first diploid cell that forms following fertilization by fusion of the haploid oocyte (egg) and spermatozoa (sperm) resulting in the combination of their separate genomes. The first image shows the cell with the 2 pronuclei still present before fusion enclosed within the zona pellucida. These two pronuclei contain the parental genomes and are reprogrammed separately, and also have different epigenetic changes at this early zygote stage.
In humans, this cell then undergoes a series of mitotic cell divisions, still enclosed within the zona pellucida, during the first few days of development to form 2 blastomeres then a solid cell mass called the morula.
Zygote Links: Carnegie stage 1 | Fertilization | Week 1 | Morula | Blastocyst | ART | SCNT | Category:Zygote |
Some Recent Findings
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Human Zygote Size
Parental Pronuclei
- Maternal pronuclei - (oocyte) genome is inherited from the meiosis II oocyte where the chromosomes are condensed in a mitotic‐like state.
- Paternal pronuclei - (spermatozoa) genome is contributed by a compacted sperm chromatin that is remodeled upon fertilization. Chiefly by protamine removal and the original nucleosomal chromatin is established.
Parental Genomes
Animation based upon individual images of mouse maternal and paternal genomes.
Mouse zygote pronuclei | |
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Fluorescence[4] | DIC Optics showing pronuclear bodies[5] |
Nucleolar-Precursor Bodies
Most ribosomal DNA located around the Nucleolar-Precursor Bodies (NPBs), with some associated with pericentromeric filaments (extending from the NPBs towards the nuclear periphery) as well as rDNA signals joining two NPBs.[6]
Formation of Zygote
- male and female pronuclei, 2 nuclei approach each other and nuclear membranes break down
- DNA replicates, first mitotic division
- sperm contributes centriole which organizes mitotic spindle
Movie - Pronuclear Fusion | Movie - Parental Genomes
Conceptus - term refers to all material derived from this fertilized zygote and includes both the embryo and the non-embryonic tissues (placenta, fetal membranes).
Zygote Protein Expression
Maternally inherited Yes-associated protein (Yap), a co-activator of TEAD family transcription factors, plays a key role in activating embryonic transcription following fertilization in the mouse. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in the mouse tubal fluid binds to its G-protein coupled receptor at the plasma membrane, and induces the activation of YAP by inhibiting LATS1/2.[7] Developmental Signals - Hippo
The table above shows the pattern of protein expression (as percentages of total) in the mouse zygote according to 14 molecular function categories.[8]
- Links: Germinal vesicle oocyte protein expression | MII oocyte protein expression | Zygote Protein Expression | Mouse Development | Oocyte Development | Zygote
Male Pronucleus Reprogramming
Mouse zygote paternal genome reprogramming[4]
Mouse zygotes male pronucleus contains 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) thought to be formed by enzymatic oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC).
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Mouse zygote mitosis[4]
References
- ↑ Niakan KK & Eggan K. (2013). Analysis of human embryos from zygote to blastocyst reveals distinct gene expression patterns relative to the mouse. Dev. Biol. , 375, 54-64. PMID: 23261930 DOI.
- ↑ Silvestre F, Gallo A, Cuomo A, Covino T & Tosti E. (2011). Role of cyclic AMP in the maturation of Ciona intestinalis oocytes. Zygote , 19, 365-71. PMID: 20810008 DOI.
- ↑ Li CB, Wang ZD, Zheng Z, Hu LL, Zhong SQ & Lei L. (2011). Number of blastomeres and distribution of microvilli in cloned mouse embryos during compaction. Zygote , 19, 271-6. PMID: 20735894 DOI.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Iqbal K, Jin SG, Pfeifer GP & Szabó PE. (2011). Reprogramming of the paternal genome upon fertilization involves genome-wide oxidation of 5-methylcytosine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 108, 3642-7. PMID: 21321204 DOI.
- ↑ Singer AB & Gall JG. (2011). An inducible nuclear body in the Drosophila germinal vesicle. Nucleus , 2, 403-9. PMID: 21941118 DOI.
- ↑ Aguirre-Lavin T, Adenot P, Bonnet-Garnier A, Lehmann G, Fleurot R, Boulesteix C, Debey P & Beaujean N. (2012). 3D-FISH analysis of embryonic nuclei in mouse highlights several abrupt changes of nuclear organization during preimplantation development. BMC Dev. Biol. , 12, 30. PMID: 23095683 DOI.
- ↑ Yu C, Ji SY, Dang YJ, Sha QQ, Yuan YF, Zhou JJ, Yan LY, Qiao J, Tang F & Fan HY. (2016). Oocyte-expressed yes-associated protein is a key activator of the early zygotic genome in mouse. Cell Res. , 26, 275-87. PMID: 26902285 DOI.
- ↑ Wang S, Kou Z, Jing Z, Zhang Y, Guo X, Dong M, Wilmut I & Gao S. (2010). Proteome of mouse oocytes at different developmental stages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 107, 17639-44. PMID: 20876089 DOI.
Journals
- Zygote An international journal dedicated to the rapid publication of original research in early embryology, Zygote covers interdisciplinary studies in animals and humans, from gametogenesis through fertilization to gastrulation.
Reviews
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June 2010 "zygote" All (6213) Review (651) Free Full Text (1543)
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 15) Embryology Zygote. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Zygote
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G