User:Z5020373

Student Information (expand to read)
Individual Assessments
Please leave this template on top of your student page as I will add your assessment items here. Beginning your online work - Working Online in this course Make your own page. Log-in to the embryology website using your student ID and Zpass. Click your student number (shown in red at the top right of the screen following log-in) Create page using the tab at the top of the page, and save. Add the following to the top of your page exactly as shown - {{ANAT2341Student2016}} How would you identify your Type in a group and add to your page. What was the most interesting thing you learnt in the fertilisation lecture? If you have done the above correctly your ZID should be blue and not red on this page link - ANAT2341 2016 Students. Here is the example page I made in Lab 1 Student Page. With a few more explanatory notes. Click here to email Dr Mark Hill Editing Links: Editing Basics | Images | Tables | Referencing | Journal Searches | Copyright | Font Colours | Virtual Slide Permalink | My Preferences | One Page Wiki Card | Printing | Movies | Language Translation | Student Movies | Using OpenOffice | Internet Browsers | Moodle | Navigation/Contribution | Term Link | Short URLs | 2018 Test Student
Lab 1 Assessment - Researching a Topic
In the lab I showed you how to find the PubMed reference database and search it using a topic word. Lab 1 assessment will be for you to use this to find a research reference on "fertilization" and write a brief summary of the main finding of the paper. Add a new Sub-heading "Lab 1 Assessment" (without the quotes). Search the database for a reference on "fertilisation" published in the last 5 years. It must be a research article not a Review. The full paper must be available online, not just the abstract. Add a link to this reference using its PMID using this code <pubmed>XXXXX</pubmed> replacing the Xs with just the PMID number (no text). Under the reference write a short summary of the papers main findings. Only 1-2 paragraphs. Must not be a copy of the paper abstract. Save and you are done.
Lab 2 Assessment - Uploading an Image
Upload a research image using the guide information below. The image uploaded for your individual assessment can relate to your project or from fertilisation to week 3 of development (upload only a single image). Add that image to your own individual page (see Images) including an image title and its reference link. No two students should upload the same image, check new images before you upload. No student can delete an image once uploaded, please contact me by email with the image address and I will delete (with no penalty, just glad to help out). 2016 Group Project Topic - Signaling in Development OK you are now in a group Go to the blank group page and add a topic that interests you along with your student signature. No two groups can do the same topic, but at this stage the final topic has not yet been decided (next week). Initially the topic can be as specific or as broad as you want. Chicken embryo E-cad and P-cad gastrulation References
Lab 4 Assessment - GIT Quiz
ANAT2341 Quiz Example | Category:Quiz | ANAT2341 Student 2015 Quiz Questions | Design 4 quiz questions based upon gastrointestinal tract. Add the quiz to your own page under Lab 4 assessment and provide a sub-sub-heading on the topic of the quiz. An example is shown below (open this page in view code or edit mode). Note that it is not just how you ask the question, but also how you explain the correct answer.
Lab 5 Assessment - Course Review
Complete the course review questionnaire and add the fact you have completed to your student page.
Lab 6 Assessment - Cleft Lip and Palate
Identify a known genetic mutation that is associated with cleft lip or palate. Identify a recent research article on this gene. How does this mutation affect developmental signalling in normal development.
Lab 7 Assessment - Muscular Dystrophy
What is/are the dystrophin mutation(s)? What is the function of dystrophin? What other tissues/organs are affected by this disorder? What therapies exist for DMD? What animal models are available for muscular dystrophy?
Lab 8 Assessment - Quiz
A brief quiz was held in the practical class on urogenital development.
Lab 9 Assessment - Peer Assessment
This will form part of your individual assessment for the course. Each student should now look at each of the other Group projects in the class. Next prepare a critical assessment (should include both positive and negative issues) of each project using the project group assessment criteria. This assessment should be pasted without signature on the top of the specific project's discussion page. (minimum length 3-5 paragraphs/project) This critical assessment should also be pasted on your own student page. Each student should therefore have 5 separate reports pasted on their own page for this assessment item. Length, quality and accuracy of your reports will be part of the overall mark for this assessment. there will be a greater loading on this than simple question assessments.
Lab 10 Assessment - Stem Cells
As part of the assessment for this course, you will give a 15 minutes journal club presentation in Lab 10. For this you will in your current student group discuss a recent (published after 2011) original research article (not a review!) on stem cell biology or technology. Lab 10 - Stem Cell Presentations 2016 Group Mark Assessor General Comments Group 1: 15/20 Group 2: 19/20 Group 3: 20/20 Group 4: 19/20 Group 5: 16/20 Group 6: 16/20 The students put great effort in their presentation and we heard a nice variety of studies in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine today. The interaction after the presentation was great. As general feedback I would like to advise students to: Never discuss M&M as a separate section in journal clubs. I gave this advice prior to the lab, but still most groups did talk through the M&M section. Do not use your slides as cheat sheets, avoid text on slides, know what messages you need to get across, use images to illustrate these Engage with your slides. Talk through them. Point at panels. Gauge your audience’s understanding by making eye contact with them Avoid using abbreviations. Most people do not readily understand these and will lose track
Lab 11 Assessment - Heart Development
Read the following recent review article on heart repair and from the reference list identify a cited research article and write a brief summary of the paper's main findings. Then describe how the original research result was used in the review article. <pubmed>26932668</pubmed>Development
ANAT2341Lectures - Textbook chapters   Lecture (Timetable) Textbook - The Developing Human Textbook - Larsen's Human Embryology Embryology Introduction Introduction to the Developing Human Fertilization First Week of Human Development Gametogenesis, Fertilization, and First Week Week 1 and 2 Second Week of Human Development Second Week: Becoming Bilaminar and Fully Implanting Week 3 Third Week of Human Development Third Week: Becoming Trilaminar and Establishing Body Axes Mesoderm Fourth to Eighth Weeks of Human Development Fourth Week: Forming the Embryo Ectoderm Nervous System Development of the Central Nervous System Early Vascular Cardiovascular System Development of the Vasculature Placenta Placenta and Fetal Membranes Development of the Vasculature Endoderm - GIT Alimentary System Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract Respiratory Respiratory System Development of the Respiratory System and Body Cavities Head Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck Development of the Pharyngeal Apparatus and Face Neural Crest Nervous System Development of the Peripheral Nervous System Musculoskeletal Muscular System Development of the Musculoskeletal System Limb Development of Limbs Development of the Limbs Renal Urogenital System Development of the Urinary System Genital Urogenital System Development of the Urinary System Stem Cells Integumentary Integumentary System Development of the Skin and Its Derivatives Endocrine Covered through various chapters (see also alternate text), read head and neck, neural crest and renal chapters. Endocrinology Textbook - Chapter Titles   Nussey S. and Whitehead S. Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach (2001) Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers; ISBN-10: 1-85996-252-1. Chapter 1. Principles of endocrinology Chapter 2. The endocrine pancreas Chapter 3. The thyroid gland Chapter 4. The adrenal gland Chapter 5. The parathyroid glands and vitamin D Chapter 6. The gonad Chapter 7. The pituitary gland Chapter 8. Cardiovascular and renal endocrinology Full Table of Contents Heart Cardiovascular System Development of the Heart Sensory Development of Eyes and Ears Development of the Eyes Fetal Fetal Period Fetal Development and the Fetus as Patient Birth and Revision Additional Textbook Content - The following concepts also form part of the theory material covered throughout the course. Principles and Mechanisms of Morphogenesis and Dysmorphogenesis Common Signaling Pathways Used During Development Human Birth Defect ANAT2341 Course Timetable   Week (Mon) Lecture 1 (Mon 1-2pm) Lecture 2 (Tue 3-4pm) Practical (Fri 1-3pm) Week 2 (1 Aug) Introduction Fertilization Lab 1 Week 3 (8 Aug) Week 1 and 2 Week 3 Lab 2 Week 4 (15 Aug) Mesoderm Ectoderm Lab 3 Week 5 (22 Aug) Early Vascular Placenta Lab 4 Week 6 (29 Aug) Gastrointestinal Respiratory Lab 5 Week 7 (5 Sep) Head Neural Crest Lab 6 Week 8 (12 Sep) Musculoskeletal Limb Development Lab 7 Week 9 (19 Sep) Renal Genital Lab 8 Mid-semester break Week 10 (3 Oct) Public Holiday Stem Cells Lab 9 Week 11 (10 Oct) Integumentary Endocrine Lab 10 Week 12 (17 Oct) Heart Sensory Lab 11 Week 13 (24 Oct) Fetal Birth and Revision Lab 12 ANAT2341 2016: Moodle page | ECHO360 | Textbooks | Students 2016 | Projects 2016

Team role: Resource investigator

After reading about the various team roles, I have concluded that I am probably the Resource Investigator in any team situation. I am usually very enthusiastic about new projects, and I like to search about the internet for articles or research papers. By the end of it I find myself hoarding all these articles into a folder. I do like to build on ideas rather than create them which is something I identified with in the description. I always have a positive attitude and I like connecting people because it makes me happy to see everyone working together.

Fertilisation

The most interesting thing I found about this lecture would probably be learning about the polar bodies. Up until this lecture I never really gave it much thought as to where the extra DNA from meiosis goes, so finding about the existence of not 2, but 3 polar bodies was really interesting. I also thought that the Zona Pellucida protein (ZP2) is a very fascinating but smart mechanism to make human spermatozoa species specific.

Mark Hill 4 August 2016 - Thank you for adding this content before the lab. I would suggest that rather than using a template that you simply paste on this current page with separate subheadings for each lab/assessment item. Also please no names, just your student number.

Lab 1

Lab Attendance

Z5020373 (talk) 14:36, 5 August 2016 (AEST)

Lab Demonstrations

External Link

SMH

Internal Link

https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/2011_Lab_1

ANAT2341 Lab 1

Student Page

Referencing

fertilization

PMID 27486280

Lab 1 Assessment

<pubmed>27123200</pubmed>

This research article explores whether choosing to a conduct embryo transfer (ET) on a weekend or weekday will affect the success of clinical pregnancy in IVF procedures. In the study, ET transfers were performed on either weekdays or weekends in patients with similar clinical characteristics, such as age, body-mass index and duration of infertility. Clinical pregnancy was determined using blood pregnancy tests and ultrasound examination and was defined as the “presence of a gestational sac with a foetal heart beat.” After the ETs, the authors found that there was an overall 42.8% success rate of clinical pregnancy in patients from both groups, with a 14.6% increase in the pregnancy rate when weekend ETs where compared to weekday ETs. The study however, did not examine any possible reasons to explain this increase in implantation rate although a few potential factors were discussed from previous findings in this area of research. These included endometrial receptivity which occurs 5 days after the post-ovulatory progesterone surge. The article mentioned that uterine receptivity and implantation could be affected by the junctional zone. The extent of junctional zone contractility differs throughout the ovarian cycle and an increased contractility just before ET has been previously shown to significantly decrease the likelihood of successful implantation. Since weekends are more relaxing than weekdays they suggest a possible correlation between that and reduced junctional zone contractions leading to easier ETs. Therefore from this study, it was concluded that ETs performed during the weekends are more successful than those performed during the weekdays identifying a potential factor that can improve ETs in IVF situations.

Mark Hill (talk) 14:24, 15 August 2016 (AEST) - This is a good summary of a paper that looks at potential environmental/endocrine effects on reproductive fertility. You needed to put the reference at the top rather than just the PMID number, fix this and you can get this full mark for the exercise. Mark Hill 18 August 2016 - You did not fix, so I have adjusted the final mark.

Assessment 4/5

Lab 2

Lab Attendance

Z5020373 (talk) 14:41, 12 August 2016 (AEST)

Lab 2 Assessment

Chicken embryo amion fold development

Mark Hill 14:24, 15 August 2016 (AEST) - Very good, the image relates to early development and contains the reference, copyright and student template. (5/5)

Lab 3

Lab Attendance

Z5020373 (talk) 13:53, 19 August 2016 (AEST)

Mark Hill 31 August 2016 - Lab 3 Assessment Quiz - Mesoderm and Ectoderm development. Question 2 - paraxial Question 3 - brain vesicles Question 4 - brain flexures

Assessment 2.5/5

Lab 4

Lab Attendance

Z5020373 (talk) 13:02, 26 August 2016 (AEST)

Lab 4 Assessment

Take the Quiz

Make your selection for all questions before clicking submit.

Point added for a correct answer:
Points for an incorrect answer:
Ignore the questions' coefficients:

1 How many rotations does the stomach undergo during GIT development in week 4 to 5?

	1
	2
	3
	4

2 Following the degeneration of the buccopharyngeal membrane, the foregut is open to which cavity?

	The peritoneal cavity
	The chorionic cavity
	The yolk sac
	The amniotic cavity

3 Which one of these is not an abnormality that can occur during the proliferation and re-canalisation of the gut tube?

	Occlusion
	Meckel's diverticulum
	Duplication
	Stenosis

4 During week 4 in GIT development:

	The cloacal membrane is broken down while the buccopharyngeal membrane remains intact
	The buccopharyngeal membrane is broken down while the cloacal membrane remains intact
	Both the buccopharyngeal and cloacal membranes break down simultaneously
	Both the buccopharyngeal and cloacal membranes remain intact.

Lab 5

Lab Attendance

Z5020373 (talk) 13:11, 2 September 2016 (AEST)

Lab 5 Assessment

Questionaire completed and submitted Z5020373 (talk) 13:17, 9 September 2016 (AEST)

Lab 6

Lab Attendance

Z5020373 (talk) 13:05, 9 September 2016 (AEST)

Lab 6 Assessment

<pubmed>25382630</pubmed> Cleft palate arises when the bilateral palatal shelves fail to fuse. Many genetic and environmental factors have been identified to contribute to this deformity. One genetic mutation associated with cleft palate is the loss transforming growth factor-beta receptor (TGF-βR). A recent article by Hill et al. demonstrated that loss of TGF-βR3 reduced the expression of several ligands and receptors in the TGF-β/BMP family, including three TGF-β ligands and BMP2. During embryonic development, these molecules are involved in cell growth and differentiation.

A loss of TGF-β/BMP signaling, by receptor loss was found to be associated with cleft palate formation due to aberrant cell cycle progression and altered gene expression. Furthermore changes to TGF-β/BMP signaling also interrupted vascular development and remodeling as well as osteogenic differentiation during palate formation. TGF-βR3 is therefore essential for maintaining the expression of TGF-β and BMP molecules and without this receptor processes of palatal shelf elongation, elevation and fusion are disrupted leading to cleft palate.

Lab 7

Lab Attendance

Z5020373 (talk) 13:05, 16 September 2016 (AEST)

Lab 7 Assessment

1. What is/are the dystrophin mutation(s)?

• • The dystrophin gene is located on the short arm of the X chromosome at position 21.2.
  • It is the largest gene found in nature spanning 1.5% of the X-chromosome which is about 2.5 Mb of genomic sequence.
  • Its size could explain why it is so susceptible to spontaneous mutations.
  • Encodes for Dystrophin protein.
  • Mutations such as large deletions (60-70% of DMD cases), large duplications (10% of DMD cases) and point mutations (15-30% of DMD cases) can occur resulting in gene inactivation (therefore loss of function).

2. What is the function of dystrophin?

• • Dystrophin is part of a protein complex that work together to strengthen muscle fibers and protect them from injury as muscles contract and relax.
  • Dystrophin complex acts as an anchor, connecting each muscle cell's structural framework (cytoskeleton) with the lattice of proteins and other molecules outside the cell (extracellular matrix).
  • May also play a role in cell signaling by interacting with proteins that send and receive chemical signals e.g. in alpha-syntrophin.

3. What other tissues/organs are affected by this disorder?

• • Muscle (skeletal, cardiac and smooth): fatigue, difficulty with motor skills
  • Respiratory system: pneumonia
  • Cardiac system: cardiac myopathy
  • Central Nervous system (CNS): neurobehavioural disorders e.g. ADHD and dyslexia

4. What therapies exist for DMD?

• • There is no cure available for DMD, and the current interventions are based on preventing further muscle wasting and management of symptoms and complications
  • Treatments include:
    • Physical therapy
    • Orthopedic appliances
    • Medication:
      • Two corticosteroids mainly used in DMD treatment are Prednisone/Prednisolone and Deflazacort, an oxazoline derivative of prednisolone, administered by two common regimens: daily and intermittent
      • Prednisone and prednisolone show an anti-inflammatory effect
    • Deflazacort acts on muscle regeneration and differentiation
  • Future could include:
  • Cell-based therapies using stem cells to replace dystrophin gene (a potential cure).
    • Gene therapies to deliver a therapeutic gene to skeletal and cardiac muscle, in order to restore the dystrophin protein PMID
    • A study by Nelson et al. in 2016, showed that in vivo CRISPR-Cas9–mediated dystrophin restoration in mdx mouse model of DMD removed the mutated exon 23 from the dystrophin gene and improved muscle structure and function.

5. What animal models are available for muscular dystrophy?

• • The most widely used animal model for DMD is the mdx mouse, which has a spontaneous point mutation in exon 23 that causes the absence of the dystrophin protein in the muscle.
  • However, other animal models inlcude:
    • GRMD dog - Dystrophin-deficient dog
    • HFMD cat - Dystrophin-deficient cat (clinically a poor model)
  • This animal model allows testing ans screening of potential treatments and without these animal models, and without these animal models we would not have any known therapies today
  • For example, mdx in vivo studies have led to U.S. FDA approval of Exondys 51 (eteplirsen) injection, the first drug approved to treat patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Exondys 51 is specifically indicated for patients who have a confirmed mutation of the dystrophin gene amenable to exon 51 skipping, which affects about 13 percent of the population with DMD.