Lecture - Renal Development: Difference between revisions
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{{Header}} | |||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
[[File:Gray1127.jpg|thumb|Historic drawing of adult kidney]] | [[File:Gray1127.jpg|thumb|Historic drawing of adult kidney]] | ||
{| | {| | ||
|- | |||
| width=380px|<html5media height="520" width="360">File:Urogenital_sinus_001.mp4</html5media> | | width=380px|<html5media height="520" width="360">File:Urogenital_sinus_001.mp4</html5media> | ||
[[Urogenital Sinus Movie]] | [[Urogenital Sinus Movie|Urogenital Sinus Movie]] | ||
| | | '''Urogenital Sinus and Renal Development''' | ||
'''Urogenital Sinus and Renal Development''' | |||
This animation gives an overview of both early renal and genital (urogenital) development associated with the urogenital sinus. | |||
The paired adult kidneys filter blood, excrete waste, reabsorb water and have endocrine functions. In the embryo, there are several stages in their development closely linked to genital development. The nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, is also a classical epithelial/mesenchyme type of interaction. | The paired adult kidneys filter blood, excrete waste, reabsorb water and have endocrine functions. In the embryo, there are several stages in their development closely linked to genital development. The nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, is also a classical epithelial/mesenchyme type of interaction. | ||
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The urinary system is developmentally and anatomically associated with genital development, often described as the urogenital system. | The urinary system is developmentally and anatomically associated with genital development, often described as the urogenital system. | ||
<br> | |||
[[Media:ANAT2341Lecture 2018 - Renal Development.pdf|2018 Lecture - Print PDF]] | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Objectives == | ==Objectives == | ||
[[File:Stage 13 kidney sections.jpg|right]] | [[File:Stage 13 kidney sections.jpg|right]] | ||
Line 26: | Line 27: | ||
* Understand the development of the cloaca, ureter and bladder. | * Understand the development of the cloaca, ureter and bladder. | ||
* Brief understanding of abnormalities of the urinary system. | * Brief understanding of abnormalities of the urinary system. | ||
:::[[Renal Quiz|Take the Quiz]] | |||
==Lecture Resources== | ==Lecture Resources== | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | ||
! Movies | ! Movies | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
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|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | ||
! References | ! colspan=2|References | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{Embryo logocitation}} | | {{Embryo logocitation}} | ||
| | | | ||
{{Renal Links}} | {{Renal Links}} [https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Renal_Development&oldid=310836 2017] | [https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Renal_Development&oldid=248162 2016] | [[Media:Lecture 2016 - Renal Development.pdf|2016 PDF]] | [https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Renal_Development&oldid=247970 2015] | [[Media:2015ANAT2341_Lecture_15_-_Renal Development.pdf|2015 PDF]] | | ||
[https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Renal_Development&oldid=144814 2014] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Renal_Development&oldid=125206 2013] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Renal_Development&oldid=108041 2012] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Renal_Development&oldid=72417 2011] | [https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Renal_Development&oldid=144814 2014] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Renal_Development&oldid=125206 2013] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Renal_Development&oldid=108041 2012] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Renal_Development&oldid=72417 2011] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ | | {{MPT2015cover_citation}} | ||
| The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection. | | The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection. | ||
* [http:// | * [http://ebookcentral.proquest.com.wwwproxy1.library.unsw.edu.au/lib/unsw/reader.action?docID=2074364&ppg=329 Urogenital System] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ | | [[File:Larsen's human embryology 5th ed.jpg|50px]]{{Larsen2015APAcitation}} | ||
| The following chapter links only work with | | The following chapter links only work with UNSW Library subscription (with student Zpass log-in). | ||
* [http://ebookcentral.proquest.com.wwwproxy1.library.unsw.edu.au/lib/unsw/reader.action?docID=2074524&ppg=393 Development of the Urinary System] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Endocrinology - An Integrated Approach.png|80px]] | | [[File:Endocrinology - An Integrated Approach.png|80px]] | ||
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* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A972/ Chapter 6. The gonad] | * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A972/ Chapter 6. The gonad] | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | ||
! | ! 2016 Lecture Video Recording | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | This 2016 lecture video recording is similar in content to the current 2017 online lecture. | ||
<html5media height="600" width="800">File:2016Lecture-Renal.mp4</html5media> | |||
Click to play new window - [[Media:2016Lecture-Renal.mp4|'''2016 Lecture Video''']] (50 MB) | |||
|} | |} | ||
== Background== | == Background== | ||
* | * {{mesoderm}} - then intermediate mesoderm | ||
* {{Endoderm}} - cloaca, urogenital sinus, hindgut, allantois | |||
* Vascular Development | * Vascular Development | ||
* Gastrointestional | * Gastrointestional | ||
* Cloacal development | * Cloacal development | ||
* Endocrine - covered in future lecture/lab | * {{Endocrine}} - covered in future lecture/lab | ||
==Renal Anatomy== | ==Renal Anatomy== | ||
[[File:Nephron histology.jpg|thumb|Nephron histology]] | [[File:Nephron histology.jpg|thumb|Nephron histology]] | ||
Each adult human kidney typically contains about 750,000 nephrons, though the total number can vary significantly from as few as 250,000 to as many as 2,000,000. | |||
Kidney | |||
* Nephron - Functional unit of kidney | * Nephron - Functional unit of kidney | ||
* Humans up to 1 million | * Humans up to 1 million | ||
Line 78: | Line 90: | ||
* Endocrine | * Endocrine | ||
* Blood pressure regulation | * Blood pressure regulation | ||
* | Urine Transport/Storage | ||
* Ureter - transport to bladder | |||
* | * Urinary Bladder - storage | ||
* Urethra - transport to exterior | |||
Germ layers | Germ layers | ||
* Endoderm - lining bladder also lines allantois | * Endoderm - lining bladder also lines allantois | ||
* Mesoderm - Intermediate mesoderm (lies between somites and lateral plate) | * Mesoderm - Intermediate mesoderm (lies between somites and lateral plate) | ||
* Ectoderm - innervation | * Ectoderm - innervation | ||
==Intermediate Mesoderm== | ==Intermediate Mesoderm== | ||
{| | |||
| | |||
* development occurs laterally symmetrical (left right) | * development occurs laterally symmetrical (left right) | ||
* intermediate mesoderm lying beside the '''dorsal aorta''' | * intermediate mesoderm lying beside the '''dorsal aorta''' | ||
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* the mesonephric duct then extends within the mesoderm, rostro-caudally | * the mesonephric duct then extends within the mesoderm, rostro-caudally | ||
* eventually making contact with the '''cloaca''' | * eventually making contact with the '''cloaca''' | ||
| width=205px|[[File:Stage7_intermediate-mesoderm.jpg|200px]] | |||
'''Intermediate mesoderm''' (dark orange) lies outside paraxial mesoderm (pale orange) Week 3 embryonic disc. | |||
|} | |||
==Mesonephric Duct== | ==Mesonephric Duct== | ||
* Begins as the pronephric duct. | |||
* Mesonephros development becomes the mesonephric duct. | |||
* Gives off lateral branches, the utereric bud. | |||
* Grows within intermediate mesoderm to fuse with the cloaca. | |||
* Mesonephric duct finally forms the male internal genital tract. | |||
In development, both the mesonephric duct and the cloaca continue to differentiate and undergo extensive remodelling (and renaming) | |||
=== | Mesonephric duct forms - epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle | ||
===Ureteric Bud=== | |||
* arise near the cloacal connection of the mesonephric duct | * arise near the cloacal connection of the mesonephric duct | ||
* branch from the mesonephric duct laterally into the intermediate mesoderm | * branch from the mesonephric duct laterally into the intermediate mesoderm | ||
* induce the surrounding mesoderm to differentiate - metanephric blastema | * induce the surrounding mesoderm to differentiate - metanephric blastema | ||
** this mesoderm will in turn signal back to differentiate the | ** this mesoderm will in turn signal back to differentiate the ureteric bud | ||
'''Epithelial - mesenchymal interaction''' | '''Epithelial - mesenchymal interaction''' | ||
Ureteric Bud forms - ureter, pelvis, calyces, collecting ducts | |||
===Metanephric Blastema=== | ===Metanephric Blastema=== | ||
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==Nephros Development== | ==Nephros Development== | ||
The 3 main stages and pairs | The 3 main stages and pairs form in sequence within the intermediate mesoderm: | ||
# pronephros | # pronephros | ||
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===Pronephros=== | ===Pronephros=== | ||
* week 4 few cells in cervical region fish | * week 3-4 few cells in cervical region (fish type kidney) | ||
* Human | * [[Carnegie stage 9|Human E19]], Mouse {{ME7.5}} - pronephric duct forms first with associated nephrogenic mesenchyme | ||
* grows rostro caudally cervical -> cloaca | * grows rostro caudally cervical -> cloaca | ||
* E22 nephrogenic mesenchyme differentiates to form pronephroi not functional in mammals degenerates rapidly | * [[Carnegie stage 10|Human E22]] nephrogenic mesenchyme differentiates to form pronephroi not functional in mammals, degenerates rapidly | ||
<br> | |||
{| | |||
| [[File:Stage9 bf1a.jpg|150px]] | |||
| [[File:Stage9 sem2a.jpg|250px]] | |||
|} | |||
===Mesonephros=== | ===Mesonephros=== | ||
[[File:Stage 13 kidney sections 2.jpg|thumb|Stage 13 mesonephros]] | [[File:Stage 13 kidney sections 2.jpg|thumb|Stage 13 mesonephros]] | ||
[[File:Stage22 mesonephros.jpg|thumb|Stage 22 mesonephros]] | [[File:Stage22 mesonephros.jpg|thumb|Stage 22 mesonephros]] | ||
* Human E24, Mouse | * [[Carnegie stage 11|Human E24]], Mouse {{ME9.5}} caudal to pronephros | ||
* forms by induction from pronephros | * forms by induction from pronephros | ||
* pronephric duct now becomes mesonephric duct (also called Wolffian Duct) | * '''pronephric duct''' now becomes '''mesonephric duct''' (also called Wolffian Duct) | ||
<br> | |||
{{Gastrointestinal stage 13 movie}} | |||
===Metanephros=== | ===Metanephros=== | ||
* Human E35-37, Mouse E11 epithelia bud at end of mesonephric duct | * [[Carnegie stage 15|Human E35-37]], Mouse E11 epithelia bud at end of mesonephric duct ureteric bud and associated metanephric mesenchyme. | ||
* This will eventually form the adult kidney. | |||
{{Urogenital stage 22 movie}} | |||
=== | ===Ureteric Bud=== | ||
* extends laterally from the mesonephric duct | |||
* induced by metanephric mesenchyme to differentiate | * induced by metanephric mesenchyme to differentiate | ||
* forms collecting tubules, renal pelvis, ureter | * forms collecting tubules, renal pelvis, ureter | ||
* | ===Metanephric Mesenchyme=== | ||
* the intermediate mesoderm lying at the tip of the ureteric bud. | |||
* induced by ureteric bud to differentiate forms nephron | |||
===Week 5 and Week 8=== | ===Week 5 and Week 8=== | ||
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'''Legend''' | '''Legend''' | ||
* <font color=purple>''' | * <font color=purple>'''Ureteric Bud'''</font> - developing ureter, pelvis, calyces, collecting ducts | ||
* <font color=salmon>'''Metanephric Blastema''' (intermediate mesoderm)</font> - developing glomeruli, capsule, nephron tubules | * <font color=salmon>'''Metanephric Blastema''' (intermediate mesoderm)</font> - developing glomeruli, capsule, nephron tubules | ||
Line 194: | Line 224: | ||
# '''maturation''' (M) stage (infants aged 1-6 months) | # '''maturation''' (M) stage (infants aged 1-6 months) | ||
'''Links:''' [[ | |||
'''Links:''' [[Nephron Development Movie|Nephron Movie]] | [[Urogenital Sinus Movie|Urogenital Sinus Movie]] | [[Renal System Development]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===Early morphogenesis=== | ===Early morphogenesis=== | ||
{| | |||
| | |||
* cyst invaginates twice to form a comma | * cyst invaginates twice to form a comma | ||
* then a S-shaped body one invagination site later becomes the glomerular cleft | * then a S-shaped body one invagination site later becomes the glomerular cleft | ||
* At about this time blood vessel progenitors invade cleft to begin construction of vascular component of glomerulus | * At about this time blood vessel progenitors invade cleft to begin construction of vascular component of glomerulus | ||
* Tubule maturation specialised transporting segments of nephron differentiate complex of convoluted tubules is created | * Tubule maturation specialised transporting segments of nephron differentiate complex of convoluted tubules is created | ||
| [[File:Renal - podocyte development 01.jpg|300px]] | |||
[[File:Glomerular podocyte cartoon.jpg| | Renal - podocyte development | ||
|} | |||
{| | |||
! Glomerulus Development | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=4|[[File:Glomerular podocyte cartoon.jpg|800px]] | |||
|- | |||
! width=200px|S-shaped stage | |||
! width=200px|Head-shaped stage | |||
! width=200px|Capillary loop stage | |||
! width=200px|Mature glomerulus | |||
|- | |||
| valign=top|Developing podocytes acquire podocyte markers and blood vessels and mesenchyme invade (arrow). The podocytes (round nuclei) separate from the parietal epithelial cells (triangular nuclei) forming what will become Bowman's space. | |||
| valign=top|the glomerulus now consists of a ball of cell surrounded by developing podocytes. | |||
| valign=top|this stage of glomerular development includes the infolding of the surface layer in order to enlarge the area available for filtration as well as the development of foot processes that interdigitate between podocytes and abut the underlying GBM which is being synthesized as a collaboration between the podocyte and underlying endothelial and mesangial cells. | |||
| valign=top|the mature glomerulus has maximized filtration surface area by developing intertwining finger-like projections coated by fenestrated endothelial cells on the inside, a specialized strong thin GBM in the middle, and interdigitating podocyte foot processes connected by slit diaphragms on the outer surface. | |||
|} | |||
===Adult nephron structure=== | ===Adult nephron structure=== | ||
{| | |||
|Key structure of the adult nephron is the glomerulus (renal corpuscle), which represents the vascular/renal interface. | |||
* mean glomerular number shown to level at 36 weeks | * mean glomerular number shown to level at 36 weeks | ||
** about 15,000 | ** 15 weeks - about 15,000 | ||
** about 740,000 | ** 40 weeks - about 740,000 | ||
'''Related Images:''' [[:File:Nephron_histology.jpg|Nephron histology overview]] | [[:File:Nephron_histology 01.jpg|glomerulus structure]] | [[:File:Nephron_histology 02.jpg|vascular and renal poles]] | '''Related Images:''' [[:File:Nephron_histology.jpg|Nephron histology overview]] | [[:File:Nephron_histology 01.jpg|glomerulus structure]] | [[:File:Nephron_histology 02.jpg|vascular and renal poles]] | ||
| [[File:Nephron_histology_01.jpg|200px]] | |||
Glomerulus structure | |||
| [[File:Nephron_histology_02.jpg|200px]] | |||
Vascular and renal poles | |||
|} | |||
==Renal Vascular== | ==Renal Vascular== | ||
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===Renal Venous=== | ===Renal Venous=== | ||
These vascular changes embryonic to adult shown below are shown for information purposes and not assessable. | |||
{| | {| | ||
| [[File:Embryo_renal_venous_cartoon.jpg|300px]] | | [[File:Embryo_renal_venous_cartoon.jpg|300px]] | ||
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* Renin - Increase Angiotensin-aldosterone system | * Renin - Increase Angiotensin-aldosterone system | ||
* Prostaglandins - decrease Na+ reabsorption | * Prostaglandins - decrease Na+ reabsorption | ||
* Erythropoietin - | * Erythropoietin - (Epo) increase erythrocyte (rbc) production | ||
* 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D - Calcium homeostasis | * 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D - Calcium homeostasis | ||
* Prekallikreins - (plasma protein inactive precursor of kallikrein) Increase kinin production (altered vascular permeability) | * Prekallikreins - (plasma protein inactive precursor of kallikrein) | ||
** Increase kinin production (altered vascular permeability) | |||
[[Endocrine_-_Other_Tissues#Endocrine_Kidney|Endocrine Kidney]] | |||
==Cloaca== | ==Cloaca== | ||
{| | |||
| | |||
* Endoderm (yellow) | |||
* hindgut region ending at the cloacal membrane | * hindgut region ending at the cloacal membrane | ||
* divided (ventro-dorsally) by the urogenital septum | * divided (ventro-dorsally) by the urogenital septum | ||
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** dorsal - rectum | ** dorsal - rectum | ||
{| | {{Renal overview movie}}{{Urogenital_septum_movie}} | ||
| [[File:Endoderm_cartoon.jpg|File:Endoderm development]] | |||
This cartoon sequence shows the changing organisation of the endoderm from week 3 to 5. | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Common urogenital sinus=== | ===Common urogenital sinus=== | ||
* Endoderm lining | |||
* superior end continuous with '''allantois''' | * superior end continuous with '''allantois''' | ||
* common urogenital sinus and mesonephric duct fuse (connect) | * common urogenital sinus and mesonephric duct fuse (connect) | ||
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===Urinary Bladder=== | ===Urinary Bladder=== | ||
{| | |||
* early origins of the bladder at the superior end of the common urogenital sinus | | | ||
* | * early origins of the bladder at the superior end of the common '''urogenital sinus''' | ||
* Septation of the claoca | * open inferiorly to the '''cloaca''' and superiorly to the '''allantois''' | ||
* | * Septation of the claoca divides | ||
** '''anterior region''' to the primordial '''bladder''' component | |||
** posterior region to the primordial rectal component | |||
* two '''ureters''' form from the ureteric bud | |||
* single '''urethra''' connects the bladder to exterior | |||
** different length in male (longer) and females (shorter) | |||
* Ultrasound measurement of the bladder size can be used as a diagnostic tool for developmental abnormalities. | |||
| [[File:Adult_bladder.jpg|300px]] | |||
Adult bladder | |||
|} | |||
===Bladder Structure=== | ===Bladder Structure=== | ||
{| | |||
! width=300px|Histology | |||
* Serous - | | Adult histology | ||
! width=300px|Detrusor Muscle | |||
|- | |||
| Described anatomically by 4 layers from outside inward: | |||
* Serous - superior or abdominal surfaces and lateral surfaces of the bladder are covered by visceral peritoneum, the serous membrane (serosa) of the abdominal cavity, consisting of mesothelium and elastic fibrous connective tissue. | |||
* Muscular - the detrusor muscle is the muscle of the urinary bladder wall. | * Muscular - the detrusor muscle is the muscle of the urinary bladder wall. | ||
* Submucosa - connects the muscular layer with the mucous layer. | * Submucosa - connects the muscular layer with the mucous layer. | ||
* Mucosa - (mucus layer) a transitional epithelium layer formed into folds (rugae). | * Mucosa - (mucus layer) a transitional epithelium layer formed into folds (rugae). | ||
| [[File:Bladder histology.jpg|250px]] | |||
| Adult detrusor muscle consists of three layers of smooth (involuntary) muscle fibres. | |||
* external layer - fibres arranged longitudinally | |||
* middle layer - fibres arranged circularly | |||
* internal layer - fibres arranged longitudinally | |||
|} | |||
===Ureter Development=== | ===Ureter Development=== | ||
* | * Ureteric bud origin | ||
* Adult ureter is a thick-walled muscular tube, 25 - 30 cm in length, running from the kidney to the urinary bladder. | * Adult ureter is a thick-walled muscular tube, 25 - 30 cm in length, running from the kidney to the urinary bladder. | ||
* Anatomically two parts the abdominal part (pars abdominalis) and pelvic part (pars pelvina). | * Anatomically two parts the abdominal part (pars abdominalis) and pelvic part (pars pelvina). | ||
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==Abnormalities== | ==Abnormalities== | ||
[[File:Australian_abnormalities_pie_urogen.png| | [[File:Australian_abnormalities_pie_urogen.png|600px]] | ||
{{ICD Renal (Q60-Q64)}} | |||
===Horseshoe Kidney=== | ===Horseshoe Kidney=== | ||
{| | {| | ||
| [[File:Horseshoe kidney.jpg| | | [[File:Horseshoe kidney.jpg|500px]] | ||
| | | | ||
* fusion of the lower poles of the kidney. | * fusion of the lower poles of the kidney. | ||
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* Some horseshoe variations have been described as having associated ureter abnormalities including duplications. | * Some horseshoe variations have been described as having associated ureter abnormalities including duplications. | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Kidney Vascular=== | ===Kidney Vascular=== | ||
Supernumerary renal arteries | Supernumerary renal arteries | ||
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== Terms == | == Terms == | ||
{{Renal terms}} | |||
{{ | {{2018ANAT2341}} | ||
[[Category:Renal]] | [[Category:Renal]] |
Latest revision as of 09:37, 28 August 2018
Embryology - 16 Jun 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
<html5media height="520" width="360">File:Urogenital_sinus_001.mp4</html5media> | Urogenital Sinus and Renal Development
This animation gives an overview of both early renal and genital (urogenital) development associated with the urogenital sinus.
The urinary system is developmentally and anatomically associated with genital development, often described as the urogenital system.
|
Objectives
- Understand the 3 main stages of kidney development.
- Understand development of the nephron and renal papilla.
- Brief understanding of the mechanisms of nephron development.
- Understand the development of the cloaca, ureter and bladder.
- Brief understanding of abnormalities of the urinary system.
Lecture Resources
Movies | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
References | |
---|---|
Hill, M.A. (2020). UNSW Embryology (20th ed.) Retrieved June 16, 2024, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au | 2017 | 2016 | 2016 PDF | 2015 | 2015 PDF | |
Moore, K.L., Persaud, T.V.N. & Torchia, M.G. (2015). The developing human: clinically oriented embryology (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. | The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection. |
Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R., Francis-West, P.H. & Philippa H. (2015). Larsen's human embryology (5th ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. | The following chapter links only work with UNSW Library subscription (with student Zpass log-in). |
Nussey, S. and Whitehead, S. (2001). Endocrinology - An Integrated Approach. UK Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers. ISBN-10: 1-85996-252-1 |
Detailed Table of Contents | Bookshelf Link |
2016 Lecture Video Recording |
---|
This 2016 lecture video recording is similar in content to the current 2017 online lecture.
<html5media height="600" width="800">File:2016Lecture-Renal.mp4</html5media> Click to play new window - 2016 Lecture Video (50 MB) |
Background
- mesoderm - then intermediate mesoderm
- endoderm - cloaca, urogenital sinus, hindgut, allantois
- Vascular Development
- Gastrointestional
- Cloacal development
- endocrine - covered in future lecture/lab
Renal Anatomy
Each adult human kidney typically contains about 750,000 nephrons, though the total number can vary significantly from as few as 250,000 to as many as 2,000,000.
Kidney
- Nephron - Functional unit of kidney
- Humans up to 1 million
- Filtration of waste from blood
- Endocrine
- Blood pressure regulation
Urine Transport/Storage
- Ureter - transport to bladder
- Urinary Bladder - storage
- Urethra - transport to exterior
Germ layers
- Endoderm - lining bladder also lines allantois
- Mesoderm - Intermediate mesoderm (lies between somites and lateral plate)
- Ectoderm - innervation
Intermediate Mesoderm
|
Intermediate mesoderm (dark orange) lies outside paraxial mesoderm (pale orange) Week 3 embryonic disc. |
Mesonephric Duct
- Begins as the pronephric duct.
- Mesonephros development becomes the mesonephric duct.
- Gives off lateral branches, the utereric bud.
- Grows within intermediate mesoderm to fuse with the cloaca.
- Mesonephric duct finally forms the male internal genital tract.
In development, both the mesonephric duct and the cloaca continue to differentiate and undergo extensive remodelling (and renaming)
Mesonephric duct forms - epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle
Ureteric Bud
- arise near the cloacal connection of the mesonephric duct
- branch from the mesonephric duct laterally into the intermediate mesoderm
- induce the surrounding mesoderm to differentiate - metanephric blastema
- this mesoderm will in turn signal back to differentiate the ureteric bud
Epithelial - mesenchymal interaction
Ureteric Bud forms - ureter, pelvis, calyces, collecting ducts
Metanephric Blastema
- forms glomeruli, capsule, nephron tubules
- this development continues through fetal period
Nephros Development
The 3 main stages and pairs form in sequence within the intermediate mesoderm:
- pronephros
- mesonephros
- metanephros
Pronephros
- week 3-4 few cells in cervical region (fish type kidney)
- Human E19, Mouse E7.5 - pronephric duct forms first with associated nephrogenic mesenchyme
- grows rostro caudally cervical -> cloaca
- Human E22 nephrogenic mesenchyme differentiates to form pronephroi not functional in mammals, degenerates rapidly
Mesonephros
- Human E24, Mouse E9.5 caudal to pronephros
- forms by induction from pronephros
- pronephric duct now becomes mesonephric duct (also called Wolffian Duct)
GIT Stage 13 |
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Metanephros
- Human E35-37, Mouse E11 epithelia bud at end of mesonephric duct ureteric bud and associated metanephric mesenchyme.
- This will eventually form the adult kidney.
Urogenital |
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Ureteric Bud
- extends laterally from the mesonephric duct
- induced by metanephric mesenchyme to differentiate
- forms collecting tubules, renal pelvis, ureter
Metanephric Mesenchyme
- the intermediate mesoderm lying at the tip of the ureteric bud.
- induced by ureteric bud to differentiate forms nephron
Week 5 and Week 8
Embryo Stage 13 mesonephros (week 5) | Embryo Stage 22 metanephros (week 8) |
Fetal
Nephron
Nephron |
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Early Renal Development
Legend
- Ureteric Bud - developing ureter, pelvis, calyces, collecting ducts
- Metanephric Blastema (intermediate mesoderm) - developing glomeruli, capsule, nephron tubules
Development has four developmental stages:
- vesicle (V) stage (13-19 weeks)
- S-shaped body (S) stage ( 20-24 weeks)
- capillary loop (C) stage (25-29 weeks)
- maturation (M) stage (infants aged 1-6 months)
Links: Nephron Movie | Urogenital Sinus Movie | Renal System Development
Nephron Development
- disorganised mesenchymal cells become a highly organised epithelial tubule
- Condensation - groups of about 100 cells condense tightly together to form a distinct mass
- Epithelialisation - condensed cells lose their mesenchymal character and gain epithelial
- At end of this period formed a small epithelial cyst complete with a basement membrane, cell-cell junctions and a defined cellular apico-basal polarity.
Early morphogenesis
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Renal - podocyte development |
Glomerulus Development | |||
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S-shaped stage | Head-shaped stage | Capillary loop stage | Mature glomerulus |
Developing podocytes acquire podocyte markers and blood vessels and mesenchyme invade (arrow). The podocytes (round nuclei) separate from the parietal epithelial cells (triangular nuclei) forming what will become Bowman's space. | the glomerulus now consists of a ball of cell surrounded by developing podocytes. | this stage of glomerular development includes the infolding of the surface layer in order to enlarge the area available for filtration as well as the development of foot processes that interdigitate between podocytes and abut the underlying GBM which is being synthesized as a collaboration between the podocyte and underlying endothelial and mesangial cells. | the mature glomerulus has maximized filtration surface area by developing intertwining finger-like projections coated by fenestrated endothelial cells on the inside, a specialized strong thin GBM in the middle, and interdigitating podocyte foot processes connected by slit diaphragms on the outer surface. |
Adult nephron structure
Key structure of the adult nephron is the glomerulus (renal corpuscle), which represents the vascular/renal interface.
Related Images: Nephron histology overview | glomerulus structure | vascular and renal poles |
Glomerulus structure |
Vascular and renal poles |
Renal Vascular
Renal Arteries
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- Arise with ascent and inferior branches lost
- Sequential, 25% population have 2 or more renal arteries
- branch of abdominal aorta, divides into 4-5 branches
- each gives off small branches to suprarenal glands, ureter, surrounding cellular tissue and muscles
- Frequently a second renal artery (inferior renal) from abdominal aorta at a lower level, supplies lower portion of kidney.
Renal Venous
These vascular changes embryonic to adult shown below are shown for information purposes and not assessable.
Embryo renal venous | Adult renal venous |
Endocrine Kidney
Covered also in Endocrine Development lecture
- Renin - Increase Angiotensin-aldosterone system
- Prostaglandins - decrease Na+ reabsorption
- Erythropoietin - (Epo) increase erythrocyte (rbc) production
- 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D - Calcium homeostasis
- Prekallikreins - (plasma protein inactive precursor of kallikrein)
- Increase kinin production (altered vascular permeability)
Cloaca
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This cartoon sequence shows the changing organisation of the endoderm from week 3 to 5. |
Common urogenital sinus
- Endoderm lining
- superior end continuous with allantois
- common urogenital sinus and mesonephric duct fuse (connect)
- differentiates to form the bladder
- inferior end forms urethra
- this will be different in male and female development
Urinary Bladder
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Adult bladder |
Bladder Structure
Histology | Adult histology | Detrusor Muscle |
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Described anatomically by 4 layers from outside inward:
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Adult detrusor muscle consists of three layers of smooth (involuntary) muscle fibres.
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Ureter Development
- Ureteric bud origin
- Adult ureter is a thick-walled muscular tube, 25 - 30 cm in length, running from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
- Anatomically two parts the abdominal part (pars abdominalis) and pelvic part (pars pelvina).
- Ureter has three layers: outer fibrous layer (tunica adventitia), muscular layer (tunica muscularis) and mucous layer (tunica mucosa).
- The muscular layer can also be subdivided into 3 fibre layers: an external longitudinal, a middle circular, and an internal longitudinal.
Urethra Development
- Further development of the urinary system varies depending on the sex of the embryo.
- Males - the pelvic urethra forms the membranous urethra, the prostatic urethra and penile urethra. (The sex of the above animation and sections is male)
- Females - the pelvic urethra forms the membranous urethra and the vestibule of the vagina.
Abnormalities
ICD10 Congenital malformations of the urinary system (Q60-Q64) | ||||
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The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) World Health Organization's classification used worldwide as the standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management and clinical purposes. Includes this section on XVII Congenital Malformations. | ||||
Q60 Renal agenesis and other reduction defects of kidney
Incl.: atrophy of kidney: congenital infantile congenital absence of kidney
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Q61 Cystic kidney disease
Excl.: acquired cyst of kidney (N28.1) Potter's syndrome (60.6)
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Q62 Congenital obstructive defects of renal pelvis and congenital malformations of ureter
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Q63 Other congenital malformations of kidney
Excl.: congenital nephrotic syndrome (N04.-)
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Q64 Other congenital malformations of urinary system
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World Health Organisation. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. (1992) 10th Revision (ICD-10). Geneva: WHO ICD-10 - 2016 Online (English) | ||||
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ICD10 - Gastrointestinal | Genital | Renal | Integumentary |
Horseshoe Kidney
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Kidney Vascular
Supernumerary renal arteries
Supernumerary renal vein
Urorectal Septum Malformation
- thought to be a deficiency in caudal mesoderm which in turn leads to the malformation of the urorectal septum and other structures in the pelvic region.
- Recent research has also identified the potential presence of a persistent urachus prior to septation of the cloaca (common urogenital sinus).
Bladder
- absent or small bladder -
associated with renal agenesis.
Bladder Exstrophy
- developmental abnormality associated with bladder development.
- origins appear to occur not just by abnormal bladder development, but by a congenital malformation of the ventral wall of abdomen (between umbilicus and pubic symphysis).
- There may also be other anomolies associated with failure of closure of abdominal wall and bladder (epispadias, pubic bone anomolies).
Ureter and Urethra
- Ureter - Duplex Ureter
- Urethra- Urethral Obstruction and Hypospadias
Hydronephrosis
Polycystic Kidney Disease
- diffuse cystic malformation of both kidneys
- cystic malformations of liver and lung often associated, Often familial disposition
- Two types
- Infantile (inconsistent with prolonged survival)
- Adult (less severe and allows survival)
- Autosomal dominant PKD disease - recently identified at mutations in 2 different human genes encoding membrane proteins (possibly channels)
Wilms' Tumor
- (nephroblastoma) Named after Max Wilms, a German doctor who wrote first medical articles 1899
- most common type of kidney cancer children
- WT1 gene - encodes a zinc finger protein
- Both constitutional and somatic mutations disrupting the DNA-binding domain of WT1 result in a potentially dominant-negative phenotype
- some blastema cells (mass of undifferentiated cells) persist to form a ‘nephrogenic rest’
- Most rests become dormant or regress but others proliferate to form hyperplastic rests
- any type of rest can then undergo a genetic or epigenetic change to become a neoplastic rest
- can proliferate further to produce a benign lesion (adenomatous rest) or a malignant Wilms’ tumour
Prune Belly Syndrome
- lower urinary tract obstruction
- mainly male
- fetal urinary system ruptures leading to collapse and "prune belly" appearance.
Additional Images
References
Textbooks
- The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (8th Edition) by Keith L. Moore and T.V.N Persaud - Moore & Persaud Chapter 13 p303-346
- Larsen’s Human Embryology by GC. Schoenwolf, SB. Bleyl, PR. Brauer and PH. Francis-West - Chapter 10 p261-306
- Before We Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter14 p289-326
- Essentials of Human Embryology, Larson Chapter 10 p173-205
- Human Embryology, Fitzgerald and Fitzgerald Chapter 21-22 p134-152
Online Textbooks
- Developmental Biology by Gilbert, Scott F. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000 Chapter 14 Intermediate Mesoderm | Figure 14.18. General scheme of development in the vertebrate kidney | Figure 23-23. Mechanism of mesenchymal inductive effect on the ureteric bud | Figure 14.21. Ureteric bud growth is dependent on GDNF and its receptor
- Molecular Cell Biology by Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James E. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c1999 Reciprocal Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions Regulate Kidney Development | Figure 23-21. Embryonic development of the kidney
Reviews
- Quaggin SE, Kreidberg JA. Development of the renal glomerulus: good neighbors and good fences. Development. 2008 Feb;135(4):609-20. PMID: 18184729
- Brenner-Anantharam A, Cebrian C, Guillaume R, Hurtado R, Sun TT, Herzlinger D. Tailbud-derived mesenchyme promotes urinary tract segmentation via BMP4 signaling. Development. 2007 May;134(10):1967-75. PMID: 17442697
- Forefronts Symposium on Nephrogenetics: from development to physiology March 8-11, 2007 Danvers, MA A meeting to synthesize an integrated view of the normal development and function of the kidney from the genetic standpoint.
- Costantini F. Renal branching morphogenesis: concepts, questions, and recent advances. Differentiation. 2006 Sep;74(7):402-21. PMID: 16916378
Search
- Bookshelf intermediate mesoderm | kidney development | renal development | ureteric bud | nephron development | bladder development
- Pubmed intermediate mesoderm | kidney development | renal development | ureteric bud | nephron development | bladder development
Terms
Renal Terms | ||
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2018 ANAT2341 - Timetable | Course Outline | Moodle | Tutorial 1 | Tutorial 2 | Tutorial 3 |
Labs: 1 Preimplantation and Implantation | 2 Reproductive Technology Revolution | 3 Group Projects | 4 GM manipulation mouse embryos | 5 Early chicken eggs | 6 Female reproductive tract | 7 Skin regeneration | 8 Vertebral development | 9 Organogenesis Lab | 10 Cardiac development | 11 Group projects | 12 Stem Cell Journal Club |
Lectures: 1 Introduction | 2 Fertilization | 3 Week 1/2 | 4 Week 3 | 5 Ectoderm | 6 Placenta | 7 Mesoderm | 8 Endoderm | 9 Research Technology | 10 Cardiovascular | 11 Respiratory | 12 Neural crest | 13 Head | 14 Musculoskeletal | 15 Limb | 16 Renal | 17 Genital | 18 Endocrine | 19 Sensory | 20 Fetal | 21 Integumentary | 22 Birth | 23 Stem cells | 24 Revision |
Student Projects: Group Projects Information Project 1 | Project 3 | Project 4 | Project 5 | 2018 Test Student | Copyright |