Placenta - Cord: Difference between revisions
mNo edit summary |
mNo edit summary |
||
(33 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Header}} | {{Header}} | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
[[File:Placental cord cross-section.jpg|thumb|Human placental cord cross-section]] | [[File:HillH5 Stage 16 bf16.gif|right|HillH5 "Baxter" embryo (G.L.) CRL 9.5 mm ventral view detail animation (stereo pair [[:File:HillH5 Stage 16 bf07.jpg|right]] | [[:File:HillH5 Stage 16 bf08.jpg|left]])]] | ||
The placenta (Greek, ''plakuos'' = flat cake) named on the basis of this organs appearance. The placental cord (umbilical cord) is the connecting region between the functional placenta and the embryo/fetal umbilical region. The human cord varies greatly in overall length increasing to about 60 to 70 cm at term. This | [[File:Placental cord cross-section.jpg|thumb|alt=Histology Human placental cord cross-section|Human placental cord cross-section]] | ||
The placenta (Greek, ''plakuos'' = flat cake) named on the basis of this organs appearance. The {{placental cord}} ({{umbilical cord}}) is the connecting region between the functional placenta and the embryo/fetal umbilical region. The human cord varies greatly in overall length increasing to about 60 to 70 cm at term. This extra-embryonic structure contains the main placental blood vessels (one vein and two arteries), the {{yolk stalk}} ({{omphalomesenteric duct}}), and the {{allantois}}. | |||
There are essentially 3 separate aortic/venous circulatory systems: umbilical, systemic and vitelline. The umbilical system is lost at birth, the vitelline contributes to the portal system and the systemic (embryonic) is extensively remodelled to | |||
There are essentially 3 separate aortic/venous circulatory systems: umbilical, systemic and vitelline. In the human cord, only the left placental (umbilical) vein persists, while the right placental (umbilical) vein degenerates. The initial segment of the cord at the "umbilicus" also contains the mid-gut herniation, present during the embryonic period of development. | |||
The umbilical system is lost at birth, the vitelline contributes to the portal system and the systemic (embryonic) is extensively remodelled to form the cardiovascular system. | |||
Line 10: | Line 14: | ||
== Some Recent Findings == | == Some Recent Findings == | ||
[[File:Stage17 model 02.jpg|thumb|alt=Model of the Human Embryo|Human Embryo Cord Model ([[Carnegie stage 17|stage 17]]]] | |||
{| | {| | ||
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF" | |-bgcolor="F5FAFF" | ||
| | | | ||
* ''' | * '''Persistent right umbilical vein: a study using serial sections of human embryos and fetuses'''{{#pmid:30310717|PMID30310717}} "Persistent right umbilical vein (PRUV) is a common anomaly of the venous system. Although candidates for future PRUV were expected to occur more frequently in earlier specimens, evaluation of serial horizontal sections from 58 embryos and fetuses of gestational age 5-7 weeks found that only two of these embryos and fetuses were candidates for anomalies. In a specimen, a degenerating right umbilical vein (UV) joined the thick left UV in a narrow peritoneal space between the liver and abdominal cavity, and in the other specimen, a degenerating left UV joined a thick right UV in the abdominal wall near the liver. In these two specimens, the UV drained into the normal, umbilical portion of the left liver. These results strongly suggested that, other than the usual PRUV draining into the right liver, another type of PRUV was likely to consist of the right UV draining into the left liver." | ||
* '''Hofbauer | * '''Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Induces Human Macrophages to Form Intracytoplasmic Vacuoles Mimicking Hofbauer Cells in Human Chorionic Villi'''{{#pmid:23128164|PMID23128164}} The most characteristic morphological feature of macrophages in the stroma of placental villi, known as Hofbauer cells, is their highly vacuolated appearance. They also show positive immunostaining for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)." | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | ||
! More recent papers | ! More recent papers | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}} | | [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}} | ||
Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Placental+Cord ''Placental Cord''] | Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Placental+Cord ''Placental Cord''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Umbilical+Cord ''Umbilical Cord''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Placental+Artery ''Placental Artery''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Placental+Vein ''Placental Vein''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hofbauer+cell ''Hofbauer cell''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=single+umbilical+artery ''single umbilical artery''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Persistent+right+umbilical+vein ''Persistent right umbilical vein''] | ||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! Older papers | |||
|- | |||
| {{Older papers}} | |||
* '''Hofbauer cells in early human placenta: possible implications in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis'''{{#pmid:17350092|PMID17350092}} "The stroma of the placental villi contain numerous macrophages, so-called Hofbauer cells which are of mesenchymal origin and are thought to function in many processes. ...Double immunohistochemistry staining with CD31/PECAM1 and CD68 was applied to placental tissues. In placental villous core, majority of the Hofbauer cells were found to be either in close contact with angiogenic cell cords and primitive vascular tubes or located in between them. Moreover, the number of Hofbauer cells and vasculogenic structures were found to be significantly correlated. The findings of this study suggest for the first time that Hofbauer cells might be involved in the processes of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in the placenta." | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Hofbauer Cells== | ==Hofbauer Cells== | ||
{| | |||
| [[File:Placenta_Hofbauer_cells_01.jpg|alt=Hofbauer Cells|300px]] | |||
Hofbauer Cells (red asterisks){{#pmid:22606231|PMID22606231}} | |||
| | |||
* human villous macrophages | * human villous macrophages | ||
* highly vacuolated cells | * highly vacuolated cells | ||
Line 35: | Line 48: | ||
* possible paracrine role for early stages of placental vasculogenesis | * possible paracrine role for early stages of placental vasculogenesis | ||
* express angiogenic growth factors (VEGF) | * express angiogenic growth factors (VEGF) | ||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! [[Embryology_History|Historic Embryology]] - Hofbauer Cells | |||
|- | |||
| [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.56-14|Chapter 14. Hofbauer Cells in Normal and Pathologic Conceptuses]] Contributions to Embryology Carnegie Institution No.56 (1921) | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:Mall_Meyer1921_fig235.jpg|Fig. 235. Transition forms between mesenchyme and Hofbauer cells. No. 645, slide 3. X330. | |||
File:Mall_Meyer1921_fig236.jpg|Fig. 236. Transition forms between mesenchyme and Hofbauer cells. No. 592, slide 1. X330. | |||
File:Mall_Meyer1921_fig237.jpg|Fig. 237. Transition forms between mesenchyme and Hofbauer cells. No. 645, slide 3b. X330. | |||
File:Mall_Meyer1921_fig238.jpg|Fig. 238. A phagocytic pseudo-Hofbauer cell. No. 645, slide 2. X650. | |||
File:Mall_Meyer1921_fig239.jpg|Fig. 239. Fusing Hofbauer cells forming a giant cell. No. 645, slide 2. X300. | |||
File:Mall_Meyer1921_fig240.jpg|Fig. 240. Fusing Hofbauer cells forming a giant cell. No. 985, slide 1. X300. | |||
File:Mall_Meyer1921_fig241.jpg|Fig. 241. Pseudo-Hofbauer cells in the ovary. No. 970. X650. | |||
</gallery> | |||
{{Historic Disclaimer}} | |||
|} | |||
==Wharton's Jelly== | ==Wharton's Jelly== | ||
[[File: | {| | ||
| [[File:Placental cord 01.jpg|300px]] | |||
Placental cord cross-section showing Wharton's Jelly | |||
| First described and named after Thomas Wharton (1614–1673) an English physician and anatomist. | |||
* placental cord connective tissue (''substantia gelatinea funiculi umbilicalis'') | * placental cord connective tissue (''substantia gelatinea funiculi umbilicalis'') | ||
* amorphous substance containing glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. | * amorphous substance containing glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. | ||
Line 43: | Line 76: | ||
* network of collagen that form canaliculi and perivascular spaces. | * network of collagen that form canaliculi and perivascular spaces. | ||
* maintain blood flow to the fetus during placental cord compression during pregnancy or delivery. | * maintain blood flow to the fetus during placental cord compression during pregnancy or delivery. | ||
|} | |||
==Placental Cord Histology== | ==Placental Cord Histology== | ||
Line 54: | Line 86: | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
[[File:Hubrecht Homo73a cord 1.jpg|600px]] | |||
Human placental cord (3.5 month) cross-section. | |||
==Cord Length== | ==Cord Length== | ||
Line 66: | Line 98: | ||
==Cord Coiling== | ==Cord Coiling== | ||
A recent review of the published literature on cord coiling. | |||
A recent review of the published literature on cord coiling{{#pmid:24259031|PMID24259031}} states: "Previous studies that draw a link between abnormal cord coiling and clinical outcome are generally too small and/or selective to allow meaningful conclusions or applicability to low-risk populations." | |||
The following suggested associations{{#pmid:16076615|PMID16076615}} should therefore be reconsidered. | |||
* '''Hypocoiling''' - associated with increased incidence of fetal demise, intrapartum fetal heart rate decelerations, operative delivery for fetal distress, anatomic-karyotypic abnormalities and chorio-amnionitis. | * '''Hypocoiling''' - associated with increased incidence of fetal demise, intrapartum fetal heart rate decelerations, operative delivery for fetal distress, anatomic-karyotypic abnormalities and chorio-amnionitis. | ||
* '''Hypercoiling''' - associated with increased incidence of fetal growth restriction, intrapartum fetal heart rate decelerations, vascular thrombosis and cord stenosis. | * '''Hypercoiling''' - associated with increased incidence of fetal growth restriction, intrapartum fetal heart rate decelerations, vascular thrombosis and cord stenosis. | ||
Line 73: | Line 108: | ||
[[File:Placental_cord_ultrasound_03.jpg]] | [[File:Placental_cord_ultrasound_03.jpg]] | ||
There are a number of analyses that can be made by ultrasound scanning of the fetal placental cord. Some detected abnormalities (blood vessel number, blood flow | There are a number of analyses that can be made by ultrasound scanning of the fetal placental cord. Some detected abnormalities (blood vessel number, blood flow{{#pmid:24277892|PMID24277892}}) have been associated with adverse developmental outcomes. | ||
* Quantification of cord length, diameter, structural abnormalities. | * Quantification of cord length, diameter, structural abnormalities. | ||
* Quantification of placental blood vessel number and size. | * Quantification of placental blood vessel number and size. | ||
Line 86: | Line 121: | ||
===Cord Vessel Number=== | ===Cord Vessel Number=== | ||
[[File:Placental_cord_ultrasound_02.jpg|thumb|Cord with one artery and one vein]] | [[File:Placental_cord_ultrasound_02.jpg|thumb|Cord with one artery and one vein]] | ||
===Persistent Right Umbilical Vein=== | |||
Persistent right umbilical vein (PRUV) is a fairly rare anomaly, that can be diagnosed using a transverse section of the fetal abdomen or by three-dimensional ultrasound. A study of 15,237 obstetric ultrasound examinations performed after 15 weeks' gestation identified only 33 cases.{{#pmid:7970470|PMID7970470}} While a recent Australian study{{#pmid:29498037|PMID29498037}} in their population was 12/2360 = 0.5%, and was also higher than in other retrospective studies. | |||
Some studies have identified associated fetal anomalies with this condition{{#pmid:20922781|PMID20922781}}, including {{cardiac abnormalities}}.{{#pmid:26635256|PMID26635256}} | |||
===Cord Knotting=== | ===Cord Knotting=== | ||
Line 95: | Line 138: | ||
Cord knotting can also occur (1%) in most cases these knots have no effect, in some cases of severe knotting this can prevents the passage of placental blood. | Cord knotting can also occur (1%) in most cases these knots have no effect, in some cases of severe knotting this can prevents the passage of placental blood. | ||
===Umbilical cord torsion=== | ===Umbilical Cord Torsion=== | ||
Rare umbilical cord torsion, even without knot formation can also affect placental blood flow, even leading to fetal demise.{{#pmid:7966052|PMID7966052}} | |||
===Fetal Umbilical Vein Varix=== | |||
Fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix (FIUV, umbilical vein varix) is a focal dilatation of the umbilical venous diameter at the level of cord insertion. The dilatation diameter has been shown to increase linearly with gestational age. Represent about 4% of umbilical cord abnormalities with an incidence of about 2.8 per 1,000 pregnancies.{{#pmid:24883288|PMID24883288}} There is also a rarer form of extra-abdominal varices, where the focal dilatation lies outside the fetal body wall.{{#pmid:31061189|PMID31061189}} | |||
{| | |||
|+ '''Fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix'''{{#pmid:24883288|PMID24883288}} | |||
| colspan=2|[[File:Fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix ultrasound 01.jpg|600px]] | |||
|- | |||
! (A) Ultrasound transverse view of the lower fetal abdomen | |||
! (B) Color Doppler | |||
|- | |||
| Showing an umbilical vein varix that was approximately 16.9 mm at 33 weeks of gestation. | |||
| Shows some turbulence in the intravascular area and differentiates from other cystic lesions. BL, bladder; VAR, fetal umbilical vein varix. | |||
|} | |||
===Cord Length=== | ===Cord Length=== | ||
Line 105: | Line 163: | ||
===Reviews=== | ===Reviews=== | ||
{{#pmid:29498037}} | |||
===Articles=== | ===Articles=== | ||
Line 117: | Line 178: | ||
==Additional Images== | ==Additional Images== | ||
[[:Category:Placenta|see all online Placental materials]] | |||
===Historic=== | |||
{{Historic Disclaimer}} | |||
[[: | {{Ref-Cullen1916}} [[Book - Umbilicus (1916) 1|Chapter I. Embryology of the Umbilical Region]] | ||
<gallery caption="Cross-section of the Cord"> | |||
File:Cullen1916 fig16.jpg|Fig. 16 Embryo 6.5 cm | |||
File:Cullen1916 fig17.jpg|Fig. 17 Embryo 7.5 cm | |||
File:Cullen1916 fig18.jpg|Fig. 18 Embryo 9.0 cm | |||
File:Cullen1916 fig19.jpg|Fig. 19 Embryo 10.0 cm | |||
File:Cullen1916 fig20.jpg|Fig. 20 Embryo 12.0 cm | |||
File:Cullen1916 fig21.jpg|Fig. 21 Embryo 12.0 cm | |||
File:Cullen1916 fig22.jpg|Fig. 22 Embryo 12.0 cm | |||
File:Cullen1916 fig23.jpg|Fig. 23 Embryo 12.0 cm | |||
File:Cullen1916 fig24.jpg|Fig. 24 Embryo 15.0 cm | |||
File:Cullen1916 fig32.jpg|Fig. 32 Term Fetus Cord and Placenta | |||
File:Cullen1916 fig33.jpg|Fig. 33 Term Fetus Umbilical Region | |||
</gallery> | |||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
Line 128: | Line 207: | ||
File:Gray0038.jpg | File:Gray0038.jpg | ||
File:Gray0039.jpg | File:Gray0039.jpg | ||
File:Gray0502.jpg|Fetal circulation overview | |||
</gallery> | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:Fetal membrane and placenta cartoon.jpg | File:Fetal membrane and placenta cartoon.jpg | ||
File:Uterine and placental vasculature.jpg | File:Uterine and placental vasculature.jpg | ||
File:Fetalblood.jpg | File:Fetalblood.jpg | ||
File:Placental_cord_cross-section.jpg | File:Placental_cord_cross-section.jpg | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
<br> | |||
{{Placenta terms}} | |||
{{Glossary}} | {{Glossary}} | ||
{{Footer}} | {{Footer}} | ||
[[Category:Placenta]][[Category:System Development]] | |||
[[Category:Placenta]] [[Category:System Development]] |
Latest revision as of 15:57, 1 June 2019
Embryology - 15 Jun 2024 Expand to Translate |
---|
Google Translate - select your language from the list shown below (this will open a new external page) |
العربية | català | 中文 | 中國傳統的 | français | Deutsche | עִברִית | हिंदी | bahasa Indonesia | italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | မြန်မာ | Pilipino | Polskie | português | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੇ | Română | русский | Español | Swahili | Svensk | ไทย | Türkçe | اردو | ייִדיש | Tiếng Việt These external translations are automated and may not be accurate. (More? About Translations) |
Introduction
The placenta (Greek, plakuos = flat cake) named on the basis of this organs appearance. The placental cord (umbilical cord) is the connecting region between the functional placenta and the embryo/fetal umbilical region. The human cord varies greatly in overall length increasing to about 60 to 70 cm at term. This extra-embryonic structure contains the main placental blood vessels (one vein and two arteries), the yolk stalk (omphalomesenteric duct), and the allantois.
There are essentially 3 separate aortic/venous circulatory systems: umbilical, systemic and vitelline. In the human cord, only the left placental (umbilical) vein persists, while the right placental (umbilical) vein degenerates. The initial segment of the cord at the "umbilicus" also contains the mid-gut herniation, present during the embryonic period of development.
The umbilical system is lost at birth, the vitelline contributes to the portal system and the systemic (embryonic) is extensively remodelled to form the cardiovascular system.
Some Recent Findings
|
More recent papers |
---|
This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Placental Cord | Umbilical Cord | Placental Artery | Placental Vein | Hofbauer cell | single umbilical artery | Persistent right umbilical vein |
Older papers |
---|
These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.
See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page.
|
Hofbauer Cells
Hofbauer Cells (red asterisks)[4] |
|
Historic Embryology - Hofbauer Cells | ||
---|---|---|
Chapter 14. Hofbauer Cells in Normal and Pathologic Conceptuses Contributions to Embryology Carnegie Institution No.56 (1921)
|
Wharton's Jelly
Placental cord cross-section showing Wharton's Jelly |
First described and named after Thomas Wharton (1614–1673) an English physician and anatomist.
|
Placental Cord Histology
Human placental cord (3.5 month) cross-section.
Cord Length
The following are lengths and classifications at term.
- Normal range - 50 to 60 cm.
- Short cord - less than 35 cm.
- Long cords - over 70 cm can be associated with wrapping around the fetus and other abnormalities.[5]
Cord Coiling
A recent review of the published literature on cord coiling[6] states: "Previous studies that draw a link between abnormal cord coiling and clinical outcome are generally too small and/or selective to allow meaningful conclusions or applicability to low-risk populations."
The following suggested associations[7] should therefore be reconsidered.
- Hypocoiling - associated with increased incidence of fetal demise, intrapartum fetal heart rate decelerations, operative delivery for fetal distress, anatomic-karyotypic abnormalities and chorio-amnionitis.
- Hypercoiling - associated with increased incidence of fetal growth restriction, intrapartum fetal heart rate decelerations, vascular thrombosis and cord stenosis.
Placental Cord Ultrasound
There are a number of analyses that can be made by ultrasound scanning of the fetal placental cord. Some detected abnormalities (blood vessel number, blood flow[8]) have been associated with adverse developmental outcomes.
- Quantification of cord length, diameter, structural abnormalities.
- Quantification of placental blood vessel number and size.
- Quantification of uterine artery blood flow (doppler analysis).
Ultrasound image of transverse scan through the cord show the method of estimation of the cross-sectional area.
Cord Abnormalities
Cord Vessel Number
Persistent Right Umbilical Vein
Persistent right umbilical vein (PRUV) is a fairly rare anomaly, that can be diagnosed using a transverse section of the fetal abdomen or by three-dimensional ultrasound. A study of 15,237 obstetric ultrasound examinations performed after 15 weeks' gestation identified only 33 cases.[9] While a recent Australian study[10] in their population was 12/2360 = 0.5%, and was also higher than in other retrospective studies.
Some studies have identified associated fetal anomalies with this condition[11], including Template:Cardiac abnormalities.[12]
Cord Knotting
There are few abnormalities associated with umbilical cord development, other that abnormally short or long cords, which in most cases do not cause difficulties.
In some cases though, long cords can wrap around limbs or the fetus neck, which can then restrict blood flow or lead to tissue or nerve damage, and therefore effect develoment.
Cord knotting can also occur (1%) in most cases these knots have no effect, in some cases of severe knotting this can prevents the passage of placental blood.
Umbilical Cord Torsion
Rare umbilical cord torsion, even without knot formation can also affect placental blood flow, even leading to fetal demise.[13]
Fetal Umbilical Vein Varix
Fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix (FIUV, umbilical vein varix) is a focal dilatation of the umbilical venous diameter at the level of cord insertion. The dilatation diameter has been shown to increase linearly with gestational age. Represent about 4% of umbilical cord abnormalities with an incidence of about 2.8 per 1,000 pregnancies.[14] There is also a rarer form of extra-abdominal varices, where the focal dilatation lies outside the fetal body wall.[15]
(A) Ultrasound transverse view of the lower fetal abdomen | (B) Color Doppler |
---|---|
Showing an umbilical vein varix that was approximately 16.9 mm at 33 weeks of gestation. | Shows some turbulence in the intravascular area and differentiates from other cystic lesions. BL, bladder; VAR, fetal umbilical vein varix. |
Cord Length
References
- ↑ Kim JH, Jin ZW, Murakami G, Chai OH & Rodríguez-Vázquez JF. (2018). Persistent right umbilical vein: a study using serial sections of human embryos and fetuses. Anat Cell Biol , 51, 218-222. PMID: 30310717 DOI.
- ↑ Yamaguchi M, Ohba T, Tashiro H, Yamada G & Katabuchi H. (2013). Human chorionic gonadotropin induces human macrophages to form intracytoplasmic vacuoles mimicking Hofbauer cells in human chorionic villi. Cells Tissues Organs (Print) , 197, 127-35. PMID: 23128164 DOI.
- ↑ Seval Y, Korgun ET & Demir R. (2007). Hofbauer cells in early human placenta: possible implications in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Placenta , 28, 841-5. PMID: 17350092 DOI.
- ↑ Lorenzi T, Turi A, Lorenzi M, Paolinelli F, Mancioli F, La Sala L, Morroni M, Ciarmela P, Mantovani A, Tranquilli AL, Castellucci M & Marzioni D. (2012). Placental expression of CD100, CD72 and CD45 is dysregulated in human miscarriage. PLoS ONE , 7, e35232. PMID: 22606231 DOI.
- ↑ <pubmed>11178630</pubmed>
- ↑ Jessop FA, Lees CC, Pathak S, Hook CE & Sebire NJ. (2014). Umbilical cord coiling: clinical outcomes in an unselected population and systematic review. Virchows Arch. , 464, 105-12. PMID: 24259031 DOI.
- ↑ de Laat MW, Franx A, van Alderen ED, Nikkels PG & Visser GH. (2005). The umbilical coiling index, a review of the literature. J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal. Med. , 17, 93-100. PMID: 16076615 DOI.
- ↑ Shwarzman P, Waintraub AY, Frieger M, Bashiri A, Mazor M & Hershkovitz R. (2013). Third-trimester abnormal uterine artery Doppler findings are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Ultrasound Med , 32, 2107-13. PMID: 24277892 DOI.
- ↑ Hill LM, Mills A, Peterson C & Boyles D. (1994). Persistent right umbilical vein: sonographic detection and subsequent neonatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol , 84, 923-5. PMID: 7970470
- ↑ Krzyżanowski A, Swatowski D, Gęca T, Kwiatek M, Stupak A, Woźniak S & Kwaśniewska A. (2019). Prenatal diagnosis of persistent right umbilical vein - Incidence and clinical impact. A prospective study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol , 59, 77-81. PMID: 29498037 DOI.
- ↑ Weichert J, Hartge D, Germer U, Axt-Fliedner R & Gembruch U. (2011). Persistent right umbilical vein: a prenatal condition worth mentioning?. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol , 37, 543-8. PMID: 20922781 DOI.
- ↑ Lide B, Lindsley W, Foster MJ, Hale R & Haeri S. (2016). Intrahepatic Persistent Right Umbilical Vein and Associated Outcomes: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Ultrasound Med , 35, 1-5. PMID: 26635256 DOI.
- ↑ Hallak M, Pryde PG, Qureshi F, Johnson MP, Jacques SM & Evans MI. (1994). Constriction of the umbilical cord leading to fetal death. A report of three cases. J Reprod Med , 39, 561-5. PMID: 7966052
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Lee SW, Kim MY, Kim JE, Chung JH, Lee HJ & Yoon JY. (2014). Clinical characteristics and outcomes of antenatal fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix detection. Obstet Gynecol Sci , 57, 181-6. PMID: 24883288 DOI.
- ↑ Cassidy-Vu L, Clark S & Cuka N. (2019). Extra-abdominal umbilical vein varix in a newborn. BMJ Case Rep , 12, . PMID: 31061189 DOI.
Reviews
Krzyżanowski A, Swatowski D, Gęca T, Kwiatek M, Stupak A, Woźniak S & Kwaśniewska A. (2019). Prenatal diagnosis of persistent right umbilical vein - Incidence and clinical impact. A prospective study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol , 59, 77-81. PMID: 29498037 DOI.
Articles
Search PubMed
May 2010 search "Placental Cord Development]" All (650) Review (91) Free Full Text (119)
Search Pubmed: Placental Cord | Umbilical Cord | Placental Cord Development | Umbilical Cord Development | Hofbauer cells
Additional Images
see all online Placental materials
Historic
Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages |
---|
Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding. (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers) |
Cullen TS. Embryology, anatomy, and diseases of the umbilicus together with diseases of the urachus. (1916) W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia And London. Chapter I. Embryology of the Umbilical Region
- Cullen1916 fig24.jpg
Fig. 24 Embryo 15.0 cm
Placenta Terms (expand to view) |
---|
with an incidence of about 2.8 per 1,000 pregnancies, there is also a rarer form of extra-abdominal varices.PMID 24883288
with an incidence of about 2.8 per 1,000 pregnancies, there is also a rarer form of extra-abdominal varices. PMID 24883288
|
Other Terms Lists |
---|
Terms Lists: ART | Birth | Bone | Cardiovascular | Cell Division | Endocrine | Gastrointestinal | Genital | Genetic | Head | Hearing | Heart | Immune | Integumentary | Neonatal | Neural | Oocyte | Palate | Placenta | Radiation | Renal | Respiratory | Spermatozoa | Statistics | Tooth | Ultrasound | Vision | Historic | Drugs | Glossary |
Glossary Links
- Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 15) Embryology Placenta - Cord. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Placenta_-_Cord
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G