Australian Drug Categories: Difference between revisions
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
Legal drugs are classified, usually by each country's appropriate regulatory body, on the safety of drugs during pregnancy. In Australia, the Therapeutic Goods Authority has classes (A, B1, B2, B3, C, D and X) to define | [[File:TGA_logo.jpg|thumb|Therapeutic Goods Administration logo.]] | ||
Legal drugs are classified, usually by each country's appropriate regulatory body, on the safety of drugs during pregnancy. In Australia, the Therapeutic Goods Authority (TGA) has classes (A, B1, B2, B3, C, D and X) to define legal drugs safety. | |||
The | The Australian categorisation system differs from the [[USA Drug Categories|US FDA categorisation]]. The categorisation of medicines for use in pregnancy does not follow a hierarchical structure. | ||
* Human data are lacking or inadequate for drugs in the B1, B2 and B3 categories | |||
* Subcategorisation of the B category is based on animal data | |||
* The allocation of a B category does not imply greater safety than a C category | |||
* Medicines in category D are not absolutely contraindicated during pregnancy (e.g.anticonvulsants) | |||
==Pregnancy Category A== | |||
The original Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) formed in 1963 was replaced in 2010 by the Advisory Committee on Prescription Medicines (ACPM), replaced in 2017 by the [[Australian_Drug_Categories#Advisory Committee on Medicines|Advisory Committee on Medicines]] (ACM). | |||
In the USA, drugs are classified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) into classes (A, B, C, D, and X) to define their safety. (More? [[USA Drug Categories]]) | |||
The drug examples given on this current page are not a comprehensive list within the drug classification, and are derived from '''Prescribing medicines in pregnancy'''.<ref>[http://www.tga.gov.au/docs/html/mip/medicine.htm Prescribing medicines in pregnancy, 4th edition]</ref> | |||
This page also includes a brief generic description of current drug testing procedures. | |||
:'''Links:''' [[Australian Drug Categories]] | [[USA Drug Categories]] | [[Human Abnormal Development]] | [[BGD_Tutorial_-_Applied_Embryology_and_Teratology|Medicine BGD2 Tutorial - Applied Embryology and Teratology]] | |||
{{Environmental}} | |||
==Pregnancy Category== | |||
{{Australian Drug Categories}} | |||
===Pregnancy Category A=== | |||
Have been taken by a large number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age without an increase in the frequency of malformations or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the fetus having been observed. | Have been taken by a large number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age without an increase in the frequency of malformations or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the fetus having been observed. | ||
==Pregnancy Category B1== | ===Pregnancy Category B1=== | ||
Drugs which have been taken by only a limited number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age, without an increase in the frequency of malformation or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the human fetus having been observed. Studies in animals have not shown evidence of an increased occurrence of fetal damage. | Drugs which have been taken by only a limited number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age, without an increase in the frequency of malformation or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the human fetus having been observed. Studies in animals have not shown evidence of an increased occurrence of fetal damage. | ||
==Pregnancy Category B2== | ===Pregnancy Category B2=== | ||
Have been taken by only a limited number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age, without an increase in the frequency of malformation or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the human fetus having been observed. Studies in animals are inadequate or may be lacking, but available data show no evidence of an increased occurrence of fetal damage. | Have been taken by only a limited number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age, without an increase in the frequency of malformation or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the human fetus having been observed. Studies in animals are inadequate or may be lacking, but available data show no evidence of an increased occurrence of fetal damage. | ||
==Pregnancy Category B3== | ===Pregnancy Category B3=== | ||
Have been taken by only a limited number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age, without an increase in the frequency of malformation or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the human fetus having been observed. Studies in animals have shown evidence of an increased occurrence of fetal damage, the significance of which is considered uncertain in humans. | Have been taken by only a limited number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age, without an increase in the frequency of malformation or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the human fetus having been observed. Studies in animals have shown evidence of an increased occurrence of fetal damage, the significance of which is considered uncertain in humans. | ||
==Pregnancy Category C== | ===Pregnancy Category C=== | ||
Have caused or may be suspected of causing, harmful effects on the human fetus or neonate without causing malformations. These effects may be reversible. | Have caused or may be suspected of causing, harmful effects on the human fetus or neonate without causing malformations. These effects may be reversible. | ||
==Pregnancy Category D== | ===Pregnancy Category D=== | ||
Have caused, are suspected to have caused or may be expected to cause, an increased incidence of human fetal malformations or irreversible damage. These drugs may also have adverse pharmacological effects. | Have caused, are suspected to have caused or may be expected to cause, an increased incidence of human fetal malformations or irreversible damage. These drugs may also have adverse pharmacological effects. | ||
:'''Examples:''' Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (captopril, cilazapril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, trandolapril), Angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARAs) (candesartan cilexetil, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, valsartan), Anticonvulsants / Antiepileptics (carbamazepine, phenytoin sodium, methylphenobarbitone, phenobarbitone, primidone, sodium valproate (valproic acid), lamotrigine, ethosuximide, methsuximide, phensuximide, sulthiame, vigabatrin), Antirheumatoid agents (hydroxychloroquine), Muscle relaxants (quinine), Endocrine system (estrogens conjugated, Dydrogesterone, hydroxyprogesterone, megestrol, norethisterone, Fluoxymesterone, methenolone, nandrolone, oxandrolone, oxymetholone, testosterone, Nafarelin, goserelin, Aminoglutethimide, Danazol, Gestrinone), Antimicrobials (Tetracyclines Demeclocycline, doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline) | |||
===Pregnancy Category X=== | |||
Have such a high risk of causing permanent damage to the fetus that they should NOT be used in pregnancy or when there is a possibility of pregnancy. | |||
:'''Examples:''' Misoprostol, Dienoestrol, Raloxifene, Finasteride, Ribavirin, Tretinoin (Oral), Isotretinoin, sodium phosphate P<sup>32</sup> | |||
==Prescribing Medicines in Pregnancy Database== | |||
The TGA database must not be used as the sole basis of decision making in the use of medicines during pregnancy. The TGA does not provide advice on the use of medicines in pregnancy for specific cases. | |||
:'''Links:''' [https://www.tga.gov.au/prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database#searchname Prescribing Medicines in Pregnancy Database] | |||
==Drug Testing== | |||
Typical testing of new drug compound today involves a lengthy series of animal and human studies. | |||
===Animal Studies=== | |||
Usually tested in at least two mammalian species (rats and guinea pigs) using both single and repeated doses. For determining reproductive effects, tests on both male and female animals with dosing begins 4 weeks prior to mating are conducted to determine effects on fertility in both sexes, on embryogenesis, and on fetal malformation. | |||
===Human Clinical Trials=== | |||
Following animal studies to determine dose, efficacy and apparent safety, human studies can commence. Clinical trials are carried out under very strict conditions, set by international regulatory bodies in agreement with the principles espoused in the Declaration of Helsinki. There are four phases to the trials. | |||
* '''Phase I trials''' - conducted in small groups of 10 to 20 healthy young male volunteers. Designed to examine how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolised and excreted by the body and to establish the safe dose for phase II trials. | |||
* '''Phase II trials''' - conducted in 50 to 100 patients with the disease rather than healthy volunteers as in phase I. Designed to examine what effect the drug has on the body (heart rate, blood pressure and cognitive effects) depending on the disease the drug is being developed to treat. | |||
* '''Phase III trials''' - conducted in 100’s of patients (larger numbers) with a particular disease or condition and are generally randomised comparative double-blinded studies. Using a comparator of either placebo, another active drug already used, or both. Several phase III trials are usually required by the regulatory authorities. Note that even these studies may not identify uncommon adverse effects, until used widely in the community. | |||
* '''Phase IV trials''' - (post-registration) conducted in 1000’s of patients over several years, these trials are randomised controlled trials undertaken after the drug has been registered. | |||
===Government Regulatory Authorities=== | |||
After phase I to III the pharmaceutical company compiles all study data for independent assessment by government regulatory authorities in each country: | |||
* Australia - Therapeutic Goods Administration ([https://www.tga.gov.au TGA]) | |||
* Canada - Health Products and Food Branch ([http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/activit/fs-fi/reviewfs_examenfd-eng.php HPFB]) | |||
* New Zealand - [http://www.medsafe.govt.nz Medsafe] in New Zealand | |||
* UK - Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency ([https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/medicines-and-healthcare-products-regulatory-agency MHRA]) | |||
* USA - [http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/HowDrugsareDevelopedandApproved/default.htm FDA] | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! Declaration of Helsinki | |||
|- | |||
| The Declaration of Helsinki was developed by The World Medical Association (WMA) as a statement of ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, including research on identifiable human material and data. The Declaration is intended to be read as a whole and each of its constituent paragraphs should not be applied without consideration of all other relevant paragraphs. It is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics. It is named after the location of its initial adoption in Helsinki, Finland, in June 1964. | |||
|} | |||
==Advisory Committee on Medicines== | |||
* '''1963''' - Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) was established in 1963 following the thalidomide experience. | |||
* '''2010''' - the ADEC committee was replaced by the Advisory Committee on Prescription Medicines (ACPM) | |||
* '''2017''' - ACPM committee was replaced by the Advisory Committee on Medicines (ACM). | |||
:''The ACM provides independent medical and scientific advice to the Minister for Health and the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) on issues relating to the safety, quality and efficacy of medicines supplied in Australia including issues relating to pre-market and post-market functions for medicines.'' | |||
{{Australian Drug Categories}} | |||
{{Drug Testing table}} | |||
:'''Links:''' [https://www.tga.gov.au/committee/advisory-committee-medicines-acm Advisory Committee on Medicines] | |||
==Additional Notes== | |||
# Many herbal, illegal and recreational drugs do not fall into the above classifications and information about the affects on development can be found in research literature and in medical literature prepared for the general public. | |||
# The placenta and fetal tissues may also deal with drugs differently from adult target tissues. In particular, drugs are "cleared", metabolised and excreted, at a different (lower) rate in both the fetus and in newborn infants. | |||
==References== | |||
<references/> | |||
'''Search PubMed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Australian%20Drug%20Categories Australian Drug Categories] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Drug%20Categories Drug Categories] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=teratogenic%20drugs teratogenic drugs] | |||
==External Links== | |||
{{External Links}} | |||
* Australia [http://www.tga.gov.au/ Therapeutic Goods Authority] | |||
** [https://www.tga.gov.au/prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database#searchname Prescribing Medicines in Pregnancy Database] | |||
** [http://www.tga.gov.au/about/committees-acpm.htm Advisory Committee on Prescription Medicines (ACPM)] | |||
** [http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm Prescribing Medicines in Pregnancy] | |||
** [http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy-exempt.htm Therapeutic goods exempted from pregnancy classification] | |||
* USA [http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ TOXNET] - Databases on toxicology, hazardous chemicals, environmental health, and toxic releases. [http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/pda/ mobile] | |||
==Terms== | |||
{{Drug terms}} | |||
{{Glossary}} | |||
{{Footer}} | |||
[[Category:Abnormal Development]] [[Category:Environmental Abnormalities]] [[Category:Human Embryo]] [[Category:Human Fetus]] | [[Category:Abnormal Development]] [[Category:Environmental Abnormalities]] [[Category:Human Embryo]] [[Category:Human Fetus]] |
Latest revision as of 14:40, 11 April 2019
Introduction
Legal drugs are classified, usually by each country's appropriate regulatory body, on the safety of drugs during pregnancy. In Australia, the Therapeutic Goods Authority (TGA) has classes (A, B1, B2, B3, C, D and X) to define legal drugs safety.
The Australian categorisation system differs from the US FDA categorisation. The categorisation of medicines for use in pregnancy does not follow a hierarchical structure.
- Human data are lacking or inadequate for drugs in the B1, B2 and B3 categories
- Subcategorisation of the B category is based on animal data
- The allocation of a B category does not imply greater safety than a C category
- Medicines in category D are not absolutely contraindicated during pregnancy (e.g.anticonvulsants)
The original Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) formed in 1963 was replaced in 2010 by the Advisory Committee on Prescription Medicines (ACPM), replaced in 2017 by the Advisory Committee on Medicines (ACM).
In the USA, drugs are classified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) into classes (A, B, C, D, and X) to define their safety. (More? USA Drug Categories)
The drug examples given on this current page are not a comprehensive list within the drug classification, and are derived from Prescribing medicines in pregnancy.[1]
This page also includes a brief generic description of current drug testing procedures.
- Links: Australian Drug Categories | USA Drug Categories | Human Abnormal Development | Medicine BGD2 Tutorial - Applied Embryology and Teratology
Pregnancy Category
Australian Drug Categories |
---|
Legal drugs are classified, usually by each country's appropriate regulatory body, on the safety of drugs during pregnancy. In Australia, the Therapeutic Goods Authority has classes (A, B1, B2, B3, C, D and X) to define their safety. In the USA, drugs are classified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) into classes (A, B, C, D, and X) to define their safety. (More? Australian Drug Categories)
|
Pregnancy Category A
Have been taken by a large number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age without an increase in the frequency of malformations or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the fetus having been observed.
Pregnancy Category B1
Drugs which have been taken by only a limited number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age, without an increase in the frequency of malformation or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the human fetus having been observed. Studies in animals have not shown evidence of an increased occurrence of fetal damage.
Pregnancy Category B2
Have been taken by only a limited number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age, without an increase in the frequency of malformation or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the human fetus having been observed. Studies in animals are inadequate or may be lacking, but available data show no evidence of an increased occurrence of fetal damage.
Pregnancy Category B3
Have been taken by only a limited number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age, without an increase in the frequency of malformation or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the human fetus having been observed. Studies in animals have shown evidence of an increased occurrence of fetal damage, the significance of which is considered uncertain in humans.
Pregnancy Category C
Have caused or may be suspected of causing, harmful effects on the human fetus or neonate without causing malformations. These effects may be reversible.
Pregnancy Category D
Have caused, are suspected to have caused or may be expected to cause, an increased incidence of human fetal malformations or irreversible damage. These drugs may also have adverse pharmacological effects.
- Examples: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (captopril, cilazapril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, trandolapril), Angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARAs) (candesartan cilexetil, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, valsartan), Anticonvulsants / Antiepileptics (carbamazepine, phenytoin sodium, methylphenobarbitone, phenobarbitone, primidone, sodium valproate (valproic acid), lamotrigine, ethosuximide, methsuximide, phensuximide, sulthiame, vigabatrin), Antirheumatoid agents (hydroxychloroquine), Muscle relaxants (quinine), Endocrine system (estrogens conjugated, Dydrogesterone, hydroxyprogesterone, megestrol, norethisterone, Fluoxymesterone, methenolone, nandrolone, oxandrolone, oxymetholone, testosterone, Nafarelin, goserelin, Aminoglutethimide, Danazol, Gestrinone), Antimicrobials (Tetracyclines Demeclocycline, doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline)
Pregnancy Category X
Have such a high risk of causing permanent damage to the fetus that they should NOT be used in pregnancy or when there is a possibility of pregnancy.
- Examples: Misoprostol, Dienoestrol, Raloxifene, Finasteride, Ribavirin, Tretinoin (Oral), Isotretinoin, sodium phosphate P32
Prescribing Medicines in Pregnancy Database
The TGA database must not be used as the sole basis of decision making in the use of medicines during pregnancy. The TGA does not provide advice on the use of medicines in pregnancy for specific cases.
Drug Testing
Typical testing of new drug compound today involves a lengthy series of animal and human studies.
Animal Studies
Usually tested in at least two mammalian species (rats and guinea pigs) using both single and repeated doses. For determining reproductive effects, tests on both male and female animals with dosing begins 4 weeks prior to mating are conducted to determine effects on fertility in both sexes, on embryogenesis, and on fetal malformation.
Human Clinical Trials
Following animal studies to determine dose, efficacy and apparent safety, human studies can commence. Clinical trials are carried out under very strict conditions, set by international regulatory bodies in agreement with the principles espoused in the Declaration of Helsinki. There are four phases to the trials.
- Phase I trials - conducted in small groups of 10 to 20 healthy young male volunteers. Designed to examine how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolised and excreted by the body and to establish the safe dose for phase II trials.
- Phase II trials - conducted in 50 to 100 patients with the disease rather than healthy volunteers as in phase I. Designed to examine what effect the drug has on the body (heart rate, blood pressure and cognitive effects) depending on the disease the drug is being developed to treat.
- Phase III trials - conducted in 100’s of patients (larger numbers) with a particular disease or condition and are generally randomised comparative double-blinded studies. Using a comparator of either placebo, another active drug already used, or both. Several phase III trials are usually required by the regulatory authorities. Note that even these studies may not identify uncommon adverse effects, until used widely in the community.
- Phase IV trials - (post-registration) conducted in 1000’s of patients over several years, these trials are randomised controlled trials undertaken after the drug has been registered.
Government Regulatory Authorities
After phase I to III the pharmaceutical company compiles all study data for independent assessment by government regulatory authorities in each country:
- Australia - Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
- Canada - Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB)
- New Zealand - Medsafe in New Zealand
- UK - Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)
- USA - FDA
Declaration of Helsinki |
---|
The Declaration of Helsinki was developed by The World Medical Association (WMA) as a statement of ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, including research on identifiable human material and data. The Declaration is intended to be read as a whole and each of its constituent paragraphs should not be applied without consideration of all other relevant paragraphs. It is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics. It is named after the location of its initial adoption in Helsinki, Finland, in June 1964. |
Advisory Committee on Medicines
- 1963 - Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) was established in 1963 following the thalidomide experience.
- 2010 - the ADEC committee was replaced by the Advisory Committee on Prescription Medicines (ACPM)
- 2017 - ACPM committee was replaced by the Advisory Committee on Medicines (ACM).
- The ACM provides independent medical and scientific advice to the Minister for Health and the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) on issues relating to the safety, quality and efficacy of medicines supplied in Australia including issues relating to pre-market and post-market functions for medicines.
Australian Drug Categories |
---|
Legal drugs are classified, usually by each country's appropriate regulatory body, on the safety of drugs during pregnancy. In Australia, the Therapeutic Goods Authority has classes (A, B1, B2, B3, C, D and X) to define their safety. In the USA, drugs are classified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) into classes (A, B, C, D, and X) to define their safety. (More? Australian Drug Categories)
|
Drug Testing |
---|
Typical testing of new drug compound today involves a lengthy series of animal and human studies.
Animal studies Usually tested in at least two mammalian species (rats and guinea pigs) using both single and repeated doses. For determining reproductive effects, tests on both male and female animals with dosing begins 4 weeks prior to mating are conducted to determine effects on fertility in both sexes, on embryogenesis, and on fetal malformation. Human Clinical trials Following animal studies to determine dose, efficacy and apparent safety, human studies can commence. Clinical trials are carried out under very strict conditions, set by international regulatory bodies in agreement with the principles espoused in the Declaration of Helsinki. There are four phases to the trials.
|
After phase I to III the pharmaceutical company compiles all study data for independent assessment by government regulatory authorities in each country.
Regulatory Authorities: FDA in the USA, Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) in Australia, Medsafe in New Zealand, Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, and Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB) in Canada. |
Declaration of Helsinki |
The Declaration of Helsinki was developed by The World Medical Association (WMA) as a statement of ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, including research on identifiable human material and data. The Declaration is intended to be read as a whole and each of its constituent paragraphs should not be applied without consideration of all other relevant paragraphs. It is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics. It is named after the location of its initial adoption in Helsinki, Finland, in June 1964. |
Additional Notes
- Many herbal, illegal and recreational drugs do not fall into the above classifications and information about the affects on development can be found in research literature and in medical literature prepared for the general public.
- The placenta and fetal tissues may also deal with drugs differently from adult target tissues. In particular, drugs are "cleared", metabolised and excreted, at a different (lower) rate in both the fetus and in newborn infants.
References
Search PubMed: Australian Drug Categories | Drug Categories | teratogenic drugs
External Links
External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.
- Australia Therapeutic Goods Authority
- USA TOXNET - Databases on toxicology, hazardous chemicals, environmental health, and toxic releases. mobile
Terms
Drug Terms | ||
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|
Glossary Links
- Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 17) Embryology Australian Drug Categories. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Australian_Drug_Categories
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G