ANAT2341 Lab 6 - Early Embryo

From Embryology
Lab 6: Introduction | Trilaminar Embryo | Early Embryo | Late Embryo | Fetal | Postnatal | Abnormalities | Online Assessment

Week 4

During week 4 a number of features appear visible on the embryo surface:

  • At the level of the body heart, liver, somite bulges and limb buds appear.
  • At the level of the head sensory placodes and pharyngeal arches appear.

Carnegie Stage 12 to 14

Week 4

Stage 11

Stage11 sem13c.jpg Stage11 sem20c.jpg

This is a scanning EM of the embryo superior dorsal view showing the paired otic placodes sinking into the surface at the level of the hindbrain between day 24 and day 25

Human Embryo (Stage 11)
Stage11 sem8.jpg
Stage11 sem81.jpg
Stage11 bf9.jpg Stage11 sem3b.jpg Stage11 sem3b.gif

Stage 12

Stage12 sem1c.jpg Stage12 bf2c.jpgStage12 bf1c.jpg

Stage12 sem4.jpg Stage12 sem5.jpg

Week 5

Stage 13

Stage13 sem1c.jpg Stage13 bf1c.jpg Stage13 sem2c.jpg

Sensory Placodes

Sensory placodes develop as small patches of ectodermal thickenings.

The placodes are laterally paired and contribute key components to sensory structures of the ear, eye and nose.

Named by the sensory system and components they will form: otic placode, optic (lens) placode and nasal placode.


Stage 13

Otic placode forms the otocyst

Stage 13 image 051.jpg

Stage 13 image 052.jpg

Stage 13 image 053.jpg

Stage 13 image 054.jpg

Stage 13 image 055.jpg

Identify the structure and position of the otic vesicle (otocyst) relative to other head structures.


Stage 13 Movie - Overview of Head, Pharyngeal Arches and Pharynx

Stage 15

Stage 15

Stage15 sagittal section upper half 01.jpg

Later week 5 development showing a sagittal section upper half of human embryo.

Pharyngeal Arches

Head arches cartoon.jpg Pharyngeal arch structure cartoon.gif

Stage 13 Pharyngeal Arches

Stage13 pharyngeal arch excerpts.gif


Section Images: A6L  A7L  B1L  B2L  B3L  B4L  B5L  B6L

Look through the above cross-sections of the stage 13 embryo observing and identifying structures of the face and ear visible at this stage.


Pharyngeal arch cartilages.jpg

Structures derived from Arches

Pharyngeal Arch Nerve Artery Neural Crest
(Skeletal Structures)
Muscles Ligaments
1
(maxillary/mandibular)
trigeminal (CN V) maxillary artery (terminal branches) mandible, maxilla, malleus, incus muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, tensor tympanic, ant. belly digastric ant lig of malleus, sphenomandibular ligament
2
(hyoid)
facial (CN VII) stapedial (embryonic)

corticotympanic (adult)

stapes, styloid process, lesser cornu of hyoid, upper part of body of hyoid bone muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, post. belly digastric stylohyoid ligament
3 glossopharyngeal (CN IX) common carotid, internal carotid arteries greater cornu of hyoid, lower part of body of hyoid bone stylopharyngeus
4 vagus (CN X) superior laryngeal branch part of aortic arch (left), part right subclavian artery (right) thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneform cartilages crycothyroid, soft palate levator veli palatini (not tensor veli palatini)
6 vagus (CN X) recurrent laryngeal branch part of left pulmonary artery (left), part of right pulmonary artery (right) thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneform cartilages larynx intrinsic muscles (not cricothyroid muscle)

Additional Information

Additional Information - Content shown under this heading is not part of the material covered in this class. It is provided for those students who would like to know about some concepts or current research in topics related to the current class page.

Other Sensory Systems

The links below are to additional information providing background about each of the sensory systems. Only hearing is covered in today's class.

Hearing cartoon.jpg Stage 22 image 153.jpg Stage 22 image 209.jpg Tongue - taste cartoon.jpg
Hearing Development
Vision Development
Smell Development
Taste Development
Hearing Links: Introduction | inner ear | middle ear | outer ear | balance | placode | hearing neural | Science Lecture | Lecture Movie | Medicine Lecture | Stage 22 | hearing abnormalities | hearing test | sensory | Student project

  Categories: Hearing | Outer Ear | Middle Ear | Inner Ear | Balance

Historic Embryology - Hearing 
Historic Embryology: 1880 Platypus cochlea | 1892 Vertebrate Ear | 1902 Development of Hearing | 1906 Membranous Labyrinth | 1910 Auditory Nerve | 1913 Tectorial Membrane | 1918 Human Embryo Otic Capsule | 1918 Cochlea | 1918 Grays Anatomy | 1922 Human Auricle | 1922 Otic Primordia | 1931 Internal Ear Scalae | 1932 Otic Capsule 1 | 1933 Otic Capsule 2 | 1936 Otic Capsule 3 | 1933 Endolymphatic Sac | 1934 Otic Vesicle | 1934 Membranous Labyrinth | 1934 External Ear | 1938 Stapes - 7 to 21 weeks | 1938 Stapes - Term to Adult | 1940 Stapes | 1942 Stapes - Embryo 6.7 to 50 mm | 1943 Stapes - Fetus 75 to 150 mm | 1946 Aquaductus cochleae and periotic (perilymphatic) duct | 1946 aquaeductus cochleae | 1948 Fissula ante fenestram | 1948 Stapes - Fetus 160 mm to term | 1959 Auditory Ossicles | 1963 Human Otocyst | Historic Disclaimer
Vision Links: vision | lens | retina | placode | extraocular muscle | cornea | eyelid | lacrima gland | vision abnormalities | Student project 1 | Student project 2 | Category:Vision | sensory
Historic Embryology - Vision 
Historic Embryology: 1906 Eye Embryology | 1907 Development Atlas | 1912 Eye Development | 1912 Nasolacrimal Duct | 1917 Extraocular Muscle | 1918 Grays Anatomy | 1921 Eye Development | 1922 Optic Primordia | 1925 Eyeball and optic nerve | 1925 Iris | 1927 Oculomotor | 1928 Human Retina | 1928 Retina | 1928 Hyaloid Canal | Historic Disclaimer
Smell Links: Introduction | placode | Rhinencephalon | head | respiratory | Student project | taste | sensory | Category:Smell
Historic Embryology - Smell 
Historic Embryology: 1902 Olfactory Structures | 1910 cavum nasi | 1940 Olfactory and Accessory Olfactory Formations | 1941 Olfactory nerve | 1944 Jacobson’s organ | 1980 Staged embryos

Neural Crest

During this period neural crest cells migrate into the pharyngeal arches and other head locations, and have an important contribution to many different head structures. Neural crest cells at other levels contribute to body many structures. There are also many developmental abnormalities associated with abnormal neural crest development and/or migration. This topic is beyond the scope of the current class.

Links: Neural Crest Development
Cranial neural crest skeletal fate 01.jpg Cranial neural crest contribution to skeletal structures


The embryo figure shows colonization of the head and pharyngeal arches by diencephalic, anterior and posterior mesencephalic, and rhombencephalic neural crest cells (NCCs), as indicated by the colour code. The diagram is representative human embryos, although the NCC migratory pathways might differ slightly in different species. The skull drawings show contributions of NCC populations to cranial skeletal elements of humans, based on NCC fate-mapping studies and on extrapolation of avian and mouse data to known homologues in the human.


Some bones, including the squamosal (SQ), alisphenoid (AS), and pterygoid (PT), are shown with mixed contribution from different NCC populations. Note that in mammals the frontal (FR) and parietal (PA) bones have been reported to be of neural crest and mesodermal origin, respectively.

There has been controversy about the neural crest embryonic contribution to the parietal region. A recent transcriptional analysis of second trimester human cranial compartments[1] suggests that "a gene expression signature of neural crest origin still exists in frontal and metopic compartments while gene expression of parietal and sagittal compartments is more similar to mesoderm."

  • BA1-BA3 - pharyngeal arches 1 - 3
  • di - diencephalon
  • FNP - frontonasal process
  • HY - hyoid bone
  • IN - incus
  • MA - malleus
  • mes - mesencephalon
  • MX - maxillary bone
  • NA - nasal bone
  • R1–R7 - rhombomeres 1 – 7
  • ST - stapes
  • ZY - zygomatic bone

[2]

See also this 2014 Review:

Epigenetic regulation in neural crest development. [3]

"The neural crest is a migratory and multipotent cell population that plays a crucial role in many aspects of embryonic development. In all vertebrate embryos, these cells emerge from the dorsal neural tube then migrate long distances to different regions of the body, where they contribute to formation of many cell types and structures. These include much of the peripheral nervous system, craniofacial skeleton, smooth muscle, and pigmentation of the skin. The best-studied regulatory events guiding neural crest development are mediated by transcription factors and signaling molecules. In recent years, however, growing evidence supports an important role for epigenetic regulation as an additional mechanism for controlling the timing and level of gene expression at different stages of neural crest development. Here, we summarize the process of neural crest formation, with focus on the role of epigenetic regulation in neural crest specification, migration, and differentiation as well as in neural crest related birth defects and diseases."

Epigenetics

Human cranial compartments different embryonic origins[1]

Our data suggest that in the second trimester of human foetal development, a gene expression signature of neural crest origin still exists in frontal and metopic compartments while gene expression of parietal and sagittal compartments is more similar to mesoderm."

Placodes

The links below are to additional information providing background about each of the sensory systems.

Hearing Links: Introduction | inner ear | middle ear | outer ear | balance | placode | hearing neural | Science Lecture | Lecture Movie | Medicine Lecture | Stage 22 | hearing abnormalities | hearing test | sensory | Student project

  Categories: Hearing | Outer Ear | Middle Ear | Inner Ear | Balance

Historic Embryology - Hearing 
Historic Embryology: 1880 Platypus cochlea | 1892 Vertebrate Ear | 1902 Development of Hearing | 1906 Membranous Labyrinth | 1910 Auditory Nerve | 1913 Tectorial Membrane | 1918 Human Embryo Otic Capsule | 1918 Cochlea | 1918 Grays Anatomy | 1922 Human Auricle | 1922 Otic Primordia | 1931 Internal Ear Scalae | 1932 Otic Capsule 1 | 1933 Otic Capsule 2 | 1936 Otic Capsule 3 | 1933 Endolymphatic Sac | 1934 Otic Vesicle | 1934 Membranous Labyrinth | 1934 External Ear | 1938 Stapes - 7 to 21 weeks | 1938 Stapes - Term to Adult | 1940 Stapes | 1942 Stapes - Embryo 6.7 to 50 mm | 1943 Stapes - Fetus 75 to 150 mm | 1946 Aquaductus cochleae and periotic (perilymphatic) duct | 1946 aquaeductus cochleae | 1948 Fissula ante fenestram | 1948 Stapes - Fetus 160 mm to term | 1959 Auditory Ossicles | 1963 Human Otocyst | Historic Disclaimer
Vision Links: vision | lens | retina | placode | extraocular muscle | cornea | eyelid | lacrima gland | vision abnormalities | Student project 1 | Student project 2 | Category:Vision | sensory
Historic Embryology - Vision 
Historic Embryology: 1906 Eye Embryology | 1907 Development Atlas | 1912 Eye Development | 1912 Nasolacrimal Duct | 1917 Extraocular Muscle | 1918 Grays Anatomy | 1921 Eye Development | 1922 Optic Primordia | 1925 Eyeball and optic nerve | 1925 Iris | 1927 Oculomotor | 1928 Human Retina | 1928 Retina | 1928 Hyaloid Canal | Historic Disclaimer
Smell Links: Introduction | placode | Rhinencephalon | head | respiratory | Student project | taste | sensory | Category:Smell
Historic Embryology - Smell 
Historic Embryology: 1902 Olfactory Structures | 1910 cavum nasi | 1940 Olfactory and Accessory Olfactory Formations | 1941 Olfactory nerve | 1944 Jacobson’s organ | 1980 Staged embryos
Taste Links: Introduction

Reference

  1. 1.0 1.1 <pubmed>26188427</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>14523380</pubmed>| Nat Rev Neurosci.
  3. <pubmed>25446277</pubmed>


Lab 6: Introduction | Trilaminar Embryo | Early Embryo | Late Embryo | Fetal | Postnatal | Abnormalities | Online Assessment

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 19) Embryology ANAT2341 Lab 6 - Early Embryo. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/ANAT2341_Lab_6_-_Early_Embryo

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G