Human Chorionic Gonadotropin: Difference between revisions
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:'''Links:''' [[Implantation]] | [[Placenta Development]] | [[Week 2]] | [[Pregnancy Test]] | :'''Links:''' [[Implantation]] | [[Placenta Development]] | [[Week 2]] | [[Trophoblast]] | [[Human Chorionic Gonadotropin]] | [[Pregnancy Test]] | ||
Revision as of 10:32, 7 February 2014
Introduction
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, or human chorionic gonadotrophin) is a placental hormone initially secreted by cells (syncitiotrophoblasts) from the implanting conceptus during week 2, supporting the ovarian corpus luteum, which in turn supports the endometrial lining and therefore maintains pregnancy.[1][2]
The hormone can be detected in maternal blood and urine and is the basis of many pregnancy tests. The protein has many other roles including stimulating the onset of fetal gonadal steroidogenesis, and high levels have been found to be teratogenic to fetal gonadal tissues.
Other potential cellular sources can include: hyperglycosylated hCG produced by cytotrophoblast cells, free beta-subunit made by multiple primary non-trophoblastic malignancies, and pituitary hCG made by the gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary.
A member of the glycoprotein hormone family that includes the pituitary hormones: luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
- Links: Implantation | Placenta Development | Week 2 | Trophoblast | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin | Pregnancy Test
Factor Links: AMH | hCG | BMP | sonic hedgehog | bHLH | HOX | FGF | FOX | Hippo | LIM | Nanog | NGF | Nodal | Notch | PAX | retinoic acid | SIX | Slit2/Robo1 | SOX | TBX | TGF-beta | VEGF | WNT | Category:Molecular |
Some Recent Findings
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Functions
- Promotion of corpus luteal progesterone production
- Angiogenesis of uterine vasculature
- Cytotrophoblast differentiation
- Immuno-suppression and blockage of phagocytosis of invading trophoblast cells
- Growth of uterus in line with fetal growth
- Quiescence of uterine muscle contraction
- Promotion of growth and differentiation of fetal organs
- Umbilical cord growth and development
- Blastocysts signals endometrium prior to implantation
- hCG in sperm and receptors found in fallopian tubes suggesting pre-pregnancy communication
- hCG receptors in adult brain hippocampus, hypothalamus and brain stem, may cause pregnancy nausea and vomiting
- hCG and implantation of pregnancy, hCG stimulates metalloproteinases of cytotrophoblast cell
(Function Data from Table 1 [2])
Maternal Blood Levels
Levels peak at 8 to 10 weeks of pregnancy, then decline and are lower for rest of pregnancy
- 0-1 week: 0-50 mIU/ml
- 1-2 weeks: 40-300 mIU/ml
- 3-4 weeks: 500-6,000 mIU/ml
- 1-2 months: 5,000-200,000 mIU/ml
- 2-3 months: 10,000-100,000 mIU/ml
- 2nd trimester: 3,000-50,000 mIU/ml
- 3rd trimester: 1,000-50,000 mIU/ml
Non-pregnant females: <5.0 mIU/ml Postmenopausal females: <9.5 mIU/ml
Protein
Human 5 protein forms:
- hCG
- sulfated hCG
- hyperglycosylated hCG
- hCG free beta
- hyperglycosylated free beta
The molecular weight of hCG is approximately 36,000 (36 KDa) for the α-subunit and a β-subunit that are held together by both non-covalent hydrophobic and ionic interactions.
Genital Development
Placental secreted hCG has leutenizing hiormone-like effects that can effect genital development, stimulating testosterone production from the testes of the male fetus and subsequent development of male genital system.
References
- ↑ <pubmed>22455390</pubmed>| PMC3351023 | Reprod Biol Endocrinol.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 <pubmed>20735820</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>23128164</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>22563548</pubmed>
Search Pubmed
Search Pubmed: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin | hCG
Search Bookshelf: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Search OMIM: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 8) Embryology Human Chorionic Gonadotropin. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Human_Chorionic_Gonadotropin
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G