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==Introduction==
[[File:Max Cat.jpg|right|300px]]
[[File:Cat_6_toes.jpg|thumb|Cat with 6 toes]]
Cats (''Felis catus'') are seasonally polyestrous animals that have multiple estrous cycles only during certain periods of the year.
 
The cat genome was initially sequenced in 2007{{#pmid:17975172|PMID17975172}} and has been recently annotated in August 2014.{{#pmid:25143822|PMID25143822}}
 
{{Cat Links}}
 
<br><br>
{{Animals}}
==Some Recent Findings==
{|
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
|
* '''Development of urinary organs in domestic cat during the embryonic and fetal periods'''{{#pmid:30341968|PMID30341968}} "The embryonic origin of the urogenital system came from the intermediate mesoderm. Kidney development involves three successive renal systems with a fast chronological overlap: the pronephro, the mesonephro, and the metanephro. Due to the lack of specific knowledge about this system in cats the present work aimed to describe their urinary organs development, focusing on the structures seen in pronephro, mesonephro, and metanephro during the embryonic and fetal stages of development. The techniques used in this study were: light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. For that, embryos and fetuses from 12 pregnant mixed-breed domestic cats in different gestational stages were used to describe the proposed organs. The pronephro is present at early stages of embryonary development in embryos from 15 to 19 days with the presence of pronephro's corpuscles, ducts and tubules. The mesonephro is found, in general, between days 17 and 37, and contains mesonephric ducts, mesonephric tubules, and glomeruli. The metanephro is seen since 21 days of pregnancy with the presence of glomeruli, proximal and distal contorted tubules and at day 37, the cortex-medullary region is already differentiated. The evaluation of these structures enhances the knowledge about embryology of the urinary system in cats, aiding a better anatomical understanding of the system in the specie allowing the correlation with other species." {{renal}}
 
* '''Assisted Reproduction in the Female Cat'''{{#pmid:29656770|PMID29656770}} "Assisted reproduction in the queen can range from simple ovulation induction to more advanced techniques such as in vitro fertilization. This article describes techniques available and the success associated with each." {{ART}}
 
* '''Lipid Droplet Phase Transition in Freezing Cat Embryos and Oocytes Probed by Raman Spectroscopy'''{{#pmid:30099990|PMID30099990}} "Embryo and oocyte cryopreservation is a widely used technology for cryopreservation of genetic resources. One limitation of cryopreservation is the low tolerance to freezing observed for oocytes and embryos rich in lipid droplets. We apply Raman spectroscopy to investigate freezing of lipid droplets inside cumulus-oocyte complexes, mature oocytes, and early embryos of a domestic cat. Raman spectroscopy allows one to characterize the degree of lipid unsaturation, the lipid phase transition from the liquid-like disordered to solid-like ordered state, and the triglyceride polymorphic state. ...Raman spectroscopy is proved to be a promising tool for in situ monitoring of the lipid phase state in a single embryo/oocyte during its freezing." ([https://www.renishaw.com/en/a-basic-overview-of-raman-spectroscopy--25805 Raman spectroscopy] is a vibrational spectroscopic technique used to provide information on molecular vibrations and crystal structures.)
 
* '''Follicular growth monitoring in the female cat during estrus'''{{#pmid:21798582|PMID21798582}} "This study was designed to describe follicular dynamics by transabdominal ultrasonography. Secondly, the stage of follicular growth was associated to behavioral and vaginal changes. Ovarian ultrasonography was performed during nine anovulatory and 12 ovulatory cycles. Forty-eight follicles were followed during anovulatory cycles: on the first day of estrus behavior, 4.8 ± 0.2 follicles (2 to 7 per female) of 2.3 ± 0.01 mm mean diameter were present. Follicular growth continued at a rate of 0.2 ± 0.04 mm per day. At least one follicle in the cohort reached a diameter greater than 3.0 mm."
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! More recent papers &nbsp;
|-
| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}
 
Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cat+Development ''Cat Development''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cat+Embryology ''Cat Embryology''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Feline+Embryology ''Feline Embryology'']
 
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Older papers &nbsp;
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| {{Older papers}}
* '''Development of external genitalia in fetal and neonatal domestic cats'''{{#pmid:19262023|PMID19262023}} "The female urogenital folds budded from each side of the genital tubercle and, gradually extended to the tip of the genital tubercle by the 6.8 cm stage in crown-rump length. Then, the well-developed urogenital folds ensheathed completely the genital tubercle to form the prepuce of clitoris and the labia, flanking the external opening of vagina as the folds of skin which were equivalent to the labia minora in humans. The genital swellings known to become the labia majora in humans were clearly recognized in the caudolateral region of the genital tubercle during the fetal stage. These swellings became flat and obscure after birth. Thus, in cats the genital swellings did not join to the formation of the labia in the same way as in humans. The sex difference in the external genitalia was first observed at the 3.2-3.3 cm stages. In the male, the anogenital raphe appeared and the caudal portion of the genital swellings moved and fused each other at the caudal region of the genital tubercle. In the female, both features were not easy to observe." {{genital}}
|}
==Developmental Timeline==
[[File:Cat oocyte calcium concentration.jpg|thumb|Cat oocyte calcium concentration{{#pmid:20003339|PMID20003339}}]]
Twenty-two stages have been described for the prenatal development of the domestic cat.{{#pmid:11841356|PMID11841356}}
 


==Introduction==
The following data on early development is based upon the time after copulation{{#pmid:7803616|PMID7803616}}
[[File:Cat_6_toes.jpg|thumb]]
oviduct embryo development
===Development of external genitalia in fetal and neonatal domestic cats===
 
[[File:Cat embryo ovary.jpg|thumb|Cat embryo ovary]]
* 64 hours - 1 to 4 cells (17 of 20; 85.0%)
J Vet Med Sci. 2009 Feb;71(2):139-45.
 
* 76 hours - 5 to 8 cells (18 of 28; 64.3% )
 
* 100 hours - 9 to 16 cells (14 of 24; 58.3%)
 
* 124 hours - morulae (15 of 21; 71.4% )
 
uterine embryo development
 
* 148 hours - compact morulae or early blastocysts
 
* days 12-14 - implantation occurs
 
 
See also this historic paper on early cat development.
 
{{Hill1924 TOC}}
 
==Cat Ovary==


Inomata T, Ariga M, Sakita K, Kashiwazaki N, Ito J, Yokoh K, Ichikawa M, Ninomiya H, Inoue S.
[[File:Ovary-_histology_overview.jpg|400px]]
==Oocyte and Spermatozoa==
The following scanning electron micrographs are from a recent paper on fresh and frozen cat oocytes.{{#pmid:17908298|PMID17908298}} Scale bar is 10 microns.


Department of Laboratory Animal, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan. inomata@azabu-u.ac.jp
[[File:Cat oocyte zona pellucida 01.jpg|300px]] [[File:Cat oocyte zona pellucida 02.jpg|300px]]
Abstract "Development of the external genitalia of fetal and neonatal cat were studied macroscopically, paying attention to the formation of the labia and the sexual differentiation. The female urogenital folds budded from each side of the genital tubercle and, gradually extended to the tip of the genital tubercle by the 6.8 cm stage in crown-rump length. Then, the well-developed urogenital folds ensheathed completely the genital tubercle to form the prepuce of clitoris and the labia, flanking the external opening of vagina as the folds of skin which were equivalent to the labia minora in humans. The genital swellings known to become the labia majora in humans were clearly recognized in the caudolateral region of the genital tubercle during the fetal stage. These swellings became flat and obscure after birth. Thus, in cats the genital swellings did not join to the formation of the labia in the same way as in humans. The sex difference in the external genitalia was first observed at the 3.2-3.3 cm stages. In the male, the anogenital raphe appeared and the caudal portion of the genital swellings moved and fused each other at the caudal region of the genital tubercle. In the female, both features were not easy to observe."


[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19262023 PMID19262023]
[[File:Cat_spermatozoa_bound_to_oocyte_zona_pellucida.jpg|600px]]


===In vitro compaction of germinal vesicle chromatin is beneficial to survival of vitrified cat oocytes===
==Genetics==
Comizzoli P, Wildt DE, Pukazhenthi BS.
Reprod Domest Anim. 2009 Jul;44 Suppl 2:269-74.


The immature cat oocyte contains a large-sized germinal vesicle (GV) with decondensed chromatin that is highly susceptible to cryo-damage. The aim of the study was to explore an alternative to conventional cryopreservation by examining the influence of GV chromatin compaction using resveratrol (Res) exposure (a histone deacetylase enhancer) on oocyte survival during vitrification. In Experiment 1, denuded oocytes were exposed to 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mmol/l Res for 1.5 h and then evaluated for chromatin structure or cultured to assess oocyte meiotic and developmental competence in vitro. Exposure to 1.0 or 1.5 mmol/l Res induced complete GV chromatin deacetylation and the most significant compaction. Compared to other treatments, the 1.5 mmol/l Res concentration compromised the oocyte ability to achieve metaphase II (MII) or to form a blastocyst. In Experiment 2, denuded oocytes were exposed to Res as in Experiment 1 and cultured in vitro either directly (fresh) or after vitrification. Both oocyte types then were assessed for meiotic competence, fertilizability and ability to form embryos. Vitrification exerted an overall negative influence on oocyte meiotic and developmental competence. However, ability to reach MII, achieve early first cleavage, and develop to an advanced embryo stage (8-16 cells) was improved in vitrified oocytes previously exposed to 1.0 mmol/l Res compared to all counterpart treatments. In summary, results reveal that transient epigenetic modifications associated with GV chromatin compaction induced by Res is fully reversible and beneficial to oocyte survival during vitrification. This approach has allowed the production of the first cat embryos from vitrified immature oocytes.
'''Lineage:''' Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Coelomata; Deuterostomia; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Theria; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Carnivora; Feliformia; Felidae; Felinae; Felis; Felis catus


PMID: 19754584
The cat genome was initially sequenced in 2007{{#pmid:17975172|PMID17975172}} and has been recently annotated in August 2014.<ref name = PMIDGigaScience>Tamazian, G. etal., '''Annotated features of domestic cat - Felis cats genome.''' [http://www.gigasciencejournal.com/content/3/1/13/abstract# GigaScience] 2014, 3:13</ref>
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19754584


===Testis morphometry, seminiferous epithelium cycle length, and daily sperm production in domestic cats (Felis catus)===


Biol Reprod. 2003 May;68(5):1554-61. Epub 2002 Nov 27.
* Mitochondria - entire mitochondrial genome 17,009 bp has been sequenced.


França LR, Godinho CL.
Source
Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil 31270-901. lrfranca@icb.ufmg.br


Abstract
:'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/78 Genome] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_001700 Mitochondrial Genome]


There is very little information regarding the testis structure and function in domestic cats, mainly data related to the cycle of seminiferous epithelium and sperm production. The testis weight in cats investigated in the present study was 1.2 g. Compared with most mammalian species investigated, the value of 0.08% found for testes mass related to the body mass (gonadosomatic index) in cats is very low. The tunica albuginea volume density (%) in these animals was relatively high and comprised about 19% of the testis. Seminiferous tubule and Leydig cell volume density (%) in cats were approximately 90% and 6%, respectively. The mean tubular diameter was 220 microm, and 23 m of seminiferous tubule were found per testis and per gram of testis. The frequencies of the eight stages of the cycle, characterized according to the tubular morphology system, were as follows: stage 1, 24.9%; stage 2, 12.9%; stage 3, 7.7%; stage 4, 17.6%; stage 5, 7.2%; stage 6, 11.9%; stage 7, 6.8%; and stage 8, 11 %. The premeiotic and postmeiotic stage frequency was 46% and 37%, respectively. The duration of each cycle of seminiferous epithelium was 10.4 days and the total duration of spermatogenesis based on 4.5 cycles was 46.8 days. The number of round spermatids for each pachytene primary spermatocytes (meiotic index) was 2.8, meaning that significant cell loss (30%) occurred during the two meiotic divisions. The total number of germ cells and the number of round spermatids per each Sertoli cell nucleolus at stage 1 of the cycle were 9.8 and 5.1, respectively. The Leydig cell volume was approximately 2000 microm3 and the nucleus volume 260 microm3. Both Leydig and Sertoli cell numbers per gram of testis in cats were approximately 30 million. The daily sperm production per gram of testis in cats (efficiency of spermatogenesis) was approximately 16 million. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation to perform a more detailed and comprehensive study of the testis structure and function in domestic cats. Also, this is the first report in the literature showing Sertoli and Leydig cell number per gram of testis and the daily sperm production in any kind of feline species. In this regard, besides providing a background for comparative studies with other fields, the data obtained in the present work might be useful in future studies in which the domestic cat could be utilized as an appropriate receptor model for preservation of genetic stock from rare or endangered wild felines using the germ cell transplantation technique.
==Renal Development==
The time course data below is based on a recent cat study.{{#pmid:30341968|PMID30341968}}
* 15 to 19 days - {{pronephros}} is present at early stages in embryos with the presence of pronephro's corpuscles, ducts and tubules.  
* 17 and 37 days - {{mesonephros}} contains mesonephric ducts, mesonephric tubules, and glomeruli.  
* 21 days - {{metanephros}} with the presence of glomeruli, proximal and distal contorted tubules
* 37 days - cortex-medullary region is differentiated.  


PMID: 12606460
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12606460


===Effect of protein supplementation on development to the hatching and hatched blastocyst stages of cat IVF embryos===
:Links: {{renal}}
Reprod Fertil Dev. 2002;14(5-6):291-6.


Karja NW, Otoi T, Murakami M, Yuge M, Fahrudin M, Suzuki T.
==Placenta==


Department of Veterinary Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Japan.
* zonary placenta without cotyledons
Abstract
* relatively small marginal hematoma
The effects of protein supplementation in culture medium on development to the hatching and hatched blastocyst stages of cat in vitro-fertilized embryos were investigated. In the first experiment, presumptive zygotes derived from in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization (IVF) were cultured in modified Earle's balanced salt solution (MK-1) supplemented with 0.4% bovine serum albumin (BSA) or 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 9 days. There were no significant differences between the BSA and FBS groups with respect to the proportion of cleavage and development to the morula and blastocyst stages of zygotes. However, the presence of FBS in the medium enhanced development to the hatching blastocyst stage of zygotes compared with the BSA group (31.4% v. 7.8%). Moreover, 2.9% of zygotes cultured with FBS developed to the hatched blastocyst stage. The mean cell number of blastocysts derived from zygotes cultured with FBS was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that from zygotes cultured with BSA (136.6 v.101.5). In the second experiment, embryos at the morula orblastocyst stage, which were produced by culturing in MK-1 supplemented with 0.4% BSA after IVF, were subsequently cultured in MK-1 with 0.4% BSA or 5% FBS. Significantly more morulae developed to the blastocyst (P<0.05) and hatching blastocyst stages (P<0.01) in the FBS group than in the BSA group (71.5% and 53.6% v. 44.9% and 6.0%, respectively). Although none of the morulae cultured with BSA developed to the hatched blastocyst stage, 11.5% of morulae cultured with FBS developed to the hatched blastocyst stage. Moreover, the proportion of development to the hatching blastocyst stage of blastocysts was significantly higher (P<0.01) in the FBS group than in the BSA group (68.7% v. 9.8%). None of the blastocysts cultured with BSA developed to the hatched blastocyst stage, whereas 7.3% of blastocysts cultured with FBS developed to the hatched blastocyst stage. The results of the present study indicate that supplementation with FBS at different stages of early embryo development promotes development to the hatching and hatched blastocyst stages of cat IVF embryos.
* materno-fetal barrier is endothelial-chorial
* superficially invasive into the endometrium but not into the myometrium
* placental labryrinth has characteristic giant cells


PMID: 12467353
===Placental cord===
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12467353


===Developmental competence of domestic cat embryos fertilized in vivo versus in vitro===
* two pairs of vessels in the cord
Roth TL, Swanson WF, Wildt DE.
** two arteries and two veins
Biol Reprod. 1994 Sep;51(3):441-51.
* allantoic duct
* cord average length 2 to 3 cm and 0.3 to 0.5 cm in diameter
* inserts at the margin of the zonary organ
* no spirals, no vitelline duct, and no additional vessels or structures


Development of in vitro-fertilized (IVF) cat embryos was compared to that of naturally produced cat embryos in vivo and in vitro. To obtain in vivo-fertilized embryos, queens were mated three times daily on the second and third days of natural estrus and ovariohysterectomized at 64, 76, 100, 124, or 148 h after the first copulation. Embryos were flushed from the reproductive tract, evaluated for developmental stage, and cultured. For IVF, oocytes from gonadotropin-stimulated queens were inseminated with electroejaculated cat sperm in Ham's F-10 and evaluated for fertilization (cleavage to > or = 2 cells) at 30 h. In vitro development of embryos fertilized in vivo (n = 109) and in vitro (n = 46) was evaluated every 24 h for up to 10 days. High-quality embryos recovered at 64, 76, 100, 124, and 148 h after the first copulation were typically 1 to 2 cells (13 of 20), 5 to 8 cells (18 of 28), 9 to 16 cells (14 of 24), morulae (15 of 21), and compact morulae (11 of 18), respectively, suggesting blastomere cleavage once per day in vivo after the first three rapid cell divisions. A similar developmental rate to the morula stage (p > or = 0.05) was achieved in vitro by embryos derived from both in vitro and in vivo fertilization. Additionally, the proportion (p > or = 0.05) of in vivo-generated embryos (2 to 16 cells) that developed to morulae (64 of 83; 77.1%) was similar to that of IVF embryos (28 of 46; 60.9%). However, none of the IVF embryos (0/46), but 70.6% (77 of 109) of the in vivo-produced embryos, achieved blastocyst formation in culture (p < or = 0.05). Furthermore, 66.2% (51 of 77) of these blastocysts exhibited zona hatching. Incidence of morula and blastocyst formation in the in vivo group was influenced by stage of the embryo at collection. Embryos that were at the 9- to 16-cell stage at recovery were more likely (p < or = 0.05) to achieve morula or blastocyst status and emerge from the zona pellucida than younger-stage counterparts. In summary, the in vivo and in vitro growth rate of cat embryos produced after natural mating was comparable to that of embryos fertilized and cultured in vitro. However, developmental ability to the blastocyst stage was superior for embryos produced in vivo after natural mating.
:'''Links:''' [http://placentation.ucsd.edu/cat.html Comparative Placentation - Cat]


PMID: 7803615
==Additional Images==
===Historic Images===
{{Historic Disclaimer}}


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7803615
<gallery>
File:Mall Meyer1921 fig210.jpg|Fig. 210. Normal well-preserved cat fetus
File:Mall_Meyer1921_fig211.jpg|Fig. 211. Normal poorly preserved cat fetus of approximately the same length
File:Wislocki1920_plate_4.jpg|Plate 4. Cat Fetus and Placenta
File:Bailey296 297.jpg|Fig. 297. Transverse section through the thoracic region of a cat embryo of 25 mm
File:Bailey331.jpg|Fig. 331. Sections of a cat's ovary.
File:Gray1112.jpg
File:Gray0903.jpg|Fig. 903. Cat cochlear duct and ganglia
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
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===Reviews===
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===Articles===
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===Search Pubmed===
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=cat%20development cat development] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=feline%20development feline development]
{{Animals}}


'''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=cat_development cat development]




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[[Category:Cat]]
[[Category:Cat]] [[Category:Estrous Cycle]]

Latest revision as of 05:23, 28 August 2020

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Introduction

Max Cat.jpg
Cat with 6 toes

Cats (Felis catus) are seasonally polyestrous animals that have multiple estrous cycles only during certain periods of the year.

The cat genome was initially sequenced in 2007[1] and has been recently annotated in August 2014.[2]

Cat Links: cat | Estrous Cycle | Toxoplasmosis | Category:Cat
    Historic Embryology: 1908 Pituitary | 1911 Lymphatic | 1915 Cat Development to 21 somites | 1920 Placenta absorption | 1924 Cat Development | 1932 Cat Pharyngeal Tonsil



Animal Development: axolotl | bat | cat | chicken | cow | dog | dolphin | echidna | fly | frog | goat | grasshopper | guinea pig | hamster | horse | kangaroo | koala | lizard | medaka | mouse | opossum | pig | platypus | rabbit | rat | salamander | sea squirt | sea urchin | sheep | worm | zebrafish | life cycles | development timetable | development models | K12
Historic Embryology  
1897 Pig | 1900 Chicken | 1901 Lungfish | 1904 Sand Lizard | 1905 Rabbit | 1906 Deer | 1907 Tarsiers | 1908 Human | 1909 Northern Lapwing | 1909 South American and African Lungfish | 1910 Salamander | 1951 Frog | Embryology History | Historic Disclaimer

Some Recent Findings

  • Development of urinary organs in domestic cat during the embryonic and fetal periods[3] "The embryonic origin of the urogenital system came from the intermediate mesoderm. Kidney development involves three successive renal systems with a fast chronological overlap: the pronephro, the mesonephro, and the metanephro. Due to the lack of specific knowledge about this system in cats the present work aimed to describe their urinary organs development, focusing on the structures seen in pronephro, mesonephro, and metanephro during the embryonic and fetal stages of development. The techniques used in this study were: light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. For that, embryos and fetuses from 12 pregnant mixed-breed domestic cats in different gestational stages were used to describe the proposed organs. The pronephro is present at early stages of embryonary development in embryos from 15 to 19 days with the presence of pronephro's corpuscles, ducts and tubules. The mesonephro is found, in general, between days 17 and 37, and contains mesonephric ducts, mesonephric tubules, and glomeruli. The metanephro is seen since 21 days of pregnancy with the presence of glomeruli, proximal and distal contorted tubules and at day 37, the cortex-medullary region is already differentiated. The evaluation of these structures enhances the knowledge about embryology of the urinary system in cats, aiding a better anatomical understanding of the system in the specie allowing the correlation with other species." renal
  • Assisted Reproduction in the Female Cat[4] "Assisted reproduction in the queen can range from simple ovulation induction to more advanced techniques such as in vitro fertilization. This article describes techniques available and the success associated with each." ART
  • Lipid Droplet Phase Transition in Freezing Cat Embryos and Oocytes Probed by Raman Spectroscopy[5] "Embryo and oocyte cryopreservation is a widely used technology for cryopreservation of genetic resources. One limitation of cryopreservation is the low tolerance to freezing observed for oocytes and embryos rich in lipid droplets. We apply Raman spectroscopy to investigate freezing of lipid droplets inside cumulus-oocyte complexes, mature oocytes, and early embryos of a domestic cat. Raman spectroscopy allows one to characterize the degree of lipid unsaturation, the lipid phase transition from the liquid-like disordered to solid-like ordered state, and the triglyceride polymorphic state. ...Raman spectroscopy is proved to be a promising tool for in situ monitoring of the lipid phase state in a single embryo/oocyte during its freezing." (Raman spectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopic technique used to provide information on molecular vibrations and crystal structures.)
  • Follicular growth monitoring in the female cat during estrus[6] "This study was designed to describe follicular dynamics by transabdominal ultrasonography. Secondly, the stage of follicular growth was associated to behavioral and vaginal changes. Ovarian ultrasonography was performed during nine anovulatory and 12 ovulatory cycles. Forty-eight follicles were followed during anovulatory cycles: on the first day of estrus behavior, 4.8 ± 0.2 follicles (2 to 7 per female) of 2.3 ± 0.01 mm mean diameter were present. Follicular growth continued at a rate of 0.2 ± 0.04 mm per day. At least one follicle in the cohort reached a diameter greater than 3.0 mm."
More recent papers  
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Search term: Cat Development | Cat Embryology | Feline Embryology

Older papers  
These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.

See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page.

  • Development of external genitalia in fetal and neonatal domestic cats[7] "The female urogenital folds budded from each side of the genital tubercle and, gradually extended to the tip of the genital tubercle by the 6.8 cm stage in crown-rump length. Then, the well-developed urogenital folds ensheathed completely the genital tubercle to form the prepuce of clitoris and the labia, flanking the external opening of vagina as the folds of skin which were equivalent to the labia minora in humans. The genital swellings known to become the labia majora in humans were clearly recognized in the caudolateral region of the genital tubercle during the fetal stage. These swellings became flat and obscure after birth. Thus, in cats the genital swellings did not join to the formation of the labia in the same way as in humans. The sex difference in the external genitalia was first observed at the 3.2-3.3 cm stages. In the male, the anogenital raphe appeared and the caudal portion of the genital swellings moved and fused each other at the caudal region of the genital tubercle. In the female, both features were not easy to observe." genital

Developmental Timeline

Cat oocyte calcium concentration[8]

Twenty-two stages have been described for the prenatal development of the domestic cat.[9]


The following data on early development is based upon the time after copulation[10] oviduct embryo development

  • 64 hours - 1 to 4 cells (17 of 20; 85.0%)
  • 76 hours - 5 to 8 cells (18 of 28; 64.3% )
  • 100 hours - 9 to 16 cells (14 of 24; 58.3%)
  • 124 hours - morulae (15 of 21; 71.4% )

uterine embryo development

  • 148 hours - compact morulae or early blastocysts
  • days 12-14 - implantation occurs


See also this historic paper on early cat development.

1924 Cat Development: 1. Ovum of the Cat | 2. Process of Cleavage | 3. Formation of the Blastocyst | 4. Discussion | Plates | cat

Cat Ovary

Ovary- histology overview.jpg

Oocyte and Spermatozoa

The following scanning electron micrographs are from a recent paper on fresh and frozen cat oocytes.[11] Scale bar is 10 microns.

Cat oocyte zona pellucida 01.jpg Cat oocyte zona pellucida 02.jpg

Cat spermatozoa bound to oocyte zona pellucida.jpg

Genetics

Lineage: Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Coelomata; Deuterostomia; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Theria; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Carnivora; Feliformia; Felidae; Felinae; Felis; Felis catus

The cat genome was initially sequenced in 2007[1] and has been recently annotated in August 2014.[12]


  • Mitochondria - entire mitochondrial genome 17,009 bp has been sequenced.


Links: Genome Mitochondrial Genome

Renal Development

The time course data below is based on a recent cat study.[3]

  • 15 to 19 days - pronephros is present at early stages in embryos with the presence of pronephro's corpuscles, ducts and tubules.
  • 17 and 37 days - mesonephros contains mesonephric ducts, mesonephric tubules, and glomeruli.
  • 21 days - metanephros with the presence of glomeruli, proximal and distal contorted tubules
  • 37 days - cortex-medullary region is differentiated.


Links: renal

Placenta

  • zonary placenta without cotyledons
  • relatively small marginal hematoma
  • materno-fetal barrier is endothelial-chorial
  • superficially invasive into the endometrium but not into the myometrium
  • placental labryrinth has characteristic giant cells

Placental cord

  • two pairs of vessels in the cord
    • two arteries and two veins
  • allantoic duct
  • cord average length 2 to 3 cm and 0.3 to 0.5 cm in diameter
  • inserts at the margin of the zonary organ
  • no spirals, no vitelline duct, and no additional vessels or structures
Links: Comparative Placentation - Cat

Additional Images

Historic Images

Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages 
Mark Hill.jpg
Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)
  • Fig. 210. Normal well-preserved cat fetus

    Fig. 210. Normal well-preserved cat fetus

  • Fig. 211. Normal poorly preserved cat fetus of approximately the same length

    Fig. 211. Normal poorly preserved cat fetus of approximately the same length

  • Plate 4. Cat Fetus and Placenta

    Plate 4. Cat Fetus and Placenta

  • Fig. 297. Transverse section through the thoracic region of a cat embryo of 25 mm

    Fig. 297. Transverse section through the thoracic region of a cat embryo of 25 mm

  • Fig. 331. Sections of a cat's ovary.

    Fig. 331. Sections of a cat's ovary.

  • Gray1112.jpg
  • Fig. 903. Cat cochlear duct and ganglia

    Fig. 903. Cat cochlear duct and ganglia

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pontius JU, Mullikin JC, Smith DR, Lindblad-Toh K, Gnerre S, Clamp M, Chang J, Stephens R, Neelam B, Volfovsky N, Schäffer AA, Agarwala R, Narfström K, Murphy WJ, Giger U, Roca AL, Antunes A, Menotti-Raymond M, Yuhki N, Pecon-Slattery J, Johnson WE, Bourque G, Tesler G & O'Brien SJ. (2007). Initial sequence and comparative analysis of the cat genome. Genome Res. , 17, 1675-89. PMID: 17975172 DOI.
  2. ↑ Tamazian G, Simonov S, Dobrynin P, Makunin A, Logachev A, Komissarov A, Shevchenko A, Brukhin V, Cherkasov N, Svitin A, Koepfli KP, Pontius J, Driscoll CA, Blackistone K, Barr C, Goldman D, Antunes A, Quilez J, Lorente-Galdos B, Alkan C, Marques-Bonet T, Menotti-Raymond M, David VA, Narfström K & O'Brien SJ. (2014). Annotated features of domestic cat - Felis catus genome. Gigascience , 3, 13. PMID: 25143822 DOI.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mario LC, Morais MP, Borghesi J, Favaron PO, Oliveira FD, Anunciação ARA, Agopian RG, Gomes SA & Miglino MA. (2018). Development of urinary organs in domestic cat during the embryonic and fetal periods. Microsc. Res. Tech. , , . PMID: 30341968 DOI.
  4. ↑ Johnson AK. (2018). Assisted Reproduction in the Female Cat. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. , 48, 523-531. PMID: 29656770 DOI.
  5. ↑ Okotrub KA, Mokrousova VI, Amstislavsky SY & Surovtsev NV. (2018). Lipid Droplet Phase Transition in Freezing Cat Embryos and Oocytes Probed by Raman Spectroscopy. Biophys. J. , 115, 577-587. PMID: 30099990 DOI.
  6. ↑ Malandain E, Rault D, Froment E, Baudon S, Desquilbet L, Begon D & Chastant-Maillard S. (2011). Follicular growth monitoring in the female cat during estrus. Theriogenology , 76, 1337-46. PMID: 21798582 DOI.
  7. ↑ Inomata T, Ariga M, Sakita K, Kashiwazaki N, Ito J, Yokoh K, Ichikawa M, Ninomiya H & Inoue S. (2009). Development of external genitalia in fetal and neonatal domestic cats. J. Vet. Med. Sci. , 71, 139-45. PMID: 19262023
  8. ↑ Wang C, Swanson WF, Herrick JR, Lee K & Machaty Z. (2009). Analysis of cat oocyte activation methods for the generation of feline disease models by nuclear transfer. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. , 7, 148. PMID: 20003339 DOI.
  9. ↑ Knospe C. (2002). Periods and stages of the prenatal development of the domestic cat. Anat Histol Embryol , 31, 37-51. PMID: 11841356
  10. ↑ Swanson WF, Roth TL & Wildt DE. (1994). In vivo embryogenesis, embryo migration, and embryonic mortality in the domestic cat. Biol. Reprod. , 51, 452-64. PMID: 7803616
  11. ↑ Hermansson U, Axnér E & Holst BS. (2007). Application of a zona pellucida binding assay (ZBA) in the domestic cat benefits from the use of in vitro matured oocytes. Acta Vet. Scand. , 49, 28. PMID: 17908298 DOI.
  12. ↑ Tamazian, G. etal., Annotated features of domestic cat - Felis cats genome. GigaScience 2014, 3:13

Reviews

Glatzle M, Hoops M, Kauffold J, Seeger J & Fietz SA. (2017). Development of Deep and Upper Neuronal Layers in the Domestic Cat, Sheep and Pig Neocortex. Anat Histol Embryol , 46, 397-404. PMID: 28677231 DOI.

Articles

Piras AR, Ariu F, Zedda MT, Paramio MT & Bogliolo L. (2020). Selection of Immature Cat Oocytes with Brilliant Cresyl Blue Stain Improves In Vitro Embryo Production during Non-Breeding Season. Animals (Basel) , 10, . PMID: 32847086 DOI.

Prozorowska E, Ratajczak M & Jackowiak H. (2019). Ultrastructural study of uterine epithelium in the domestic cat during prenatal development. Theriogenology , 130, 49-61. PMID: 30865874 DOI.

Prozorowska E, Jackowiak H & Skieresz-Szewczyk K. (2018). Morphology and topography of internal reproductive organs in the female cat during prenatal and postnatal development: Scanning electron microscope and three-dimensional reconstruction study. J. Morphol. , 279, 1764-1775. PMID: 30443927 DOI.

Inomata T, Ninomiya H, Sakita K, Kashiwazaki N, Ito J, Ariga M & Inoue S. (2009). Developmental changes of Müllerian and Wolffian ducts in domestic cat fetuses. Exp. Anim. , 58, 41-5. PMID: 19151510

Inomata T, Ariga M, Sakita K, Kashiwazaki N, Ito J, Yokoh K, Ichikawa M, Ninomiya H & Inoue S. (2009). Development of external genitalia in fetal and neonatal domestic cats. J. Vet. Med. Sci. , 71, 139-45. PMID: 19262023

Ciani F, Cocchia N, Rizzo M, Ponzio P, Tortora G, Avallone L & Lorizio R. (2008). Sex determining of cat embryo and some feline species. Zygote , 16, 169-77. PMID: 18405438 DOI.

França LR & Godinho CL. (2003). Testis morphometry, seminiferous epithelium cycle length, and daily sperm production in domestic cats (Felis catus). Biol. Reprod. , 68, 1554-61. PMID: 12606460 DOI.

Knospe C. (2002). Periods and stages of the prenatal development of the domestic cat. Anat Histol Embryol , 31, 37-51. PMID: 11841356

Hill JP. and Tribe M. The early development of the cat (Felis domestica). (1924) Quart. J. Microsc. Sci., 68: 513-602.

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 30) Embryology Cat Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Cat_Development

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