Developmental Signals - Sonic hedgehog
Embryology - 16 Jun 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
(SHH, Shh) A secreted growth factor that binds patched (ptc) receptor on cell membrane. This protein has many different functions in different tissues of the developing embryo, the main role would be of establishing "pattern". SHH name derives from homology to the original fruitfly (drosophila) "hedgehog" mutation, where these flies have hairs located in regions (ventral) which are normally hair-free, and therefore have a disrupted body pattern.
Sonic Hedgehog was isolated by homology to the Hedgehog (Hh) gene. A single Hh homolog is present in Drosophila, but three Hh homologs, Sonic Hh, Indian Hh, and Desert Hh, are present in mammals. SHH is a true signaling switch used in differentiating subpopulations of cells throughout the embryo. Depending on where the signal is being secreted, how far away the responsive cell population is and how SHH is proteolytically cleaved, will determine SHH function. SHH binds to the membrane receptors Patched (ptc) and BOC/CDON.
Nomenclature note lower case shh for other species, upper case SHH in humans.
Factor Links: AMH | hCG | BMP | sonic hedgehog | bHLH | HOX | FGF | FOX | Hippo | LIM | Nanog | NGF | Nodal | Notch | PAX | retinoic acid | SIX | Slit2/Robo1 | SOX | TBX | TGF-beta | VEGF | WNT | Category:Molecular |
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: hedgehog Sonic hedgehog <pubmed limit=5>Sonic hedgehog</pubmed> |
Hedgehog Family
Vertebrates have a number of signaling proteins and receptors that belong to the hedgehog (Hh) family.
Signaling proteins
- Desert hedgehog (Dhh)
- Indian hedgehog (Ihh)
- Sonic hedgehog (Shh)
Receptors
- Patched homologs - Patched-1 (Ptc1) and Patched-2 (Ptc2)
- Cubitus interruptus (Ci) homologs - Gli1, Gli2 and Gli3
Functions
Developmental patterning signal.
Neural
- SHH is secreted by the notochord, ventralizes the neural tube, inducing the floor plate and motor neurons.
- Regulation of patched by sonic hedgehog in the developing neural tube.[10] "The pattern of PTC expression suggests that Sonic hedgehog may play an inductive role in more dorsal regions of the neural tube than have been previously demonstrated. Examination of the pattern of PTC expression also suggests that PTC may act in a negative feedback loop to attenuate hedgehog signaling."
Neural tube - SHH model[11] |
Neural Crest
- Neural crest cell survival in the foregut endoderm of jaw development[12]
- Sonic hedgehog is required for cardiac outflow tract and neural crest cell development.[13]
Hearing
During mouse cochlea development the adjacent auditory (spiral) ganglion acts as a source of Sonic hedgehog. Without SHH the cochlear duct is shortened, sensory hair cell precursors prematurely leave the mitotic cell cycle, and hair cell differentiation closely follows cell cycle exit in a similar apical-to-basal direction.[14]
Somite
A study has shown an essential role for Shh signalling in the control of laminin-111 synthesis and in the initiation of basement membrane assembly in the myotome.[15]
Limb
- SHH is secreted by the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) organizing limb axis formation.
- Extended exposure to Sonic hedgehog is required for patterning the posterior digits of the vertebrate limb.[17]
Shh mouse forelimb E11.5[18] | Shh mouse hindlimb E12.5[18] |
- Mouse Limb Images: Tbx3 and Tbx2 forelimb E10 | Alx3 and Gli3 forelimb E10 | Fgf and Hox forelimb E10.5 | Bmp4 forelimb E11.5 | Bmp4 hindlimb E11.5 | Shh forelimb E11.5 | Fgf8 hindlimb E11.5 | Sox9 forelimb E12.5 | Msx2 forelimb E12.5 | Shh hindlimb E12.5
- Links: Fgf | Hox | Shh | Sox | Limb Development | Mouse Development
Geometry and patterning of the developing limb bud[19] |
Model for GATA6 action Patterning developing Hindlimb Buds[2]
Face
SHH is secreted by the forebrain neuroectoderm and the facial ectoderm for upper face and nasofrontal bud development. PMID: 15979605
Other
SHH has still others roles in organ development in lung, pancreas.
Signaling Pathway
The secreted protein binds to the cell surface membrane protein the patched receptor (ptc).
Canonical Pathway
Series of repressive interactions which culminates in GLI-mediated transcriptional regulation of a variety of cellular processes.
Non-Canonical Pathway
Suggested that there are at least 3 other potential pathways[20]:
- Involves hedgehog pathway components but which is independent of GLI-mediated transcription.
- Direct interaction of hedgehog signaling components with components of other molecular pathways.
- "Non-contiguous" or "atypical" interaction of core hedgehog pathway components with one another.
SHH Receptors
Patched Receptor
In the fly, D. melanogaster, patched (ptc) is a protein ligand receptor involved in the smo receptor signalling pathway which is a component of the integral plasma membrane protein. There are homologues in Homo sapiens , Mus , Caenorhabditis elegans , Drosophila sp. , Mus musculus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
D. melanogaster expression in the embryo (Malpighian tubule , analia , embryonic/larval hindgut , head and 2 other listed tissues). Protein interacts genetically with fu , rho , hh , ci , gsb , B , kn , N , l(1)sc , smo , Su(fu) and vn . There are 62 recorded mutant alleles , of which at least 16 are available from the public stock centers. Amorphic mutations have been isolated which affect the anterior wing , the costal cell , the wing vein and 8 other listed tissues and are embryonic lethal, visible and tissue polarity. ptc is discussed in 325 published references , dated between 1948 and 1999. These include at least 58 studies of mutant phenotypes , one study of wild-type function and 4 molecular studies . Among findings on ptc mutants, ptc mutant analysis and stage-specific laser inactivation of ptc protein indicates that ptc activity is functionally redeployed after the segmentation phenocritical period to discriminate between neural and epithelial cell fates. (Some text modified from Flybase entry for Hedgehog Gene and refers to the fruitfly hh gene)
BOC/CDON Receptors
Two recently identified related receptors for SHH, Boc and Cdon are cell surface receptors of the immunoglobulin (Ig)/fibronectin type III that interact with each other and are coexpressed in development.
- Brother of Cdon (BOC) OMIM 608708
- Cell adhesion molecule-regulated/downregulated by oncogenes (CDON) OMIM 608707
Megalin
In development, it has been shown that sonic hedgehog can also bind megalin (lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2, LRP2, gp330) a transmembrane protein which acts as an endocytic receptor on the apical surface of polarised epithelial cells. It requires interaction with another protein, cubulin, for the endocytosis of ligands.
- Megalin OMIM 600073
- Cubulin OMIM 602997
Hedgehog-Interacting Protein
(Hhip) A surface receptor antagonist that is equipotent against all three mammalian Hh homologs. The structure of human HHIP is comprised of two EGF domains and a six-bladed beta-propeller domain.
References
- ↑ Timothy A. Sanders, Esther Llagostera, Maria Barna. Specialized filopodia direct long-range transport of SHH during vertebrate tissue patterning. Nature Apr 28, 2013.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 <pubmed>24415953</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>19787036</pubmed> | PLOS
- ↑ <pubmed>19783740</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>18410737</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>18327258</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>18417549</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>18272593</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>19040769</pubmed>| PMC2614485 | Genome Biology
- ↑ <pubmed>8790332</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20532235</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>16868080</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>15936751</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>23918393</pubmed>| Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
- ↑ <pubmed>19783738</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20386744</pubmed>| PMC2851570 | PLoS Genet.
- ↑ <pubmed>17610861</pubmed> | Dev Biol
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 <pubmed>17194222</pubmed>| PMC1713256 | PLoS Genet.
- ↑ <pubmed>20644713</pubmed>| PMC2903596 | PLoS
- ↑ <pubmed>19399989</pubmed>
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- Original Embryology site - Molecular Factors - sonic hedgehog | Molecular Notes | Musculoskeletal Notes | Neural Notes
- OMIM - Sonic hedgehog
- EMBL UniProt - Sonic hedgehog protein
- PubMed - Crystal Structure Of Human Sonic Hedgehog N-Terminal Domain
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 16) Embryology Developmental Signals - Sonic hedgehog. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Developmental_Signals_-_Sonic_hedgehog
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G