Maternal Immune
Embryology - 17 Jun 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
How does the implanting conceptus avoid immune rejection by the maternal immune system? There are a number of maternal and embryonic mechanisms that are thought to act to prevent immune rejection of the implanting conceptus, though the complete mechanism(s) are unknown. This is particularly relevant to Assisted Reproductive Technologies involving donor eggs.
Recent studies have also identified innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are present in the uterus during the first trimester.[2] Innate lymphoid cells form three main groups: ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3. The ILC1 group include natural killer (NK) cells and other interferon (IFN)γ-producing cells.
developmentally related hematopoietic cells, which contribute to host immune defenses.
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Maternal Immune | Uterine natural killer | decidual natural killer cells |
Older papers |
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These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.
See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page. |
Decidual Immune Cells
Decidual Macrophages (Mϕ) | Decidual T cells | Uterine Natural Killer cells |
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Neutrophils
- second trimester decidual leukocytes[7]
- expressed neutrophil activation markers and angiogenesis-related proteins - vascular endothelial growth factor-A, Arginase-1, and CCL2, similarly shown in tumor-associated neutrophils.
Chemokine Gene Silencing
- Remove the attraction of maternal immune cells.
A mouse study[4] has shown that the normal immune response to inflammation, accumulation of effector T cells in response to chemokine secretion does not occur during implantation. This is prevented locally by epigenetic silencing of chemokine expression in the decidual stromal cells.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
- Kill the maternal immune cells.
Both maternal and implanting conceptus release CRH at the embryo implantation site. This hormone then binds to receptors on the surface of trophoblast (extravillous trophoblast) cells leading to expression of a protein (Fas ligand, FasL) that activates the extrinsic cell death pathway on any local maternal immune cells ( T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, monocytes and macrophages).[8] This cannot be the only mechanism, as mice with dysfunctional FasL proteins are still fertile.
- Links: Implantation
Uterine Natural Killer Cells
Uterine Natural Killer (uNK) or decidual NK (dNK) function to establishment of an immunosuppressive environment in comparison to circulating Natural Killer cells. There is a concentration of uNK cells in decidual tissue close to the invading conceptus trophoblast calls.
Circulating Natural Killer (NK) cells form part of the normal immune defence:
- have the ability to kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells
- release cytokines and chemokines involved in early inflammatory responses.
- regulated by inhibitory receptors and activating receptors
- inhibitory receptors - killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) and CD94/NKG2A).
- activating receptors - (natural cytotoxicity receptors) NKp46, NKp30, and NKp44.
- express large amounts of CD56 (different from peripheral blood NK cells) CD56bright
- secrete angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor, angiopoietin-2, matrix metalloproteinases and interferon γ
CD56
- Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)
- adhesion glycoprotein with five extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains followed by two fibronectin type III repeats
- some cells with the T cell markers CD3 and CD4 also express CD56.
Antibodies
- mouse monoclonal primary anti-CD56 antibody (NCL-CD56-504; Novacastra Laboratories, Milton Keynes, UK)
- rabbit polyclonal primary anti-CD56 antibody (Antibody #3606; Cell Signaling Technology)
- antibodies-online
Implantation Factors
Molecular Implantation and Decidualization[9]
Cytokines
In mice, endometrial secretion of two IL-6 family cytokines, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and Interleukin-11 (IL-11), are key requirements for implantation. A recent human study suggests that there is a similar requirement for human conceptus implantation.[10]
Uterine Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) Expression[1]
a - At day 4 of pregnancy, oestrogen E2 induces LIF expression in the endometrial glands, leading to LIF secretion into the uterine lumen. There, LIF binds to its receptors on the surface of epithelial cells. | b - This makes the uterus receptive to the blastocyst, which implants by day 5 of pregnancy. Hu et al. find that LIF expression in the endometrial glands also depends on the regulatory activity of p53. In the absence of p53, insufficient LIF is produced, the uterus does not become adequately receptive, and fewer blastocysts implant. |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hu W, Feng Z, Teresky AK & Levine AJ. (2007). p53 regulates maternal reproduction through LIF. Nature , 450, 721-4. PMID: 18046411 DOI.
- ↑ Vacca P, Montaldo E, Croxatto D, Loiacono F, Canegallo F, Venturini PL, Moretta L & Mingari MC. (2015). Identification of diverse innate lymphoid cells in human decidua. Mucosal Immunol , 8, 254-64. PMID: 25052762 DOI.
- ↑ Santillán I, Lozano I, Illán J, Verdú V, Coca S, Bajo-Arenas JM & Martinez F. (2015). Where and when should natural killer cells be tested in women with repeated implantation failure?. J. Reprod. Immunol. , 108, 142-8. PMID: 25708533 DOI.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Nancy P, Tagliani E, Tay CS, Asp P, Levy DE & Erlebacher A. (2012). Chemokine gene silencing in decidual stromal cells limits T cell access to the maternal-fetal interface. Science , 336, 1317-21. PMID: 22679098 DOI.
- ↑ Domínguez F, Simón C, Quiñonero A, Ramírez MÁ, González-Muñoz E, Burghardt H, Cervero A, Martínez S, Pellicer A, Palacín M, Sánchez-Madrid F & Yáñez-Mó M. (2010). Human endometrial CD98 is essential for blastocyst adhesion. PLoS ONE , 5, e13380. PMID: 20976164 DOI.
- ↑ Cakmak H & Taylor HS. (2011). Implantation failure: molecular mechanisms and clinical treatment. Hum. Reprod. Update , 17, 242-53. PMID: 20729534 DOI.
- ↑ Amsalem H, Kwan M, Hazan A, Zhang J, Jones RL, Whittle W, Kingdom JC, Croy BA, Lye SJ & Dunk CE. (2014). Identification of a novel neutrophil population: proangiogenic granulocytes in second-trimester human decidua. J. Immunol. , 193, 3070-9. PMID: 25135830 DOI.
- ↑ Makrigiannakis A, Zoumakis E, Kalantaridou S, Coutifaris C, Margioris AN, Coukos G, Rice KC, Gravanis A & Chrousos GP. (2001). Corticotropin-releasing hormone promotes blastocyst implantation and early maternal tolerance. Nat. Immunol. , 2, 1018-24. PMID: 11590404 DOI.
- ↑ Cha J, Sun X & Dey SK. (2012). Mechanisms of implantation: strategies for successful pregnancy. Nat. Med. , 18, 1754-67. PMID: 23223073 DOI.
- ↑ Marwood M, Visser K, Salamonsen LA & Dimitriadis E. (2009). Interleukin-11 and leukemia inhibitory factor regulate the adhesion of endometrial epithelial cells: implications in fertility regulation. Endocrinology , 150, 2915-23. PMID: 19213836 DOI.
Reviews
Lee SK, Kim CJ, Kim DJ & Kang JH. (2015). Immune cells in the female reproductive tract. Immune Netw , 15, 16-26. PMID: 25713505 DOI.
Rätsep MT, Felker AM, Kay VR, Tolusso L, Hofmann AP & Croy BA. (2015). Uterine natural killer cells: supervisors of vasculature construction in early decidua basalis. Reproduction , 149, R91-102. PMID: 25342175 DOI.
Articles
Gong X, Liu Y, Chen Z, Xu C, Lu Q & Jin Z. (2014). Insights into the paracrine effects of uterine natural killer cells. Mol Med Rep , 10, 2851-60. PMID: 25310696 DOI.
Le Bouteiller P. (2015). HLA-G in human early pregnancy: control of uterine immune cell activation and likely vascular remodeling. Biomed J , 38, 32-8. PMID: 25163504 DOI.
Amsalem H, Kwan M, Hazan A, Zhang J, Jones RL, Whittle W, Kingdom JC, Croy BA, Lye SJ & Dunk CE. (2014). Identification of a novel neutrophil population: proangiogenic granulocytes in second-trimester human decidua. J. Immunol. , 193, 3070-9. PMID: 25135830 DOI.
Lima PD, Zhang J, Dunk C, Lye SJ & Croy BA. (2014). Leukocyte driven-decidual angiogenesis in early pregnancy. Cell. Mol. Immunol. , 11, 522-37. PMID: 25066422 DOI.
Gomez-Lopez N, StLouis D, Lehr MA, Sanchez-Rodriguez EN & Arenas-Hernandez M. (2014). Immune cells in term and preterm labor. Cell. Mol. Immunol. , 11, 571-81. PMID: 24954221 DOI.
Leno-Durán E, Muñoz-Fernández R, Olivares EG & Tirado-González I. (2014). Liaison between natural killer cells and dendritic cells in human gestation. Cell. Mol. Immunol. , 11, 449-55. PMID: 24954224 DOI.
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 17) Embryology Maternal Immune. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Maternal_Immune
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G