Neural - Cranial Nerve Development: Difference between revisions
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==CN I Olfactory== | ==CN I Olfactory== | ||
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Olfactory Nerve - Human fetus ([[Week 10]]) | |||
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* sensory - olfactory receptor neuron axons | * sensory - olfactory receptor neuron axons | ||
* olfactory epithelium to cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone then to the olfactory bulb | * olfactory epithelium to cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone then to the olfactory bulb | ||
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:'''Links:''' [[Sensory - Smell Development|Smell Development]] | :'''Links:''' [[Sensory - Smell Development|Smell Development]] |
Revision as of 19:23, 14 April 2016
Embryology - 16 Jun 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
Neural development is one of the earliest systems to begin and the last to be completed after birth. This development generates the most complex structure within the embryo and the long time period of development means in utero insult during pregnancy may have consequences to development of the nervous system.
Differences between birds and mammals:
- both - have retinal axons projecting topographically to targets in the brain.
- birds - the visual fibers from the entire retina decussate at the optic chiasm.
- mammals - some axons from the temporal retina diverge at the midline to project ipsilaterally.
Neural development beginnings quite early, therefore also look at notes covering Week 3- neural tube and Week 4-early nervous system. Development of the neural crest and sensory systems (hearing/vision/smell) are only introduced in these notes and are covered in other notes sections.
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Cranial Nerve Links: Neural | Neural Crest | CN I | CN II | CN III| CN IV | CN V | CN VI | CN VII | CN VIII | CN IX | CN X | CN XI | CN XII | placodes | Category:Cranial Nerve |
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Cranial Nerve Development <pubmed limit=5>Cranial Nerve Development</pubmed> |
Neural Development Overview
Neuralation begins at the trilaminar embryo with formation of the notochord and somites, both of which underly the ectoderm and do not contribute to the nervous system, but are involved with patterning its initial formation. The central portion of the ectoderm then forms the neural plate that folds to form the neural tube, that will eventually form the entire central nervous system.
- Early developmental sequence: Epiblast - Ectoderm - Neural Plate - Neural groove and Neural Crest - Neural Tube and Neural Crest
Neural Tube | Primary Vesicles | Secondary Vesicles | Adult Structures |
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week 3 | week 4 | week 5 | adult |
prosencephalon (forebrain) | telencephalon | Rhinencephalon, Amygdala, hippocampus, cerebrum (cortex), hypothalamus, pituitary | Basal Ganglia, lateral ventricles | |
diencephalon | epithalamus, thalamus, Subthalamus, pineal, posterior commissure, pretectum, third ventricle | ||
mesencephalon (midbrain) | mesencephalon | tectum, Cerebral peduncle, cerebral aqueduct, pons | |
rhombencephalon (hindbrain) | metencephalon | cerebellum | |
myelencephalon | medulla oblongata, isthmus | ||
spinal cord, pyramidal decussation, central canal |
Motor and Sensory
Cranial motor nerves brainstem nuclei of origin | Primary Terminal Nuclei of the Afferent (sensory) Cranial Nerves |
CN I Olfactory
Olfactory Nerve - Human fetus (Week 10) |
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- Links: Smell Development
CN II Optic
Optic Nerve - Human embryo (week 8, Carnegie stage 22) |
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- Links: Vision Development
CN III Oculomotor
motor - innervates muscles that enable most eye movement
development - oculomotor nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic midbrain
CN IV Trochlear
motor - innervates the superior oblique muscle that enables eye movement
CN V Trigeminal
(semilunar ganglion or gasserian ganglion)
three major branches - ophthalmic nerve (V1), maxillary nerve (V2), mandibular nerve (V3)
mixed motor/sensory
- sensory - provide tactile, proprioceptive, and nociceptive afference to the face and mouth.
- motor - innervate the skin of the face via ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2) and mandibular (V3) divisions. Special visceral efferent (SVE) axons innervate the muscles of mastication via the mandibular (V3) division.
CN VI Abducent
motor - innervates the lateral rectus muscle that enables eye movement
development - from the basal plate of the embryonic pons
CN VII Facial
(N. Facialis; Seventh Nerve; CN VII)
- mixed motor/sensory
- motor - innervates the muscles of facial expression
- sensory - taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity
- development - second pharyngeal arch
- motor derived from the basal plate of the embryonic pons
- sensory derived from cranial neural crest
The facial nerve (Figs. 788, 790) consists of a motor and a sensory part, the latter being frequently described under the name of the nervus intermedius (pars intermedii of Wrisberg) (Fig. 788). The two parts emerge at the lower border of the pons in the recess between the olive and the inferior peduncle, the motor part being the more medial, immediately to the lateral side of the sensory part is the acoustic nerve. |
Gray Fig. 788. Plan of the Facial and Intermediate Nerves and their Communication with Other Nerves |
CN VIII Acoustic
sensory - auditory and equilibrium
development - otic placode
CN IX Glossopharyngeal
mixed motor/sensory
lies anterior to the medulla oblongata
Branchial motor (special visceral efferent) – supplies the stylopharyngeus muscle.
Visceral motor (general visceral efferent) – provides parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland via the otic ganglion.
Visceral sensory (general visceral afferent) – carries visceral sensory information from the carotid sinus and carotid body.
General sensory (general somatic afferent) – provides general sensory information from inner surface of the tympanic membrane, upper pharynx (GVA), and the posterior one-third of the tongue.
Visceral afferent (special visceral afferent) – provides taste sensation from the posterior one-third of the tongue, including circumvallate papillae.
CN X Vagus
(pneumogastric nerve) responsible for heart rate, gastrointestinal peristalsis, sweating, and muscle movements in the mouth, including speech (via the recurrent laryngeal nerve)
development
- motor derived from the basal plate of the medulla oblongata
- sensory derived from cranial neural crest
CN XI Accessory
motor - innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
- sternomastoid - muscle superficial layer side of the neck, rotation of the head
- trapezius - superficial muscles from occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the spine of the scapula, move the scapulae and support the arm
CN XII Hypoglossal
motor - hypoglossal nucleus of the ventromedial medulla oblongata from a number of smaller rootlets
development - basal plate of the medulla oblongata
Neonatal - Clinical
Examination of the baby’s cranial nerve function is often accomplished by observing spontaneous activity.
Newborn - Cranial Nerves | |||||||
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Normal | Abnormal |
Cranial Nerve Development: 3 months | 12 months | 18 months
- Links: Neural Exam Movies | Neonatal Development
Additional Images
Mouse E10.5 Nav2 expression[4]
Historic Images
Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages |
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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding. (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers) |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 <pubmed>25799573</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>26356988</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20184720</pubmed>| Neural Dev.
- ↑ <pubmed>20184720</pubmed>| Neural Dev.
Reviews
<pubmed>19206138</pubmed> <pubmed>11882306</pubmed>
Articles
<pubmed>18230116</pubmed>
Search PubMed
Search Pubmed: Tectum Embryology | Tectum Development
Glossary Links
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 16) Embryology Neural - Cranial Nerve Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Neural_-_Cranial_Nerve_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G