Abnormal Development - Malaria: Difference between revisions

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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
[[File:Malaria_plasmodium_falciparum.jpg‎|thumb|Malaria (''plasmodium falciparum'')]]
[[File:Malaria_plasmodium_falciparum.jpg‎|thumb|Malaria (''plasmodium falciparum'')]]
About 10,000 women and 200,000 babies die annually because of malaria in pregnancy, which can cause miscarriages, preterm births, and low-birth-weight births.<ref><pubmed>20126256</pubmed></ref> There are about 156 species of Plasmodium which infect different vertebrate species. In humans there are four types of malaria caused by the protozoan parasite ''Plasmodium falciparum'' (main), ''Plasmodium vivax'', ''Plasmodium ovale'', ''Plasmodium malariae''.  
About 10,000 women and 200,000 babies die annually because of malaria in pregnancy, which can cause miscarriages, preterm births, and low-birth-weight births.<ref><pubmed>20126256</pubmed></ref> There are about 156 species of Plasmodium which infect different vertebrate species. In humans there are four types of malaria caused by the protozoan parasite ''Plasmodium falciparum'' (main), ''Plasmodium vivax'', ''Plasmodium ovale'', ''Plasmodium malariae''.  


Placental infection is common in regions where malaria is endemic with women carrying their first pregnancy (primigravida).
Placental infection is common in regions where malaria is endemic with women carrying their first pregnancy (primigravida). (More? [[Placenta - Abnormalities]])




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:{{Environmental}}| [[Placenta - Abnormalities]]
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==Some Recent Findings==
==Some Recent Findings==
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* '''Plasmodium vivax malaria'''<ref><pubmed>20386602</pubmed></ref> "Up to 40% of the world's population is at risk for Plasmodium vivax malaria, a disease that imposes a major public health and economic burden on endemic countries. Because P. vivax produces latent liver forms, eradication of P. vivax malaria is more challenging than it is for P. falciparum."
* '''Plasmodium vivax malaria'''<ref><pubmed>20386602</pubmed></ref> "Up to 40% of the world's population is at risk for Plasmodium vivax malaria, a disease that imposes a major public health and economic burden on endemic countries. Because P. vivax produces latent liver forms, eradication of P. vivax malaria is more challenging than it is for P. falciparum."
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[[Talk:Abnormal_Development_-_Malaria|Recent References]] | [[#References|References]]
Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Maternal+Hyperthermia ''Maternal Malaria'']
 
<pubmed limit=5>Maternal Malaria</pubmed>
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===Placental Malaria===
===Placental Malaria===
Pregnant women have an increased susceptibility to malaria infection. Malarial infection of the placenta by sequestration of the infected red blood cells leading to low birth weight and other effects.
Pregnant women have an increased susceptibility to malaria infection. Malarial infection of the placenta by sequestration of the infected red blood cells leading to low birth weight and other effects.
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* CDC Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria [http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/html/Malaria.htm Malaria]
* CDC Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria [http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/html/Malaria.htm Malaria]


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[[Category:Environmental Abnormalities]] [[Category:Malaria]]
[[Category:Environmental Abnormalities]] [[Category:Malaria]]

Revision as of 16:14, 20 Haziran 2014

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Introduction

Malaria (plasmodium falciparum)

About 10,000 women and 200,000 babies die annually because of malaria in pregnancy, which can cause miscarriages, preterm births, and low-birth-weight births.[1] There are about 156 species of Plasmodium which infect different vertebrate species. In humans there are four types of malaria caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum (main), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae.

Placental infection is common in regions where malaria is endemic with women carrying their first pregnancy (primigravida). (More? Placenta - Abnormalities)


Malaria global limits 2007.jpg
Global limits and endemicity of P. falciparum in 2007
Environmental Links: Introduction | low folic acid | iodine deficiency | Nutrition | Drugs | Australian Drug Categories | USA Drug Categories | thalidomide | herbal drugs | Illegal Drugs | smoking | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | TORCH | viral infection | bacterial infection | fungal infection | zoonotic infection | toxoplasmosis | Malaria | maternal diabetes | maternal hypertension | maternal hyperthermia | Maternal Inflammation | Maternal Obesity | hypoxia | biological toxins | chemicals | heavy metals | air pollution | radiation | Prenatal Diagnosis | Neonatal Diagnosis | International Classification of Diseases | Fetal Origins Hypothesis


Some Recent Findings

  • Does malaria affect placental development? Evidence from in vitro models[2] "Malaria in early pregnancy is difficult to study but has recently been associated with fetal growth restriction (FGR). ...We demonstrate that in vitro models of placental development can be adapted to indirectly study the impact of malaria in early pregnancy. These infections could result in impaired trophoblast invasion with reduced transformation of maternal spiral arteries due to maternal hormonal and inflammatory disturbances, which may contribute to FGR by limiting the delivery of maternal blood to the placenta. Future prevention strategies for malaria in pregnancy should include protection in the first half of pregnancy."
  • Ultrasound evidence of early fetal growth restriction after maternal malaria infection[3] "Despite early treatment in all positive women, one or more (a)symptomatic P.falciparum or P.vivax malaria infections in the first half of pregnancy result in a smaller than expected mid-trimester fetal head diameter. Strategies to prevent malaria in pregnancy should include early pregnancy."
  • Plasmodium vivax malaria[4] "Up to 40% of the world's population is at risk for Plasmodium vivax malaria, a disease that imposes a major public health and economic burden on endemic countries. Because P. vivax produces latent liver forms, eradication of P. vivax malaria is more challenging than it is for P. falciparum."
More recent papers
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Search term: Maternal Malaria

<pubmed limit=5>Maternal Malaria</pubmed>

Placental Malaria

Pregnant women have an increased susceptibility to malaria infection. Malarial infection of the placenta by sequestration of the infected red blood cells leading to low birth weight and other effects.

Placental volume - second trimester[5]
  • Several infective agents may cross into the placenta from the maternal circulation, as well as enter the embryo/fetal circulation. \
  • Pregnant women have an increased susceptibility to malaria infection.
  • Malarial infection of the placenta by sequestration of the infected red blood cells leading to low birth weight and other effects.

References: Beeson JG, Duffy PE. The immunology and pathogenesis of malaria during pregnancy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2005;297:187-227. | Brabin BJ, Romagosa C, Abdelgalil S, Menendez C, Verhoeff FH, McGready R, Fletcher KA, Owens S, D'Alessandro U, Nosten F, Fischer PR, Ordi J. The sick placenta-the role of malaria. Placenta. 2004 May;25(5):359-78.

Links: Brown University - Maternal Malaria | CDC - Malaria

References

  1. ↑ <pubmed>20126256</pubmed>
  2. ↑ <pubmed>23383132</pubmed>| PLoS One.
  3. ↑ <pubmed>22347473</pubmed>
  4. ↑ <pubmed>20386602</pubmed>
  5. ↑ <pubmed>22222152</pubmed>| Malar J.


Bookshelf

Bioinformatics in Tropical Disease Research: A Practical and Case-Study Approach Gruber, Arthur; Durham, Alan M.; Huynh, Chuong; del Portillo, Hernando A., editors Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), NCBI; 2008 Control of Gene Expression in Plasmodium

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  • CDC Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria Malaria


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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2026, September 3) Embryology Abnormal Development - Malaria. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Abnormal_Development_-_Malaria

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