Blastocyst Development: Difference between revisions
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The blastocyst consists of cells forming an outer trophoblast layer, an inner cell mass and a fluid-filled cavity. The blastocyst inner cell mass is the source of true embryonic stem cells capable of forming all cell types within the embryo. In humans, this stage occurs in the first and second weeks after the [[zygote]] forms a solid cellular mass [[morula]] stage) and before implantation. | The blastocyst consists of cells forming an outer '''trophectoderm''' (TE, trophoblast) layer, an '''inner cell mass''' (ICM, embryo blast) and a blastocoel (fluid-filled cavity). The blastocyst inner cell mass is the source of true embryonic stem cells capable of forming all cell types within the embryo. In humans, this stage occurs in the first and second weeks after the [[zygote]] forms a solid cellular mass [[morula]] stage) and before implantation. | ||
One of the first key developmental patterning decisions in the morula to blastocyst development is TE or ICM cell fate. In the mouse model, [[Developmental Signals - Hippo|Hippo]]{{#pmid:25986053|PMID25986053}}(TEAD4) and [[Developmental Signals - Notch|Notch]]{{#pmid:25127056|PMID25127056}}(Cdx2) together appear regulate this early fate decision. | |||
{{Blastocyst Links}} | |||
[[File:Mouse blastocyst development 01.jpg|thumb|alt=Mouse blastocyst development|Mouse blastocyst development<ref name="PMID28700688"><pubmed>PMID28700688</pubmed></ref>]] | [[File:Mouse blastocyst development 01.jpg|thumb|alt=Mouse blastocyst development|Mouse blastocyst development<ref name="PMID28700688"><pubmed>PMID28700688</pubmed></ref>]] | ||
== Some Recent Findings == | == Some Recent Findings == |
Revision as of 11:40, 21 March 2018
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Introduction
(Greek, blastos = sprout + cystos = cavity) or blastula, the term used to describe the hollow cellular mass that forms in early development.
The blastocyst consists of cells forming an outer trophectoderm (TE, trophoblast) layer, an inner cell mass (ICM, embryo blast) and a blastocoel (fluid-filled cavity). The blastocyst inner cell mass is the source of true embryonic stem cells capable of forming all cell types within the embryo. In humans, this stage occurs in the first and second weeks after the zygote forms a solid cellular mass morula stage) and before implantation.
One of the first key developmental patterning decisions in the morula to blastocyst development is TE or ICM cell fate. In the mouse model, Hippo[2](TEAD4) and Notch[3](Cdx2) together appear regulate this early fate decision.
Blastocyst Links: blastocyst | morula | fertilization | Week 1 | trophoblast | implantation | Human Day 3-6 Movie | Mouse Model Movie | Category:Blastocyst |
Molecular: Hippo | Notch |
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Blastocyst Development <pubmed limit=5>Blastocyst Development</pubmed> |
Older papers |
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Movies
Human Blastocyst
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Model Development
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Human Blastocyst Formation
The table below shows human blastocyst in vitro development changes during week 1.[10]
Labeled Blastocyst
Blastocyst Hatching
Blastocyst hatching from zona pellucida (mouse) | Blastocyst hatching from zona pellucida (human) |
Model Human Blastocyst Development
The following figure is from a recent study[7] using video and genetic analysis of in vitro human development during week 1 following fertilization.
- EGA - embryonic genome activation
- ESSP - embryonic stage–specific pattern, four unique embryonic stage–specific patterns (1-4)
- Links: Figure with legend
Mouse Blastocyst Gene Expression
General gene expression patterns are indicated from genomic profiling.[12]
- red - loss of maternal mRNAs
- green - activation of embryonic genome (EGA)
- purple - maternal gene activation (MGA)
- orange - continuous expression
Inner Cell Mass
This outer layer of cells is also called the "embryoblast", a cluster of cells located and attached on one wall of the outer trophoblast layer.
Trophoblast Layer
This outer layer of cells is also called the "trophectoderm" (TE) epithelium. A key function is for the transport of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions through this layer into the blastocoel.
Differentiation of this layer has been shown to be regulated by the transcription factors Tead4[13] and then Caudal-related homeobox 2 (Cdx2).
- Links: Trophoblast | OMIM -Tead4 | OMIM - Cdx2
Blastocoel Formation
- trophectoderm transports of Na+ and Cl- ions through this layer into the blastocoel
- generates an osmotic gradient driving fluid across this epithelium
- distinct apical and basolateral membrane domains specific for transport
- facilitates transepithelial Na+ and fluid transport for blastocoel formation
- transport is driven by Na, K-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in basolateral membranes of the trophectoderm [14]
Blastocyst Metabolism
At the blastocyst stage, mammalian development metabolism switches on anaerobic glycolysis metabolism to satisfy metabolic demands of growing blastocyst and formation of the blastocoel. This is thought to be driven by the integral membrane protein family of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT or SLC2A).
- aerobic - oxidation of lactate and pyruvate via the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation
- glycolysis- converts glucose into pyruvate
- GLUT - GLUcose Transporter (divided into 3 classes I-III)
- SLC2 - Solute Carrier Family 2
Glucose Transporter Expression
- GLUT1 - from zygote to blastocyst. (all mammalian tissues, basal glucose uptake)
- GLUT2 and GLUT3 - from late eight cell stage to blastocyst. (GLUT2, liver and pancreatic beta cells; GLUT3, all mammalian tissues, basal glucose uptake)
- GLUT4 - not expressed. (muscle and adipose tissue)
- GLUT8 - up-regulated at blastocyst stage. (central nervous system and heart)
- (Data mainly from mouse development, adult tissue expression shown in brackets)
A mouse study,[15] has shown GLUT8 is up-regulated following insulin stimulation, though a more recent GLUT8 knockout mouse shows normal early embryonic development in the absence of this transporter.[16]
- Links: Biochemistry - glucose transporters | GLUT1 | GLUT2 | GLUT8
Blastula Cell Communication
Two types of cell junctions have been identified located at different regions in the developing blastocyst.
- Adhesion EM Images: GIT epithelia EM1 | GIT epithelia EM2 | GIT epithelia EM3 | Desmosome EM
- Adhesion Cartoons: Tight junction | Adherens Junction | Desmosome | Gap Junction
Blastocyst Hatching - zona pellucida lost, ZP has sperm entry site, and entire ZP broken down by uterine secretions and possibly blastula secretions.
Uterine Glands - secretions required for blastocyst motility and nutrition
Blastocyst Hatching
At about day 5 the human blastocyst "hatches" out of the protective zona pellucida. This hatching allows increased growth, access to uterine nutrient secretions and blastocyst adhesion to the uterine lining. Associated with this hatching process are a series of physical contractions.
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<mediaplayer width='500' height='450' image="http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/a/af/Human_blastocyst_day_5-6.jpg">File:Human_blastocyst_day_5-6.mp4</mediaplayer>
Human blastocyst contractions (day 5-6)[7] |
Molecular Factors
- TEA DNA- binding domain, these factors bind to the consensus TEA/ATTS cognate binding site[19]
- TEF-3 - renamed Tead1 and Tead4
- Tead3 - is expressed in the placental syncytiotrophoblasts
- E-cadherin - Calcium ion-dependent cell adhesion molecule, a cell membrane adhesive protein required for morula compaction
- epithin - A type II transmembrane serine protease, identified in mouse for compaction of the morula during preimplantation embryonic development. Expressed from 8-cell stage at blastomere contacts and co-localises in the morula with E-cadherin. PMID: 15848395
- Na, K-adenosine triphosphatase - A sodium potassium pump that generates an osmotic gradient for fluid flow into the blastocoel
- Zonula occludens-1 - (ZO-1) Tight junction protein involved in morula to blastocyst transformation in the mouse PMID: 18423437
Blastocyst in Other Species
Mouse Blastocyst
Sox2 expression[20]
Early gene expression[20]
Early gene expression[20]
Early gene expression[20]
Early gene expression[20]
Early mouse development model[21]
- Links: Mouse Development
Bovine Blastocyst
- Links: Bovine Development
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 <pubmed>19924284</pubmed>| PMC2773928 | PLoS One
- ↑ Sasaki H. (2015). Position- and polarity-dependent Hippo signaling regulates cell fates in preimplantation mouse embryos. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. , 47-48, 80-7. PMID: 25986053 DOI.
- ↑ Rayon T, Menchero S, Nieto A, Xenopoulos P, Crespo M, Cockburn K, Cañon S, Sasaki H, Hadjantonakis AK, de la Pompa JL, Rossant J & Manzanares M. (2014). Notch and hippo converge on Cdx2 to specify the trophectoderm lineage in the mouse blastocyst. Dev. Cell , 30, 410-22. PMID: 25127056 DOI.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 <pubmed>PMID28700688</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>PMID27487217</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>24504341</pubmed>| Development
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 <pubmed>20890283</pubmed>| Nat Biotechnol.
- ↑ <pubmed>20864103</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20147376</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>10221713</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>16681851</pubmed>| PMC1479373 | J Transl Med.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 <pubmed>19043080</pubmed>| Mol Hum Reprod.
- ↑ <pubmed>18083014</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>16139691</pubmed>
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 <pubmed>10860996</pubmed>| PMC16542 | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
- ↑ <pubmed>16705176</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>14967891</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>2708952 </pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>8702974</pubmed>
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 <pubmed>21103067</pubmed>| PMC2980489 | PLoS One.
- ↑ <pubmed>21573197</pubmed>| PMC3088645 | PLoS Comput Biol.
Reviews
<pubmed>20607796</pubmed> <pubmed>20364097</pubmed> <pubmed>17389140</pubmed>
Articles
<pubmed>20157423</pubmed> <pubmed>19289087</pubmed> <pubmed>18817772</pubmed> <pubmed>18083014</pubmed> <pubmed>16773657</pubmed>| Dev. Dyn.
Search PubMed
Search April 2010
Search Pubmed: blastocyst development | blastocoel development | inner cell mass development | trophectoderm |
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 23) Embryology Blastocyst Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Blastocyst_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G