Neural - Cerebellum Development: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Gray0704.jpg|thumb|300px|Cerebellum structure]] | [[File:Gray0704.jpg|thumb|300px|Cerebellum structure]] | ||
[[File:Mouse Purkinje neuron-01.jpg|thumb|Mouse Purkinje neuron<ref><pubmed>11724815</pubmed>| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2150878 PMC2150878] | [http://jcb.rupress.org/content/155/5/733.abstract J Cell Biol.]</ref>]] | [[File:Mouse Purkinje neuron-01.jpg|thumb|Mouse Purkinje neuron<ref><pubmed>11724815</pubmed>| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2150878 PMC2150878] | [http://jcb.rupress.org/content/155/5/733.abstract J Cell Biol.]</ref>]] | ||
The cerebellum (Latin, ‘little brain’) major role is in role in sensory-motor processing that in the adult human contains half of all the brain's neurons. | |||
Neural development is one of the earliest systems to begin and the last to be completed after birth. This development generates the most complex structure within the embryo and the long time period of development means in utero insult during pregnancy may have consequences to development of the nervous system. | Neural development is one of the earliest systems to begin and the last to be completed after birth. This development generates the most complex structure within the embryo and the long time period of development means in utero insult during pregnancy may have consequences to development of the nervous system. | ||
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Embryology - 14 Jun 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
The cerebellum (Latin, ‘little brain’) major role is in role in sensory-motor processing that in the adult human contains half of all the brain's neurons.
Neural development is one of the earliest systems to begin and the last to be completed after birth. This development generates the most complex structure within the embryo and the long time period of development means in utero insult during pregnancy may have consequences to development of the nervous system.
- "For every neuron added to the cerebral cortex in evolution, four neurons are added to the cerebellum."[3]
The adult cerebellum anatomy consists of three parts, the vermis (median) and the two hemispheres (lateral), which are continuous with each other.
Within the neural tube stem cells generate the 2 major classes of cells that make the majority of the nervous system : neurons and glia. Both these classes of cells differentiate into many different types generated with highly specialized functions and shapes. This section covers the establishment of neural populations, the inductive influences of surrounding tissues and the sequential generation of neurons establishing the layered structure seen in the brain and spinal cord.
- Neural development beginnings quite early, therefore also look at notes covering Week 3- neural tube and Week 4-early nervous system.
- Development of the neural crest and sensory systems (hearing/vision/smell) are only introduced in these notes and are covered in other notes sections.
Much of the basic structure of the cerebellum comes the historic histological studies and staining of Ramón Cahal (1852 - 1934) and Camillo Golgi (1843 - 1926).
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Cerebellum Embryology <pubmed limit=5>Cerebellum Embryology</pubmed> |
Development Overview
Neuralation begins at the trilaminar embryo with formation of the notochord and somites, both of which underly the ectoderm and do not contribute to the nervous system, but are involved with patterning its initial formation. The central portion of the ectoderm then forms the neural plate that folds to form the neural tube, that will eventually form the entire central nervous system.
- Early developmental sequence: Epiblast - Ectoderm - Neural Plate - Neural groove and Neural Crest - Neural Tube and Neural Crest
Neural Tube | Primary Vesicles | Secondary Vesicles | Adult Structures |
---|---|---|---|
week 3 | week 4 | week 5 | adult |
prosencephalon (forebrain) | telencephalon | Rhinencephalon, Amygdala, hippocampus, cerebrum (cortex), hypothalamus, pituitary | Basal Ganglia, lateral ventricles | |
diencephalon | epithalamus, thalamus, Subthalamus, pineal, posterior commissure, pretectum, third ventricle | ||
mesencephalon (midbrain) | mesencephalon | tectum, Cerebral peduncle, cerebral aqueduct, pons | |
rhombencephalon (hindbrain) | metencephalon | cerebellum | |
myelencephalon | medulla oblongata, isthmus | ||
spinal cord, pyramidal decussation, central canal |
The following text description is from a study of 20 human embryos and fetuses between 6 weeks to 16 weeks from the Madrid Collection.[8]
- 6 weeks (CRL 12–16 mm) - anlage of the cerebellum was first identified as a pair of thickenings on the lateral site of the alar plate that faced the fourth ventricle.
- 7-9 weeks (CRL 28 mm) - rhombic lip (a pair of thickenings of the alar plate) protruded dorsally, bent laterally, extended ventrolaterally and fused with the medially located midbrain. During that process, the primitive choroid plexus appeared to become involved in the cerebellar hemisphere to form a centrally located eosinophilic matrix. At that stage, the inferior olive had already developed in the thick medulla. Thus, the term 'bulbo-pontine extension' may represent an erroneous labeling of a caudal part of the rhombic lip. The cerebellar vermis developed much later than the hemisphere possibly from a midline dark cell cluster near the aqueduct.
- 11–12 weeks (CRL 70–90 mm) - cerebellar hemisphere became as thick as the mid- brain. In the hemisphere, a laminar configuration became evident but the central eosinophilic matrix remained pres- ent. Fissures of the future vermis appeared in the midline area (Fig. 6): the developing fissures provided island-like structures in horizontal sections. The hemisphere and ver- mis, including the surfaces of the fissures, were covered by the external germinal cell layer.
- 15–16 weeks (CRL 110–130 mm) - cerebellar hemisphere contained the primitive dentate nucleus. The nodule and flocculus were identified, vermis became as thick as the hemisphere and it accompanied several deep fissures.
Historic Description
The cerebellum is developed in the roof of the anterior part of the hind-brain (Figs. 649 to 654). The alar laminæ of this region become thickened to form two lateral plates which soon fuse in the middle line and produce a thick lamina which roofs in the upper part of the cavity of the hind-brain vesicle; this constitutes the rudiment of the cerebellum, the outer surface of which is originally smooth and convex. The fissures of the cerebellum appear first in the vermis and floccular region, and traces of them are found during the third month; the fissures on the cerebellar hemispheres do not appear until the fifth month. The primitive fissures are not developed in the order of their relative size in the adult—thus the horizontal sulcus in the fifth month is merely a shallow groove. The best marked of the early fissures are: (a) the fissura prima between the developing culmen and declive, and (b) the fissura secunda between the future pyramid and uvula. The flocculus and nodule are developed from the rhombic lip, and are therefore recognizable as separate portions before any of the other cerebellar lobules. The groove produced by the bending over of the rhombic lip is here known as the floccular fissure; when the two lateral walls fuse, the right and left floccular fissures join in the middle line and their central part becomes the post-nodular fissure. (text from Gray's Anatomy 1918)
Precerebellar Neurons
Precerebellar neurons (PCNs) are born in the hindbrain alar plate in the specific region called the rhombic lip (for review see[9]). From there they migrate by a process termed nucleokinesis[10], extending a cytoplasmic process then move their nucleus.
In recent years a number of different chemotactic positive and negative factors have been suggested to have a role in driving the guided migration of these cells. Many signals are thought to be mediated through the Rho family GTPases links to the cytoskeleton.
Early Brain Vesicles
Primary Vesicles
Secondary Vesicles
Fetal Cerebellum
Week 10
Plane A (midline) | Plane B (medial) |
Plane C (lateral) | Plane D (most lateral) |
- Links: 10 week Fetal | Fetal Development
Third Trimester
Developing human cerebellum preterm[1]
A greater EGL cell density and reduced EGL thickness were reported in preterms with ex-utero exposure, as compared to their age matched stillborn controls.
Cerebellum Images
Historic Images
Human Embryology and Morphology. Keith, A. (1902) London: Edward Arnold. The Hind Brain
Gray, Henry. Anatomy of the Human Body. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918.
Bailey, F.R. and Miller, A.M. (1921). Text-Book of Embryology. New York: William Wood and Co. The Cerebellum
Abnormalities
Foliation Defects
Mouse Cerebellar Foliation Defects[12]
(A–B) Midsagittal sections of newborn (P0) wild-type and Mdm2puro/Δ7-9 cerebella stained with H&E. (C–D) Superimposition of P0 (purple outline), P7 (blue outline), and adult (green outline) cerebella from wild-type (C) or Mdm2puro/Δ7-9 (D) mice. By P7, all four primary fissures, as well as two additional fissures, are evident in Mdm2puro/Δ7-9 mice. Moreover, even in adulthood, the mutant cerebellum does not reach the size or complexity of the wild-type cerebellum. Abbreviations are: prc, precentral; pc, pre-culminate; pr, primary; pp, prepyramidal; sec, secondary; pl, posterolateral fissures.
Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia
Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia (PCH) are very rare, inherited progressive neurodegenerative disorders with prenatal onset (for recent review see[13]). The major features are: hypoplasia or atrophy of cerebellum and pons, progressive microcephaly, and variable cerebral involvement. There is a further classification of 7 different subtypes (PCH1-7) and there is prenatal testing for the related inherited mutations.
- PCH2, PCH4, PCH5 - Mutations in the 3 tRNA splicing endonuclease subunit genes.
- PCH6 - Mutations in the nuclear encoded mitochondrial arginyl- tRNA synthetase gene.
- PCH1 - Mutations in the tRNA splicing endonuclease, the mitochondrial arginyl- tRNA synthetase and the vaccinia related kinase1.
Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastomas are the most common childhood primary central nervous system tumour. They are thought to arise in the developing cerebellum from the precursors of the granule cell.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 <pubmed>21858122</pubmed>| PLoS One
- ↑ <pubmed>11724815</pubmed>| PMC2150878 | J Cell Biol.
- ↑ <pubmed>20300467</pubmed>| Front Neuroanat.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 <pubmed>25519244</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>25050931</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>24516532</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20835252</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>21380713</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>16111554</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>15882636</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>18801355</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>21437245</pubmed>| PLoS One.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 <pubmed>21749694</pubmed>| Orphanet J Rare Dis.
Journals
- Cerebellum Springer Publishers
Reviews
<pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed>25336734</pubmed> <pubmed>22396330</pubmed>| PMC3359460 <pubmed>21295689</pubmed> <pubmed>19732611</pubmed> <pubmed>17408845</pubmed> <pubmed>16243598</pubmed> <pubmed>15610138</pubmed> <pubmed>12843872</pubmed>
Articles
<pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed>21380713</pubmed> <pubmed>20460306</pubmed> <pubmed>15496441</pubmed>
Search PubMed
Search Pubmed: Cerebellum Embryology | Cerebellum Development | Medulloblastoma
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 14) Embryology Neural - Cerebellum Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Neural_-_Cerebellum_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G