Neural Crest - Enteric Nervous System: Difference between revisions
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* Collagen 18 and agrin are secreted by enteric neural crest cells to remodel their microenvironment and regulate their migration during ENS development{{#pmid:29678817|PMID29678817}} "The enteric nervous system arises from neural crest cells that migrate, proliferate, and differentiate into enteric neurons and glia within the intestinal wall. Many extracellular matrix (ECM) components are present in the embryonic gut, but their role in regulating ENS development is largely unknown. Here, we identify heparan sulfate proteoglycan proteins, including collagen 18 (Col18) and agrin, as important regulators of enteric neural crest-derived cell (ENCDC) development. In developing avian hindgut, Col18 is expressed at the ENCDC wavefront, while agrin expression occurs later. Both proteins are normally present around enteric ganglia, but are absent in aganglionic gut. Using chick-mouse intestinal chimeras and enteric neurospheres, we show that vagal- and sacral-derived ENCDCs from both species secrete Col18 and agrin. While glia express Col18 and agrin, enteric neurons only express the latter. Functional studies demonstrate that Col18 is permissive while agrin is strongly inhibitory to ENCDC migration, consistent with the timing of their expression during ENS development. We conclude that ENCDCs govern their own migration by actively remodeling their microenvironment through secretion of ECM proteins. | |||
* '''Review - Development of interstitial cells of Cajal in the human digestive tract as the result of reciprocal induction of mesenchymal and neural crest cells'''{{#pmid:29193736|PMID29193736}} "Neural crest cells (NCC) can migrate into different parts of the body and express their strong inductive potential. In addition, they are multipotent and are able to differentiate into various cell types with diverse functions. In the primitive gut, NCC induce differentiation of muscular structures and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and they themselves differentiate into the elements of the enteric nervous system (ENS), neurons and glial cells. ICC develop by way of mesenchymal cell differentiation in the outer parts of the primitive gut wall around the myenteric plexus (MP) ganglia, with the exception of colon, where they appear simultaneously also at the submucosal border of the circular muscular layer around the submucosal plexus (SMP) ganglia. ...Under the impact of stem cell factor (SCF), a portion of c-kit positive precursors lying immediately around the ganglia differentiate into ICC, while the rest differentiate into SMC." | * '''Review - Development of interstitial cells of Cajal in the human digestive tract as the result of reciprocal induction of mesenchymal and neural crest cells'''{{#pmid:29193736|PMID29193736}} "Neural crest cells (NCC) can migrate into different parts of the body and express their strong inductive potential. In addition, they are multipotent and are able to differentiate into various cell types with diverse functions. In the primitive gut, NCC induce differentiation of muscular structures and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and they themselves differentiate into the elements of the enteric nervous system (ENS), neurons and glial cells. ICC develop by way of mesenchymal cell differentiation in the outer parts of the primitive gut wall around the myenteric plexus (MP) ganglia, with the exception of colon, where they appear simultaneously also at the submucosal border of the circular muscular layer around the submucosal plexus (SMP) ganglia. ...Under the impact of stem cell factor (SCF), a portion of c-kit positive precursors lying immediately around the ganglia differentiate into ICC, while the rest differentiate into SMC." | ||
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Introduction
The enteric nervous system (ENS) regulates many key aspects of the gastrointestinal tract including: motility, secretion and blood flow. In the body region, neural crest cells form the entire enteric nervous system, both neurons and glia, of the gastrointestinal tract.
The neural crest are bilaterally paired strips of cells arising in the ectoderm at the margins of the neural tube. These cells migrate to many different locations and differentiate into many cell types within the embryo. This means that many different systems (neural, skin, tooth, head, face, heart, adrenal glands, gastrointestinal tract) will also have a contribution fron the neural crest cells.
Vagal neural crest cells initially migrate into the foregut splanchnic mesoderm of the developing gastrointestinal tract, these cells then migrate caudally along the gut into the midgut. A second population of sacral neural crest cells have been identified as migrating into the region of the hindgut.
The two gastrointestinal plexuses are located between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers (myenteric plexus, Auerbach's plexus) and in the submucosal layer (submucosal plexus, Meissner's plexus). Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) within the myenteric plexus are pacemaker cells that control peristaltic contraction waves.
Neural Crest Links: neural crest | Lecture - Early Neural | Lecture - Neural Crest Development | Lecture Movie | Schwann cell | adrenal | melanocyte | peripheral nervous system | enteric nervous system | cornea | cranial nerve neural crest | head | skull | cardiac neural crest | Nicole Le Douarin | Neural Crest Movies | neural crest abnormalities | Category:Neural Crest | |||
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intestine | Gastrointestinal Tract Development
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Enteric Nervous System Development
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Older papers |
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Plexuses
Myenteric plexus | Submucosal plexus |
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Auerbach's plexus | Meissner's plexus |
Leopold Auerbach (1828–1897) a German anatomist and neuropathologist. | Georg Meissner (1829–1905) a German anatomist and physiologist. |
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Links: enteric nervous system | intestine | neural crest | PMID 25428846 |
Development Overview
This data below is a summary from a study of human enteric ganglia development[8] (ages given are gestational age GA weeks)
- week 7 - rostro-caudal neural crest cell colonization of the gut complete and differentiated into neurons and glia. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) localized in the ganglion plexus.
- foregut neurons and glia were aggregated into ganglion plexus (myenteric region) not in submucosa.
- hind gut neurons and glia are dispersed within the mesenchyme.
- week 9 - myenteric plexus, longitudinal and circular muscle layers formed along the entire gut.
- week 12 - scattered and individual neurons and glia, and small ganglion plexuses were detected in the foregut and midgut submucosa. Muscularis mucosae formed at the foregut and midgut.
- week 14 - ganglion plexus seen in the hind gut submucosa. Muscularis mucosae formed at the hindgut.
- week 20 - ICCs preferentially localized at the periphery of the plexus.
Mouse Model
Mouse enteric plexus GFP[9]
Chicken Model
In the chicken gut, neural crest cells from both vagal (somite level 1-7) and sacral (somite level 28 and posterior) levels differentiate into the neurons and glial cells of the enteric nervous system.[10]
See also Nicole Le Douarin's research.
Historic
Auerbach's plexus
(myenteric plexus) In 1864 Auerbach first described the neural plexus lying between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the gastrointestinal tract. The plexus has both parasympathetic and sympathetic input and is involved in the rhythmic peristaltic contractions of the gut wall. Plexus named after Leopold Auerbach (1828 – 1897) a German anatomist and neuropathologist born in Breslau.
Meissner's plexus
(submucosal plexus) Part of the enteric nervous system lying in the submucosa layer of the gastrointestinal tract is associated with mucosal secretion (secretomotor). Embryologically derived from neural crest cells. Named after Georg Meissner (1829-1905) a German histologist, physiologist and anatomist.
Neural Crest Migration
Molecular
- Impdh2 - Inosine 5′ monophosphate dehydrogenase
Abnormalities
Intestinal Aganglionosis
(intestinal aganglionosis, Hirschsprung's disease, aganglionic colon, megacolon, congenital aganglionic megacolon, congenital megacolon) A condition caused by the lack of enteric nervous system (neural ganglia) in the intestinal tract responsible for gastric motility (peristalsis). In general, its severity is dependent upon the amount of the GIT that lacks intrinsic ganglia, due to developmental lack of neural crest migration into those segments. (More? Neural Crest System - Abnormalities)
Historically, Hirschsprung's disease takes its name from Dr Harald Hirschsprung (1830-1916) a Danish pediatrician (of German extraction). In 1886, he presented at the German Society of Pediatrics conference in Berlin a case of 2 infants who died of complications of bowel obstruction (H. Hirschsprung, Stuhltragheit Neugeborener in Folge von Dilatation und Hypertrophie des Colons, Jhrb f Kinderh 27 (1888), pp. 1-7). Later autopsies identified a dilatation and hypertrophy of large intestine, and the rectum appeared normally narrow. Hirschsprung suggested that the condition was an inborn disease and named it congenital megacolon.
The first indication in newborns is an absence of the first bowel movement, other symptoms include throwing up and intestinal infections. Clinically this is detected by one or more tests (barium enema and x ray, manometry or biopsy) and can currently only be treated by surgery. A temoporary ostomy (Colostomy or Ileostomy) with a stoma is carried out prior to a more permanent pull-through surgery.
Ostomy - Aganglionic portion removed | Stoma - intestine attached to the abdomen wall | |
Short section of the colon without smooth muscle neural ganglia | Aganglionic segment removed | Reattachment |
Australian Statistics
Hirschsprung’s disease[11] (1.3 per 10,000 births) ICD-10 Q43.1
- A condition characterised by partial or complete bowel obstruction resulting from absence of peristalsis in a segment of bowel due to an aganglionic section of the bowel.
- More than two-thirds (66.7%) of the babies born with this anomaly were males.
- Women aged 40 years or older had the highest rate of affected pregnancies.
References
- ↑ Nagy N, Barad C, Hotta R, Bhave S, Arciero E, Dora D & Goldstein AM. (2018). Collagen 18 and agrin are secreted by enteric neural crest cells to remodel their microenvironment and regulate their migration during ENS development. Development , , . PMID: 29678817 DOI.
- ↑ Radenkovic G, Radenkovic D & Velickov A. (2018). Development of interstitial cells of Cajal in the human digestive tract as the result of reciprocal induction of mesenchymal and neural crest cells. J. Cell. Mol. Med. , 22, 778-785. PMID: 29193736 DOI.
- ↑ Uribe RA, Hong SS & Bronner ME. (2018). Retinoic acid temporally orchestrates colonization of the gut by vagal neural crest cells. Dev. Biol. , 433, 17-32. PMID: 29108781 DOI.
- ↑ Green SA, Uy BR & Bronner ME. (2017). Ancient evolutionary origin of vertebrate enteric neurons from trunk-derived neural crest. Nature , 544, 88-91. PMID: 28321127 DOI.
- ↑ Faure S, McKey J, Sagnol S & de Santa Barbara P. (2015). Enteric neural crest cells regulate vertebrate stomach patterning and differentiation. Development , 142, 331-42. PMID: 25519241 DOI.
- ↑ Jin S, Martinelli DC, Zheng X, Tessier-Lavigne M & Fan CM. (2015). Gas1 is a receptor for sonic hedgehog to repel enteric axons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 112, E73-80. PMID: 25535338 DOI.
- ↑ Goldstein AM, Hofstra RM & Burns AJ. (2013). Building a brain in the gut: development of the enteric nervous system. Clin. Genet. , 83, 307-16. PMID: 23167617 DOI.
- ↑ Fu M, Tam PK, Sham MH & Lui VC. (2004). Embryonic development of the ganglion plexuses and the concentric layer structure of human gut: a topographical study. Anat. Embryol. , 208, 33-41. PMID: 14991401 DOI.
- ↑ Fujimura T, Shibata S, Shimojima N, Morikawa Y, Okano H & Kuroda T. (2016). Fluorescence Visualization of the Enteric Nervous Network in a Chemically Induced Aganglionosis Model. PLoS ONE , 11, e0150579. PMID: 26943905 DOI.
- ↑ Erickson CA & Goins TL. (2000). Sacral neural crest cell migration to the gut is dependent upon the migratory environment and not cell-autonomous migratory properties. Dev. Biol. , 219, 79-97. PMID: 10677257 DOI.
- ↑ Abeywardana S & Sullivan EA 2008. Congenital Anomalies in Australia 2002-2003. Birth anomalies series no. 3 Cat. no. PER 41. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit.
Reviews
Nagy N & Goldstein AM. (2017). Enteric nervous system development: A crest cell's journey from neural tube to colon. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. , 66, 94-106. PMID: 28087321 DOI.
Obermayr F, Hotta R, Enomoto H & Young HM. (2013). Development and developmental disorders of the enteric nervous system. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol , 10, 43-57. PMID: 23229326 DOI.
Sasselli V, Pachnis V & Burns AJ. (2012). The enteric nervous system. Dev. Biol. , 366, 64-73. PMID: 22290331 DOI.
Articles
Musser MA & Michelle Southard-Smith E. (2013). Balancing on the crest - Evidence for disruption of the enteric ganglia via inappropriate lineage segregation and consequences for gastrointestinal function. Dev. Biol. , 382, 356-64. PMID: 23376538 DOI.
Luesma MJ, Cantarero I, Castiella T, Soriano M, Garcia-Verdugo JM & Junquera C. (2013). Enteric neurons show a primary cilium. J. Cell. Mol. Med. , 17, 147-53. PMID: 23205631 DOI.
Hao MM, Boesmans W, Van den Abbeel V, Jennings EA, Bornstein JC, Young HM & Vanden Berghe P. (2011). Early emergence of neural activity in the developing mouse enteric nervous system. J. Neurosci. , 31, 15352-61. PMID: 22031881 DOI.
Anderson RB, Newgreen DF & Young HM. (2006). Neural crest and the development of the enteric nervous system. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. , 589, 181-96. PMID: 17076282 DOI.
Copenhaver PF. (2007). How to innervate a simple gut: familiar themes and unique aspects in the formation of the insect enteric nervous system. Dev. Dyn. , 236, 1841-64. PMID: 17420985 DOI.
Burns AJ & Douarin NM. (1998). The sacral neural crest contributes neurons and glia to the post-umbilical gut: spatiotemporal analysis of the development of the enteric nervous system. Development , 125, 4335-47. PMID: 9753687
Books
Anderson RB, Newgreen DF, Young HM. Neural Crest and the Development of the Enteric Nervous System. In: Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6273/
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 28) Embryology Neural Crest - Enteric Nervous System. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Neural_Crest_-_Enteric_Nervous_System
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