Neural Crest - Enteric Nervous System: Difference between revisions
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* '''Mapping of extrinsic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract in the {{mouse}} embryo'''{{#pmid:32690615|PMID32690615}} "Precise extrinsic afferent (visceral sensory) and efferent (sympathetic and parasympathetic) innervation of the gut is fundamental for gut-brain crosstalk. Owing to the limitation of intrinsic markers to distinctively visualize the three classes of extrinsic axons, which intimately associate within the gut mesentery, detailed information on the development of extrinsic gut-innervating axons remains relatively sparse. Here, we mapped extrinsic innervation of the gut and explored the relationships among various types of extrinsic axons during embryonic development in mice. Visualization with characterized intrinsic markers revealed that visceral sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic axons arise from different anatomical locations, project in close association via the gut mesentery, and form distinctive innervation patterns within the gut from embryonic day {{ME10.5}} to {{ME16.5}}. Genetic ablation of visceral sensory trajectories results in the erratic extension of both sympathetic and parasympathetic axons, implicating that afferent axons provide an axonal scaffold to route efferent axons. Co-culture assay further confirmed the attractive effect of sensory axons on sympathetic axons. Taken together, our study provides key information regarding the development of extrinsic gut-innervating axons occurring through heterotypic axonal interactions and provides an anatomical basis to uncover neural circuit assembly in the gut-brain axis." | |||
* '''Review - {{Hirschsprung disease}} - Insights on genes, penetrance, and prenatal diagnosis'''{{#pmid:31609069|PMID31609069}} "The objective of this mini-review is to provide insights on the advances in the understanding of the genetic variants associated with different manifestations of Hirschsprung disease, which may present with a range of denervation from a short segment of colon to total colonic and small bowel or extensive aganglionosis. A recent article in this journal documented potential gene variants involved in long-segment Hirschsprung disease in 23 patients. Gene variants were identified using a 31-gene panel of genes related to Hirschsprung disease or enteric neural crest cell development, as previously reported in the literature. The study identified potentially harmful variants in eight genes across 13 patients, with a detection rate of 56.5% (13/23 patients). Five patients had pathologic variants in RET, NRG1, and L1CAM, and the remainder were considered variants of unknown significance. The authors attempted prenatal diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease utilizing an amniocentesis sample obtained for advanced maternal age in a family with a known deleterious RET mutation, manifested in the father (long-segment Hirschsprung disease) and older daughter (total colonic aganglionosis). The fetus had the same RET variant but, after several years of follow-up, has not developed any symptoms of Hirschsprung disease, supporting the conclusion that this RET mutation is an autosomal dominant gene with incomplete penetrance. This experience suggests that genetic counseling is appropriate to carefully assess the justification of prenatal testing, especially, when the phenotype of long-segment Hirschsprung disease is so variable and the disease is potentially curable with surgery." | |||
* '''The enteric neural crest progressively loses capacity to form enteric nervous system'''{{#pmid:30529057|PMID30529057}} "Cells of the vagal neural crest (NC) form most of the enteric nervous system (ENS) by a colonising wave in the embryonic gut, with high cell proliferation and differentiation. Enteric neuropathies have an ENS deficit and cell replacement has been suggested as therapy. This would be performed post-natally, which raises the question of whether the ENS cell population retains its initial ENS-forming potential with age. We tested this on the avian model in organ culture in vitro (3 days) using recipient aneural chick midgut/hindgut combined with ENS-donor quail midgut or hindgut of ages QE5 to QE10. ENS cells from young donor tissues (≤ QE6) avidly colonised the aneural recipient, but this capacity dropped rapidly 2-3 days after the transit of the ENS cell wavefront. This loss in capability was autonomous to the ENS population since a similar decline was observed in ENS cells isolated by HNK1 FACS. Using QE5, 6, 8 and 10 midgut donors and extending the time of assay to 8 days in chorio-allantoic membrane grafts did not produce 'catch up' colonisation. NC-derived cells were counted in dissociated quail embryo gut and in transverse sections of chick embryo gut using NC, neuron and glial marker antibodies. This showed that the decline in ENS-forming ability correlated with a decrease in proportion of ENS cells lacking both neuronal and glial differentiation markers, but there were still large numbers of such cells even at stages with low colonisation ability. Moreover, ENS cells in small numbers from young donors were far superior in colonisation ability to larger numbers of apparently undifferentiated cells from older donors. This suggests that the decline of ENS-forming ability has both quantitative and qualitative aspects. In this case, ENS cells for cell therapies should aim to replicate the embryonic ENS stage rather than using post-natal ENS stem/progenitor cells." | |||
* '''News from the endothelin-3/EDNRB signaling pathway: Role during enteric nervous system development and involvement in neural crest-associated disorders'''{{#pmid:30171849|PMID30171849}} "The endothelin system is a vertebrate-specific innovation with important roles in regulating the cardiovascular system and renal and pulmonary processes, as well as the development of the vertebrate-specific neural crest cell population and its derivatives. This system is comprised of three structurally similar 21-amino acid peptides that bind and activate two G-protein coupled receptors. In 1994, knockouts of the Edn3 and Ednrb genes revealed their crucial function during development of the enteric nervous system and melanocytes, two neural-crest derivatives. Since then, human and mouse genetics, combined with cellular and developmental studies, have helped to unravel the role of this signaling pathway during development and adulthood. In this review, we will summarize the known functions of the EDN3/EDNRB pathway during neural crest development, with a specific focus on recent scientific advances, and the enteric nervous system in normal and pathological conditions." | * '''News from the endothelin-3/EDNRB signaling pathway: Role during enteric nervous system development and involvement in neural crest-associated disorders'''{{#pmid:30171849|PMID30171849}} "The endothelin system is a vertebrate-specific innovation with important roles in regulating the cardiovascular system and renal and pulmonary processes, as well as the development of the vertebrate-specific neural crest cell population and its derivatives. This system is comprised of three structurally similar 21-amino acid peptides that bind and activate two G-protein coupled receptors. In 1994, knockouts of the Edn3 and Ednrb genes revealed their crucial function during development of the enteric nervous system and melanocytes, two neural-crest derivatives. Since then, human and mouse genetics, combined with cellular and developmental studies, have helped to unravel the role of this signaling pathway during development and adulthood. In this review, we will summarize the known functions of the EDN3/EDNRB pathway during neural crest development, with a specific focus on recent scientific advances, and the enteric nervous system in normal and pathological conditions." | ||
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* '''Review - Development of interstitial cells of Cajal in the human digestive tract as the result of reciprocal induction of mesenchymal and neural crest cells'''{{#pmid:29193736|PMID29193736}} "Neural crest cells (NCC) can migrate into different parts of the body and express their strong inductive potential. In addition, they are multipotent and are able to differentiate into various cell types with diverse functions. In the primitive gut, NCC induce differentiation of muscular structures and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and they themselves differentiate into the elements of the enteric nervous system (ENS), neurons and glial cells. ICC develop by way of mesenchymal cell differentiation in the outer parts of the primitive gut wall around the myenteric plexus (MP) ganglia, with the exception of colon, where they appear simultaneously also at the submucosal border of the circular muscular layer around the submucosal plexus (SMP) ganglia. ...Under the impact of stem cell factor (SCF), a portion of c-kit positive precursors lying immediately around the ganglia differentiate into ICC, while the rest differentiate into SMC." | * '''Review - Development of interstitial cells of Cajal in the human digestive tract as the result of reciprocal induction of mesenchymal and neural crest cells'''{{#pmid:29193736|PMID29193736}} "Neural crest cells (NCC) can migrate into different parts of the body and express their strong inductive potential. In addition, they are multipotent and are able to differentiate into various cell types with diverse functions. In the primitive gut, NCC induce differentiation of muscular structures and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and they themselves differentiate into the elements of the enteric nervous system (ENS), neurons and glial cells. ICC develop by way of mesenchymal cell differentiation in the outer parts of the primitive gut wall around the myenteric plexus (MP) ganglia, with the exception of colon, where they appear simultaneously also at the submucosal border of the circular muscular layer around the submucosal plexus (SMP) ganglia. ...Under the impact of stem cell factor (SCF), a portion of c-kit positive precursors lying immediately around the ganglia differentiate into ICC, while the rest differentiate into SMC." | ||
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Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Enteric+Nervous+System+Development ''Enteric Nervous System Development''] | Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Enteric+Nervous+System+Development ''Enteric Nervous System Development''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=vagal+neural+crest vagal neural crest]] | ||
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* '''Retinoic acid temporally orchestrates colonization of the gut by vagal neural crest cells'''{{#pmid:29108781|PMID29108781}} "The enteric nervous system arises from neural crest cells that migrate as chains into and along the primitive gut, subsequently differentiating into enteric neurons and glia. Little is known about the mechanisms governing neural crest migration en route to and along the gut in vivo. Here, we report that Retinoic Acid (RA) temporally controls zebrafish enteric neural crest cell chain migration. In vivo imaging reveals that RA loss severely compromises the integrity and migration of the chain of neural crest cells during the window of time window when they are moving along the foregut. After loss of RA, enteric progenitors accumulate in the foregut and differentiate into enteric neurons, but subsequently undergo apoptosis resulting in a striking neuronal deficit. Moreover, ectopic expression of the transcription factor meis3 and/or the receptor ret, partially rescues enteric neuron colonization after RA attenuation. Collectively, our findings suggest that retinoic acid plays a critical temporal role in promoting enteric neural crest chain migration and neuronal survival upstream of Meis3 and RET in vivo." {{retinoic acid}} | {{zebrafish}} | |||
* '''Ancient evolutionary origin of vertebrate enteric neurons from trunk-derived neural crest'''{{#pmid:28321127|PMID28321127}} "The enteric nervous system of jawed vertebrates arises primarily from vagal neural crest cells that migrate to the foregut and subsequently colonize and innervate the entire gastrointestinal tract. Here we examine development of the enteric nervous system in the basal jawless vertebrate the sea lamprey (''Petromyzon marinus'') to gain insight into its evolutionary origin. Surprisingly, we find no evidence for the existence of a vagally derived enteric neural crest population in the lamprey." | * '''Ancient evolutionary origin of vertebrate enteric neurons from trunk-derived neural crest'''{{#pmid:28321127|PMID28321127}} "The enteric nervous system of jawed vertebrates arises primarily from vagal neural crest cells that migrate to the foregut and subsequently colonize and innervate the entire gastrointestinal tract. Here we examine development of the enteric nervous system in the basal jawless vertebrate the sea lamprey (''Petromyzon marinus'') to gain insight into its evolutionary origin. Surprisingly, we find no evidence for the existence of a vagally derived enteric neural crest population in the lamprey." | ||
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{{GIT plexus table}} | {{GIT plexus table}} | ||
==Interstitial Cells of Cajal== | |||
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are located within the gastrointestinal tract and also within the pancreas, placenta, and female reproductive tract. | |||
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) Subtypes | |||
[[File:Interstitial Cells of Cajal 01.jpg|alt=Interstitial Cells of Cajal|600px]] | |||
* '''ICC<sub>dmp</sub>''' - deep muscular plexus region between the circular thin and thick muscle layers, only in the small intestine. | |||
* '''ICC<sub>im</sub>''' - intramuscular located in the circular and longitudinal muscle layers, mediate motor neuronal input. | |||
* '''ICC<sub>my</sub>''' - myenteric plexus are the primary pacemaker cells in the small intestine, generating and propagating the electrical slow waves. | |||
* '''ICC<sub>ss</sub>''' subserosal found in the small intestine and colon (around the submucosa of the pylorus and colon). | |||
== Development Overview == | == Development Overview == | ||
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==Abnormalities== | ==Abnormalities== | ||
=== | ===LB16.1 Hirschsprung disease=== | ||
(intestinal aganglionosis, Hirschsprung's disease, aganglionic colon, megacolon, congenital aganglionic megacolon, congenital megacolon) | {| | ||
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| {{ICD-11}} {{ICD11weblink}}1772690306 LB16.1 Hirschsprung disease] - ''This is a developmental anomaly affecting the intestinal tract characterized by congenital absence of myenteric ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a segment of the large bowel. Due to the absence of intrinsic innervation of the muscle layers of the affected segment, there is a loss of motor function. This results in an abnormally large or dilated colon (congenital megacolon) with intestinal occlusion or constipation. This condition becomes evident shortly after birth.'' | |||
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Hirschsprung disease (intestinal aganglionosis, Hirschsprung's disease, aganglionic colon, megacolon, congenital aganglionic megacolon, congenital megacolon) is a condition caused by the lack of enteric nervous system (neural ganglia) in the intestinal tract responsible for gastric motility (peristalsis). In general, its severity is dependent upon the amount of the GIT that lacks intrinsic ganglia, due to developmental lack of neural crest migration into those segments. (More? {{Neural crest abnormalities}}) | |||
Historically, Hirschsprung's disease takes its name from Dr Harald Hirschsprung (1830-1916) a Danish pediatrician (of German extraction). In 1886, he presented at the German Society of Pediatrics conference in Berlin a case of 2 infants who died of complications of bowel obstruction (H. Hirschsprung, Stuhltragheit Neugeborener in Folge von Dilatation und Hypertrophie des Colons, Jhrb f Kinderh 27 (1888), pp. 1-7). Later autopsies identified a dilatation and hypertrophy of large intestine, and the rectum appeared normally narrow. Hirschsprung suggested that the condition was an inborn disease and named it congenital megacolon. | Historically, Hirschsprung's disease takes its name from Dr Harald Hirschsprung (1830-1916) a Danish pediatrician (of German extraction). In 1886, he presented at the German Society of Pediatrics conference in Berlin a case of 2 infants who died of complications of bowel obstruction (H. Hirschsprung, Stuhltragheit Neugeborener in Folge von Dilatation und Hypertrophie des Colons, Jhrb f Kinderh 27 (1888), pp. 1-7). Later autopsies identified a dilatation and hypertrophy of large intestine, and the rectum appeared normally narrow. Hirschsprung suggested that the condition was an inborn disease and named it congenital megacolon. |
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Introduction
The enteric nervous system (ENS) regulates many key aspects of the gastrointestinal tract including: motility, secretion and blood flow. In the body region, neural crest cells form the entire enteric nervous system, both neurons and glia, of the gastrointestinal tract.
The neural crest are bilaterally paired strips of cells arising in the ectoderm at the margins of the neural tube. These cells migrate to many different locations and differentiate into many cell types within the embryo. This means that many different systems (neural, skin, tooth, head, face, heart, adrenal glands, gastrointestinal tract) will also have a contribution fron the neural crest cells.
Vagal neural crest cells initially migrate into the foregut splanchnic mesoderm of the developing gastrointestinal tract, these cells then migrate caudally along the gut into the midgut. A second population of sacral neural crest cells have been identified as migrating into the region of the hindgut.
The two gastrointestinal plexuses are located between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers (myenteric plexus, Auerbach's plexus) and in the submucosal layer (submucosal plexus, Meissner's plexus). Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) within the myenteric plexus are pacemaker cells that control peristaltic contraction waves.
Neural Crest Links: neural crest | Lecture - Early Neural | Lecture - Neural Crest Development | Lecture Movie | Schwann cell | adrenal | melanocyte | peripheral nervous system | enteric nervous system | cornea | cranial nerve neural crest | head | skull | cardiac neural crest | Nicole Le Douarin | Neural Crest Movies | neural crest abnormalities | Category:Neural Crest | |||
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intestine | Gastrointestinal Tract Development
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Enteric Nervous System Development | vagal neural crest] |
Older papers |
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These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.
See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page.
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Plexuses
Myenteric plexus | Submucosal plexus |
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Auerbach's plexus | Meissner's plexus |
Leopold Auerbach (1828–1897) a German anatomist and neuropathologist. | Georg Meissner (1829–1905) a German anatomist and physiologist. |
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Links: enteric nervous system | intestine | neural crest | PMID 25428846 |
Interstitial Cells of Cajal
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are located within the gastrointestinal tract and also within the pancreas, placenta, and female reproductive tract.
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) Subtypes
- ICCdmp - deep muscular plexus region between the circular thin and thick muscle layers, only in the small intestine.
- ICCim - intramuscular located in the circular and longitudinal muscle layers, mediate motor neuronal input.
- ICCmy - myenteric plexus are the primary pacemaker cells in the small intestine, generating and propagating the electrical slow waves.
- ICCss subserosal found in the small intestine and colon (around the submucosa of the pylorus and colon).
Development Overview
This data below is a summary from a study of human enteric ganglia development[12] (ages given are gestational age GA weeks)
- week 7 - rostro-caudal neural crest cell colonization of the gut complete and differentiated into neurons and glia. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) localized in the ganglion plexus.
- foregut neurons and glia were aggregated into ganglion plexus (myenteric region) not in submucosa.
- hind gut neurons and glia are dispersed within the mesenchyme.
- week 9 - myenteric plexus, longitudinal and circular muscle layers formed along the entire gut.
- week 12 - scattered and individual neurons and glia, and small ganglion plexuses were detected in the foregut and midgut submucosa. Muscularis mucosae formed at the foregut and midgut.
- week 14 - ganglion plexus seen in the hind gut submucosa. Muscularis mucosae formed at the hindgut.
- week 20 - ICCs preferentially localized at the periphery of the plexus.
Mouse Model
Mouse enteric plexus GFP[13]
Chicken Model
In the chicken gut, neural crest cells from both vagal (somite level 1-7) and sacral (somite level 28 and posterior) levels differentiate into the neurons and glial cells of the enteric nervous system.[14]
See also Nicole Le Douarin's research.
Historic
Auerbach's plexus
(myenteric plexus) In 1864 Auerbach first described the neural plexus lying between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the gastrointestinal tract. The plexus has both parasympathetic and sympathetic input and is involved in the rhythmic peristaltic contractions of the gut wall. Plexus named after Leopold Auerbach (1828 – 1897) a German anatomist and neuropathologist born in Breslau.
Meissner's plexus
(submucosal plexus) Part of the enteric nervous system lying in the submucosa layer of the gastrointestinal tract is associated with mucosal secretion (secretomotor). Embryologically derived from neural crest cells. Named after Georg Meissner (1829-1905) a German histologist, physiologist and anatomist.
Neural Crest Migration
Molecular
- Impdh2 - Inosine 5′ monophosphate dehydrogenase
Abnormalities
LB16.1 Hirschsprung disease
ICD-11 LB16.1 Hirschsprung disease - This is a developmental anomaly affecting the intestinal tract characterized by congenital absence of myenteric ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a segment of the large bowel. Due to the absence of intrinsic innervation of the muscle layers of the affected segment, there is a loss of motor function. This results in an abnormally large or dilated colon (congenital megacolon) with intestinal occlusion or constipation. This condition becomes evident shortly after birth. |
Hirschsprung disease (intestinal aganglionosis, Hirschsprung's disease, aganglionic colon, megacolon, congenital aganglionic megacolon, congenital megacolon) is a condition caused by the lack of enteric nervous system (neural ganglia) in the intestinal tract responsible for gastric motility (peristalsis). In general, its severity is dependent upon the amount of the GIT that lacks intrinsic ganglia, due to developmental lack of neural crest migration into those segments. (More? neural crest abnormalities)
Historically, Hirschsprung's disease takes its name from Dr Harald Hirschsprung (1830-1916) a Danish pediatrician (of German extraction). In 1886, he presented at the German Society of Pediatrics conference in Berlin a case of 2 infants who died of complications of bowel obstruction (H. Hirschsprung, Stuhltragheit Neugeborener in Folge von Dilatation und Hypertrophie des Colons, Jhrb f Kinderh 27 (1888), pp. 1-7). Later autopsies identified a dilatation and hypertrophy of large intestine, and the rectum appeared normally narrow. Hirschsprung suggested that the condition was an inborn disease and named it congenital megacolon.
The first indication in newborns is an absence of the first bowel movement, other symptoms include throwing up and intestinal infections. Clinically this is detected by one or more tests (barium enema and x ray, manometry or biopsy) and can currently only be treated by surgery. A temoporary ostomy (Colostomy or Ileostomy) with a stoma is carried out prior to a more permanent pull-through surgery.
Ostomy - Aganglionic portion removed | Stoma - intestine attached to the abdomen wall | |
Short section of the colon without smooth muscle neural ganglia | Aganglionic segment removed | Reattachment |
Australian Statistics
Hirschsprung’s disease[15] (1.3 per 10,000 births) ICD-10 Q43.1
- A condition characterised by partial or complete bowel obstruction resulting from absence of peristalsis in a segment of bowel due to an aganglionic section of the bowel.
- More than two-thirds (66.7%) of the babies born with this anomaly were males.
- Women aged 40 years or older had the highest rate of affected pregnancies.
References
- ↑ Niu X, Liu L, Wang T, Chuan X, Yu Q, Du M, Gu Y & Wang L. (2020). Mapping of extrinsic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract in the mouse embryo. J. Neurosci. , , . PMID: 32690615 DOI.
- ↑ Wang XJ & Camilleri M. (2019). Hirschsprung disease: Insights on genes, penetrance, and prenatal diagnosis. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. , 31, e13732. PMID: 31609069 DOI.
- ↑ Zhang D, Rollo BN, Nagy N, Stamp L & Newgreen DF. (2019). The enteric neural crest progressively loses capacity to form enteric nervous system. Dev. Biol. , 446, 34-42. PMID: 30529057 DOI.
- ↑ Bondurand N, Dufour S & Pingault V. (2018). News from the endothelin-3/EDNRB signaling pathway: Role during enteric nervous system development and involvement in neural crest-associated disorders. Dev. Biol. , , . PMID: 30171849 DOI.
- ↑ Nagy N, Barad C, Hotta R, Bhave S, Arciero E, Dora D & Goldstein AM. (2018). Collagen 18 and agrin are secreted by enteric neural crest cells to remodel their microenvironment and regulate their migration during ENS development. Development , , . PMID: 29678817 DOI.
- ↑ Radenkovic G, Radenkovic D & Velickov A. (2018). Development of interstitial cells of Cajal in the human digestive tract as the result of reciprocal induction of mesenchymal and neural crest cells. J. Cell. Mol. Med. , 22, 778-785. PMID: 29193736 DOI.
- ↑ Uribe RA, Hong SS & Bronner ME. (2018). Retinoic acid temporally orchestrates colonization of the gut by vagal neural crest cells. Dev. Biol. , 433, 17-32. PMID: 29108781 DOI.
- ↑ Green SA, Uy BR & Bronner ME. (2017). Ancient evolutionary origin of vertebrate enteric neurons from trunk-derived neural crest. Nature , 544, 88-91. PMID: 28321127 DOI.
- ↑ Faure S, McKey J, Sagnol S & de Santa Barbara P. (2015). Enteric neural crest cells regulate vertebrate stomach patterning and differentiation. Development , 142, 331-42. PMID: 25519241 DOI.
- ↑ Jin S, Martinelli DC, Zheng X, Tessier-Lavigne M & Fan CM. (2015). Gas1 is a receptor for sonic hedgehog to repel enteric axons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 112, E73-80. PMID: 25535338 DOI.
- ↑ Goldstein AM, Hofstra RM & Burns AJ. (2013). Building a brain in the gut: development of the enteric nervous system. Clin. Genet. , 83, 307-16. PMID: 23167617 DOI.
- ↑ Fu M, Tam PK, Sham MH & Lui VC. (2004). Embryonic development of the ganglion plexuses and the concentric layer structure of human gut: a topographical study. Anat. Embryol. , 208, 33-41. PMID: 14991401 DOI.
- ↑ Fujimura T, Shibata S, Shimojima N, Morikawa Y, Okano H & Kuroda T. (2016). Fluorescence Visualization of the Enteric Nervous Network in a Chemically Induced Aganglionosis Model. PLoS ONE , 11, e0150579. PMID: 26943905 DOI.
- ↑ Erickson CA & Goins TL. (2000). Sacral neural crest cell migration to the gut is dependent upon the migratory environment and not cell-autonomous migratory properties. Dev. Biol. , 219, 79-97. PMID: 10677257 DOI.
- ↑ Abeywardana S & Sullivan EA 2008. Congenital Anomalies in Australia 2002-2003. Birth anomalies series no. 3 Cat. no. PER 41. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit.
Reviews
Nagy N & Goldstein AM. (2017). Enteric nervous system development: A crest cell's journey from neural tube to colon. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. , 66, 94-106. PMID: 28087321 DOI.
Hao MM, Bornstein JC, Vanden Berghe P, Lomax AE, Young HM & Foong JP. (2013). The emergence of neural activity and its role in the development of the enteric nervous system. Dev. Biol. , 382, 365-74. PMID: 23261929 DOI.
Obermayr F, Hotta R, Enomoto H & Young HM. (2013). Development and developmental disorders of the enteric nervous system. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol , 10, 43-57. PMID: 23229326 DOI.
Sasselli V, Pachnis V & Burns AJ. (2012). The enteric nervous system. Dev. Biol. , 366, 64-73. PMID: 22290331 DOI.
Articles
Musser MA & Michelle Southard-Smith E. (2013). Balancing on the crest - Evidence for disruption of the enteric ganglia via inappropriate lineage segregation and consequences for gastrointestinal function. Dev. Biol. , 382, 356-64. PMID: 23376538 DOI.
Luesma MJ, Cantarero I, Castiella T, Soriano M, Garcia-Verdugo JM & Junquera C. (2013). Enteric neurons show a primary cilium. J. Cell. Mol. Med. , 17, 147-53. PMID: 23205631 DOI.
Hao MM, Boesmans W, Van den Abbeel V, Jennings EA, Bornstein JC, Young HM & Vanden Berghe P. (2011). Early emergence of neural activity in the developing mouse enteric nervous system. J. Neurosci. , 31, 15352-61. PMID: 22031881 DOI.
Anderson RB, Newgreen DF & Young HM. (2006). Neural crest and the development of the enteric nervous system. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. , 589, 181-96. PMID: 17076282 DOI.
Copenhaver PF. (2007). How to innervate a simple gut: familiar themes and unique aspects in the formation of the insect enteric nervous system. Dev. Dyn. , 236, 1841-64. PMID: 17420985 DOI.
Burns AJ & Douarin NM. (1998). The sacral neural crest contributes neurons and glia to the post-umbilical gut: spatiotemporal analysis of the development of the enteric nervous system. Development , 125, 4335-47. PMID: 9753687
Books
Anderson RB, Newgreen DF, Young HM. Neural Crest and the Development of the Enteric Nervous System. In: Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6273/
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