Lecture - Stem Cells: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 09:58, 15 October 2018

Introduction

Week 1 human development

Blastocyst development

Embryology is all about stem cells, a single cell (zygote) divides and differentiates to form all the tissues throughout the body. Furthermore within some tissues, stem cells remain to continuously replace cells that are lost through the life of that tissue. In recent years scientific and general interest in this topic has increased due to the many issues that surround this specialised cell type. This lecture will introduce the various types/sources of stem cells as well as their practical and therapeutic potentials. A brief discussion of the pros and cons of different types of stem cells currently investigated in the field of medical research will be discussed.

Here are the slides for today's lecture 2018 - Stem cell biology and technology.

Objectives

Tissue development and regeneration Stem cell biology
Stem cell niches
Stem cell regulation
Stem cells and cancer Regenerative medicine
Stem cell sources
Future of regenerative medicine

Additional Lecture Resources

References

Hill, M.A. (2020). UNSW Embryology (20th ed.) Retrieved May 4, 2024, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au

Archive: 2016 PDF | 2015 PDF | 2014 PDF

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012

Awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"

Yamanaka Factors Are a set of 4 transcription factors when introduced into cells induces stem cell formation. PMID 16904174 | PMID 18035408 | PMID 20535199
John Gurdon used nuclear transplantation and cloning to show that the nucleus of a differentiated somatic cell retains the totipotency necessary to form a whole organism.
- 2003 Current Biology Interview PMID 14521852 2009 Interview - "The birth of cloning" PMID 19132124

Stem Cells - Induced

Stem Cell Therapies

Opportunities for Ensuring the Quality and Safety of Clinical Offerings: Summary of a Joint Workshop.

Board on Health Sciences Policy; Board on Life Sciences; Division on Earth and Life Studies; Institute of Medicine; National Academy of Sciences. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2014 Jun 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223197

NIH Report

NIH - Regenerative Medicine 2006

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Introduction==
-[[File:Week 1_cartoon.jpg|thumb| Week 1 human development]]
+[[File:Week 1_cartoon.jpg|thumb|300px| Week 1 human development]]
-[[File:Inner_cell_mass_cartoon.jpg|thumb|Blastocyst development]]
+[[File:Inner_cell_mass_cartoon.jpg|thumb|300px|Blastocyst development]]
-Embryology is all about stem cells, a single cell (zygote) divides and differentiates to form all the tissues throughout the body. Furthermore within some tissues, stem cells remain to continuously replace cells that are lost through the life of that tissue. In recent years Scientific and general interest in this topic has increased due to the many issues that surround this specialised cell type. This lecture will introduce the various types/sources of stem cells as well as their practical and therapeutic potentials. A brief discussion of the pros and cons of different types of stem cells currently investigated in the field of medical research will be discussed.
+Embryology is all about stem cells, a single cell (zygote) divides and differentiates to form all the tissues throughout the body. Furthermore within some tissues, stem cells remain to continuously replace cells that are lost through the life of that tissue. In recent years scientific and general interest in this topic has increased due to the many issues that surround this specialised cell type. This lecture will introduce the various types/sources of stem cells as well as their practical and therapeutic potentials. A brief discussion of the pros and cons of different types of stem cells currently investigated in the field of medical research will be discussed.
-==Textbooks==
-{|
-| [[File:The Developing Human, 8th edn.jpg|80px]]
-| Moore, K.L. &amp; Persuad, T.V.N. (2008). <i>The Developing Human: clinically oriented embryology</i> (8<sup>th</sup> ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
-::(chapter links only work with a UNSW connection).
-|-
-| [[File:Larsen's human embryology 4th edn.jpg|80px]]
-| Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R. and Francis-West, P.H. (2009). <i>Larsen’s Human Embryology</i>  (4<sup>th</sup> ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
-::(chapter links only work with a UNSW connection).
+Here are the slides for today's lecture [[Media:ANAT2341-2018-_Stem_cell_biology_and_technology.pdf|2018 - Stem cell biology and technology]].
-|-
-| [[File:Logo.png|80px]]
-| Hill, M.A. (2011) <i>UNSW Embryology</i> (11<sup>th</sup> ed.). Sydney:UNSW.
-* {{Stem Cell Links}}
-:'''Links:''' [[Embryology Textbooks]] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2006report/ NIH - Regenerative Medicine 2006]
-|}
-==Why Stem Cells==
-===Why are they in the News?===
-* Scientific and Ethical
-* Therapeutic uses
-* Issues relating to human cloning
-* Use of excess human eggs/sperm for research purposes
-* Availability of human stem cell lines
-===What are their uses?===
+==Objectives==
-* Generation of “knock out” mice
+* Tissue development and regeneration Stem cell biology
-* Studying regulation of cell differentiation in development
+* Stem cell niches
-* Therapeutic uses?
+* Stem cell regulation
-* Genetic disease
+* Stem cells and cancer Regenerative medicine
-* Neurodegenerative
+* Stem cell sources
-* Injury
+* Future of regenerative medicine
-Medline Search [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=stem%20cell stem cell]  2002 - 110,920 | 2004 - 128,485 | 2005 - 140,966 | 2006 - 154,176 | 2011 - 190,069
+==Additional Lecture Resources==
+{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
+! colspan=2|References &nbsp;
+|-
+| {{Embryo logocitation}}
+|
+{{Stem Cell Links}}
-==Embryonic vs Adult Stem Cells==
+Archive:  [[Media:ANAT2341 - Stem cell biology and technology - 2016.pdf|2016 PDF]] | [[Media:ANAT2341Beverdam2015 - Stem cell biology and technology.pdf|2015 PDF]] | [[Media:ANAT2341Beverdam2014 - Stem cell biology and technology.pdf|2014 PDF]]
-[[File:Early lineage markers in morulae and blastocysts.jpg|thumb|Early lineage markers in morulae and blastocysts]]
+|-
-===Embryonic Stem Cell Advantages===
+| valign=top|The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012
-* Pluripotency - ability to differentiateinto any cell type.
+| Awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka "''for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent''"
-* Immortal - one cell can supply endless amounts of cells.
-* Easily available - human embryos from fertility clinics.
-===Embryonic Stem Cell Disadvantages===
+* '''Yamanaka Factors''' Are a set of 4 transcription factors when introduced into cells induces stem cell formation. PMID 16904174 | PMID 18035408 | PMID 20535199
-* Unstable - difficult to control differentiation into specific cell type.
+* '''John Gurdon''' used nuclear transplantation and cloning to show that the nucleus of a differentiated somatic cell retains the totipotency necessary to form a whole organism.
-* Immunogenic - potential immune rejection when transplanted into patients.
+**[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982203006845 2003 Current Biology Interview] PMID 14521852 2009 Interview - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2615171 "The birth of cloning"] PMID 19132124
-* Teratomas - tumor composed of tissues from 3 embryonic germ layers.
-* Ethical Controversy - unethical for those who believes that life begins at conception.
+[[Stem Cells - Induced]]
+|-
+|  valign=top|Stem Cell Therapies
+| Opportunities for Ensuring the Quality and Safety of Clinical Offerings: Summary of a Joint Workshop.
-===Adult Stem Cell Advantages===
+Board on Health Sciences Policy; Board on Life Sciences; Division on Earth and Life Studies; Institute of Medicine; National Academy of Sciences.
+Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2014 Jun 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223197
-* Already ‘specialised’ - induction of differentiation into specific cell types will be easier.
+|-
-* Plasticity - Recent evidences suggest wider than previously thought ranges of tissue types can be derived.
+| NIH Report
-* No Immune-rejection - if used in autologous transplantations.
+| [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2006report/ NIH - Regenerative Medicine 2006]
-* No Teratomas - unlike ES cells.
+|}
-* No Ethical Controversy - sourced from adult tissues.
-===Adult Stem Cell Disadvantages===
-* Minimal quantity - number of isolatable cells may be small.
-* Finite life-span - may have limited lifespan in culture.
-* Ageing - stem cells from aged individuals may have higher chance of genetic damage due to ageing.
-* Immunogenic - potential immune rejection if donor cells are derived from another individual.
-==Inducible Stem Cell==
-[[File:Mouse-_embryonic_stem_cell_signaling_regulation.jpg|thumb|embryonic stem cell signalling regulation]]
-[[File:Human induced pluripotent stem cells 01.jpg|thumb|Human iPS cell clones<ref><pubmed>20525219</pubmed>| [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/10/60 BMC Dev Biol.]</ref>]]
-===Yamanaka Factors===
-A set of 4 transcription factors when introduced into cells induces stem cell formation.<ref><pubmed>16904174</pubmed></ref> These four transcription factors can be expressed from doxycycline (dox)-inducible lentiviral vectors. The only culture difference in iPS cells and human embryonic stem cell culture is that iPS cell culture require 100ng/ml of bFGF in the culture media.
-[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Reprogramming_MEF_into_ES-like_cells_03.jpg  Outline of the MEF reprogramming protocol 1]
-[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Reprogramming_MEF_into_ES-like_cells_01.jpg  Outline of the MEF reprogramming protocol 2] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Reprogramming_MEF_into_ES-like_cells_02.jpg  stained with anti-Rex1, Sox2 and SSEA1 antibodies]
-* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/164177 OCT4] Transcription factors containing the POU homeodomain
-* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/190080 MYC] The MYC protooncogene encodes a DNA-binding factor that can activate and repress transcription. Ectopic expression of c-Myc can also cause tumorigenicity in offspring.
-* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/184429 SOX2] SRY-RELATED HMG-BOX GENE 2
-* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/602253 KLF4] Kruppel-like factor 4, zinc finger protein, transcription factor which acts as both an activator and repressor.
-More recently shown that Oct4 together with either Klf4 or c-Myc is sufficient to generate iPS cells from neural stem cells.<ref><pubmed>18594515</pubmed></ref>
-Thompson Factor
-* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/607937 NANOG]
-:'''Links:''' [http://www.jove.com/Details.stp?ID=734 Generating iPS Cells from MEFS through Forced Expression of Sox-2, Oct-4, c-Myc, and Klf4]
-==Images==
-<gallery>
-File:Inner cell mass cartoon.jpg|Inner cell mass
-File:Hematopoietic_and_stromal_cell_differentiation.jpg|Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation
-File:Blood_stem_cell.jpg|Blood stem cell
-File:Stem_cell_therapy.jpg|Stem cell therapy
-File:Mouse-_embryonic_stem_cell_signaling_regulation.jpg|stem cell signalling regulation
-File:Epidermis-stem_cell_models.jpg|Epidermis stem cell models
-File:Human_embryonic_stem_cell_defined_conditions_01.jpg|Human embryonic_stem_cell_defined_conditions_01
-File:Human_embryonic_stem_cell_defined_conditions_02.jpg|Human embryonic_stem_cell_defined_conditions_02
-File:Human_embryonic_stem_cell_defined_conditions_03.jpg|Different tissues
-File:Human_induced_pluripotent_stem_cells_01.jpg|Human induced pluripotent_stem_cells
-File:Early_lineage_markers_in_morulae_and_blastocysts.jpg|Early lineage markers in morulae and blastocysts
-File:Morula_cell_lines_express_ES_markers.jpg|Morula cell lines express ES markers
-</gallery>
-==References==
-<references/>
-===Journals===
-* [http://stemcellres.com/ Stem Cell Research & Therapy]
-{{2011ANAT2341}}
+{{2017ANAT2341 footer}}