Endocrine - Placenta Development
Embryology - 26 Apr 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
For complete notes on placenta development and function see Placenta Development.
Lecture - Placenta Development
Placenta Links: placenta | Lecture - Placenta | Lecture Movie | Practical - Placenta | implantation | placental villi | trophoblast | maternal decidua | uterus | endocrine placenta | placental cord | placental membranes | placenta abnormalities | ectopic pregnancy | Stage 13 | Stage 22 | placenta histology | placenta vascular | blood vessel | cord stem cells | 2013 Meeting Presentation | Placenta Terms | Category:Placenta | ||
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- Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) - like leutenizing hormone, supports corpus luteum in ovary, pregnant state rather than menstrual, maternal urine in some pregnancy testing
- Human chorionic somatommotropin (hCS) - or placental lactogen stimulate (maternal) mammary development
- Human chorionic thyrotropin (hCT)
- Human chorionic corticotrophin (hCACTH)
- progesterone and estrogens - support maternal endometrium
- Relaxin
- Placenta - Maternal (decidua) and Fetal (trophoblastic cells, extraembryonic mesoderm) components
- Endocrine function - maternal and fetal precursors, synthesis and secretion
- Protein Hormones - chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) or placental lactogen (hPL), chorionic thyrotropin (hCT), chorionic corticotropin (hCACTH)
- hCG - up to 20 weeks, fetal adrenal cortex growth and maintenance
- hCS – rise through pregnancy, stimulates maternal metabolic processes, breast growth
- Steroid Hormones - progesterone (maintains pregnancy), estrogens (fetal adrenal/placenta)
- Protein Hormones - chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) or placental lactogen (hPL), chorionic thyrotropin (hCT), chorionic corticotropin (hCACTH)
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Endocrine Placenta <pubmed limit=5>Endocrine Placenta</pubmed> |
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) like leutenizing hormone, supports corpus luteum in ovary, pregnant state rather than menstrual.
Presence in the maternal urine is the basis of some pregnancy testing.
Trophoblast cell hCG
- hCG Links: Trophoblast hCG function | Trophoblast cell hCG | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin | Implantation | Placenta Development | NIH - The History of the Pregnancy Test
Placental Estrogen
Fetal adrenal cortex produces dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) that is converted by the placenta into estrogens[5][6] Placental estrogen, mainly estriol, suppresses gonadotropin secretion from the maternal pituitary gland. Maternal estrogen levels are often a useful indicator of fetal well being.
- Uterus - stimulates growth of the myometrium, antagonizes the myometrial-suppressing activity of progesterone.
- Mammary Gland - stimulates mammary gland ductal and alveolar growth.
- Fetal Ovary - stimulates development of female fetal ovary.[7]
A second role for fetal adrenal DHEA-S is possible regulation of the effects of glucocorticoids on the developing brain.[2]
- Links: Adrenal Development
Relaxin
The placenta and corpus luteum produce relaxin, a 6 kDa peptide hormone structurally similar to insulin. The hormone stimulates in early pregnancy both uterine growth and vascularization associated with implantation. It is also postulated to have other roles in the menstrual cycle[8]
- Links: Implantation
Cortiticotropin Releasing Hormone
The placenta synthesises urocortins (Ucn 1, Ucn 2, Ucn 3), cortiticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) analogues.[9] Appears to be produced by chorio-decidual cells.
References
- ↑ Costa MA. (2016). The endocrine function of human placenta: an overview. Reprod. Biomed. Online , 32, 14-43. PMID: 26615903 DOI.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Quinn TA, Ratnayake U, Dickinson H, Castillo-Melendez M & Walker DW. (2016). The feto-placental unit, and potential roles of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in prenatal and postnatal brain development: A re-examination using the spiny mouse. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 160, 204-13. PMID: 26485665 DOI.
- ↑ Yamaguchi M, Ohba T, Tashiro H, Yamada G & Katabuchi H. (2013). Human chorionic gonadotropin induces human macrophages to form intracytoplasmic vacuoles mimicking Hofbauer cells in human chorionic villi. Cells Tissues Organs (Print) , 197, 127-35. PMID: 23128164 DOI.
- ↑ Kim JH, Shin MS, Yi G, Jee BC, Lee JR, Suh CS & Kim SH. (2012). Serum biomarkers for predicting pregnancy outcome in women undergoing IVF: human chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone, and inhibin A level at 11 days post-ET. Clin Exp Reprod Med , 39, 28-32. PMID: 22563548 DOI.
- ↑ Rainey WE, Rehman KS & Carr BR. (2004). The human fetal adrenal: making adrenal androgens for placental estrogens. Semin. Reprod. Med. , 22, 327-36. PMID: 15635500 DOI.
- ↑ Parker CR. (1999). Dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate production in the human adrenal during development and aging. Steroids , 64, 640-7. PMID: 10503722
- ↑ Albrecht ED & Pepe GJ. (2010). Estrogen regulation of placental angiogenesis and fetal ovarian development during primate pregnancy. Int. J. Dev. Biol. , 54, 397-408. PMID: 19876841 DOI.
- ↑ Marshall SA, Senadheera SN, Parry LJ & Girling JE. (2017). The Role of Relaxin in Normal and Abnormal Uterine Function During the Menstrual Cycle and Early Pregnancy. Reprod Sci , 24, 342-354. PMID: 27365367 DOI.
- ↑ Fekete EM & Zorrilla EP. (2007). Physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic relevance of urocortins in mammals: ancient CRF paralogs. Front Neuroendocrinol , 28, 1-27. PMID: 17083971 DOI.
Reviews
Costa MA. (2016). The endocrine function of human placenta: an overview. Reprod. Biomed. Online , 32, 14-43. PMID: 26615903 DOI.
John RM. (2013). Epigenetic regulation of placental endocrine lineages and complications of pregnancy. Biochem. Soc. Trans. , 41, 701-9. PMID: 23697929 DOI.
Evain-Brion D & Malassine A. (2003). Human placenta as an endocrine organ. Growth Horm. IGF Res. , 13 Suppl A, S34-7. PMID: 12914725
Articles
Search PubMed
Search Pubmed: endocrine placenta development
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External Links
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- National Institutes of Health (USA) Office of History - The History of the Pregnancy Test | of Pregnancy Testing
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 26) Embryology Endocrine - Placenta Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Endocrine_-_Placenta_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G