Frog Development
Introduction
There are several different species of frog that have been used in many developmental studies. The frog was historically used by many of the early embryology investigators and currently there are many different molecular mechanisms concerning development of the frog.
The frog Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog, taxon) has been used in many embryological and electrophysiological studies (More? see Cell lineages). The advantages of this frog is the fertility cycle can be easliy controlled and the eggs develop entirely independently and easily visible to the investigator. You can see an overview of the Frog life cycle with links to specific stages as well as movies of the early process of gastrulation. Localization of maternal messenger RNA (eg vegetal and review) appears to play a key role in the development of early embryological patterns.
The frog species Rana pipiens (Leopard frog) in 1952 became the first successful nuclear transfer experiment. Nuclear transfer is an embryological technique, and involves removal of the nucleus from an egg and replacement with the nucleus of another donor cell. This experiment paved the way for what we know today as the field of cloning. (More? read recent PNAS Article Nuclear Transfer: Bringing in the Clones | Original 1952 Paper Briggs, R. & King, T. J. (1952) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 38, 455-463.)
In Australia Bufo marinus (cane toad) was a species introduced in 1935 to control cane insect pests. It has itself become an introduced pest and has also been studied/used more in order to try and biologically control. The area which they occupy has continued to expand. The toad has a poisonous secretion that is extremely toxic and should be handled with care at all times.
Links: 2009 ANAT2341 Group Project - Frog
Animal Development: axolotl | bat | cat | chicken | cow | dog | dolphin | echidna | fly | frog | goat | grasshopper | guinea pig | hamster | horse | kangaroo | koala | lizard | medaka | mouse | opossum | pig | platypus | rabbit | rat | salamander | sea squirt | sea urchin | sheep | worm | zebrafish | life cycles | development timetable | development models | K12 |
Some Recent Findings
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Taxon
Xenopus Laevis
Eukaryotae; mitochondrial eukaryotes; Metazoa; Chordata;Vertebrata; Amphibia; Batrachia; Anura; Mesobatrachia; Pipoidea;Pipidae; Xenopodinae; Xenopus
Rana pipiens
Taxonomy Id: 8404 Preferred common name: northern leopard frog Rank: species
Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard) Mitochondrial genetic code: Translation table 2 Lineage( abbreviated ):
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Amphibia; Batrachia; Anura; Neobatrachia; Ranoidea; Ranidae; Raninae; Rana
Frog Life Cycle
Development Timeline
Typical frog development at 18oC from fertilised egg.
- 0 hours - fertilization of the egg
- 1 hours - formation of the gray crescent due to pigment migration
- 3.5 hours - early cleavage
- 4.5 hours - blastula stage(coeloblastula with eccentric blastocoel
- 26 hours - gastrulation
- 26 hours - early crescent shaped dorsal lip
- 34 hours middle semicircular blastoporal lip
- 42 hours late circular blastoporal lip
- 50 hours - neurulation
- 50 hours - early medullary plate
- 62 hours - middle neural folds converging
- 67 hours - late neural tube formed and ciliation of embryo
- 84 hours - tail bud stage(early organogeny)
- 96 hours - muscular response to tactile stimulation
- 118 hours - early heart beat, development of gill buds
- 140 hours - hatching and gill circulation
- 162 hours - mouth opens and cornea becomes transparent
- 192 hours - tail fin circulation established
- 216 hours - degeneration of external gills, formation of operculum, development of embryonic teeth
- 240 hours - opercular fold over brachial chamber except for spiracle and internal gills
- 255 hours - prolonged larval stage with refinement of organs
- 270 hours - development of hindlimbs, internal development of forelimbs in opercular cavity
- 275 hours - projection of forelimbs through operculum, left side first
- 280 hours - absorption of the tail and reduction in size of the gut
- 284 hours - metamorphosis complete, emergence from water as miniature, air breathing frog
References
- ↑ <pubmed>19549299</pubmed>| PMC2706234 | BMC Dev Biol.
- ↑ <pubmed>21042572</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20110330</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>19896938</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>19334283</pubmed>
Search Pubmed: frog development | xenopus development
External Links
External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.
- Xenbase A database of information pertaining to the cell and developmental biology of the frog, Xenopus
- Xenopus Laboratory List A database of Labs studying Xenopus
- Xenopus Microarrays
- Xenopus Cell Biology
- The Xenopus Molecular Marker Resource An electronic library of information on embryonic development of the frog, Xenopus laevis.
- Index page for all Markers
- It also contains a collection of wholemount staining patterns
Molecular Markers of Development: cement gland XA, XAG, XCG
- early mesoderm; BMP2, BMP4, Chordin, goosecoid, Mix,[Marker_pages/organizer/noggin.html noggin], Xbra, Xnr3, Xwnt-8, XVent1 and XVent2
- endothelial; Xl-fli
- germ cells; Xpat
- heart; cardiac troponin I , XNKX-2.5, XTin1 (XNKX-2.3)
- lateral line; tor70, [Marker_pages/CNS/2G9.html 2G9]
- muscle; 5A3, 12/101, cardiac actin, XMyf-5, XMyoD
- neural crest; Slug, XTwist , xAP2
- notochord: Xnot, tor70
- pronephros; [Marker_pages/pronephros/3G8.html 3G8 ], Wilms' tumor (xWT1), Xlim-1, Xwnt-4
- pronephric duct; 4A6
- Frogs of Greater Brisbane Region (Australia)
- Developmental Biology- Laurie Iten's Serially Sectioned Frog and Chick Embryos
- Developmental Biology- Jeff Hardin's Amphibian Embryology Tutorial
- NIH- Organisms for biomedical research
Animal Development: axolotl | bat | cat | chicken | cow | dog | dolphin | echidna | fly | frog | goat | grasshopper | guinea pig | hamster | horse | kangaroo | koala | lizard | medaka | mouse | opossum | pig | platypus | rabbit | rat | salamander | sea squirt | sea urchin | sheep | worm | zebrafish | life cycles | development timetable | development models | K12 |
Glossary Links
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 16) Embryology Frog Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Frog_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G