BGDB Face and Ear - Postnatal

From Embryology
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Practical 6: Trilaminar Embryo | Early Embryo | Late Embryo | Fetal | Postnatal | Abnormalities


Postnatal Skull

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Skull CT Vertex, later and basal views.[1]

  • rapid brain growth in the early years of life (growth of the neurocranium stopping at about 7 years of age).
  • fontanels usually close by the second year of life
    • posterior fontanel by about 3 months.
    • anterior fontanel by about 20 months.
  • Complete sutural fusion occurs after the third decade of life.

Sutures and Fontanels

  • a - Metopic suture
  • b - coronal sutures
  • c - sagittal suture
  • d - lambdoid suture
  • e - squamosal suture
  • f - anterior fontanel
  • g - posterior fontanel
  • h - sphenoidal fontanel
  • i - mastoid fontanel
Adult Skull MRI Links: Skull Development - MRI
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 ‎‎Viscerocranium
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Adult Skull Movie 2 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Temporal Bones
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 ‎‎Occipital - Frontal
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 ‎‎Parietal-Zygomatic
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Head Growth

Head growth and corresponding charts differ slightly for girls and boys. Given as head circumference-for-age Birth to: 13 weeks, 2 years, 5 years.

Girls Boys
WHO chart - girls head birth to 5 years.png WHO chart - boys head birth to 5 years.png
Chart PDF | WHO - Girls Chart PDF | WHO - Boys


Links: Growth Charts | Neural Exam Movies | - Standard Head circumference-for-age | WHO Growth Standards

Adult Palate

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Hard Palate

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Mouth Cavity

The Palate (palatum) forms the roof of the mouth with two portions: the hard palate in front, the soft palate behind.


Hard Palate

(palatum durum) is bounded in front and at the sides by the alveolar arches and gums; behind, it is continuous with the soft palate. It is covered by a dense structure, formed by the periosteum and mucous membrane of the mouth, which are intimately adherent. Along the middle line is a linear raphæ, which ends anteriorly in a small papilla corresponding with the incisive canal. On either side and in front of the raphé the mucous membrane is thick, pale in color, and corrugated; behind, it is thin, smooth, and of a deeper color; it is covered with stratified squamous epithelium, and furnished with numerous palatal glands, which lie between the mucous membrane and the surface of the bone.


Soft Palate

(palatum molle) is a movable fold, suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate, and forming an incomplete septum between the mouth and pharynx. A fold of mucous membrane enclosing muscular fibers, an aponeurosis, vessels, nerves, adenoid tissue, and mucous glands. When occupying its usual position, relaxed and pendent, its anterior surface is concave, continuous with the roof of the mouth, and marked by a median raphé. Its posterior surface is convex, and continuous with the mucous membrane covering the floor of the nasal cavities. Its upper border is attached to the posterior margin of the hard palate, and its sides are blended with the pharynx. Its lower border is free.

  • Palatine velum lower portion, which hangs like a curtain between the mouth and pharynx.
  • Palatine Uvula hangs from the middle of its lower border and is a small, conical, pendulous process.
  • Arches of the fauces (pillars of the fauces) lateralward and downward from the base of the uvula on either side are two curved folds of mucous membrane, containing muscular fibers.


Palate Links: palate | cleft lip and palate | cleft palate | head | Category:Palate

Postnatal Ear

First, look through the adult ear structures and identify their developmental origins.

Adult hearing embryonic origins.jpg

Eustacian tube angle.jpg

Auditory Tube (Eustachian, otopharyngeal or pharyngotympanic tube)

Connects middle ear cavity to nasopharynx portion of pharynx. Tube is normally closed and opened by muscles.

  1. Ventilation - pressure equalization in the middle ear
  2. Clearance - allow fluid drainage from the middle ear

Newborn to adult auditory tube

Birth

  • shorter (17-18 mm), narrower and runs almost horizontal
  • Tube is opened by a single muscle, tensor palati muscle

Adult

  • longer (twice as long), wider and runs at approximately 45 degrees to the horizontal.
  • Tube is opened by two separate muscles, tensor palati and levator palati

Hearing Testing

Newborn hearing test

Abnormalities in neonatal hearing can impact upon development of the nervous system and developmental learning milestones, early detection is therefore key.

The incidence of significant permanent hearing loss is approximately 1-3/1000 newborns. Neonatal hearing screening is carried out in several countries including the USA, UK and in Australia. In NSW the Statewide Infant Screening Hearing (SWISH) Program was introduced in 2002.

There is also a general guide giving a timetable for a number of simple responses that a neonate should make if hearing has developed normally (More? Neonatal Hearing Check List).

The two major forms of hearing loss are conductive and sensorineural.


State Wide Infant Screening Hearing Program (SWISH) a newborn hearing testing program using an automated auditory response technology (AABR). Program was introduced in NSW Australia in 2002 across 17 area health service coordinators. It is thought that in NSW 86,000 births/year = 86-172 babies potentially born with significant permanent hearing loss.


Automated Auditory Brainstem Response (AABR) uses a stimulus which is delivered through earphones and detected by scalp electrodes. The test takes between 8 to 20 minutes and has a sensitivity 96-99%.

Links: Hearing test


Postnatal Interactive Component

Attempt the Quiz - Postnatal 
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Here are a few simple Quiz questions that relate to Postnatal development from the lecture and practical.

  

1 The newborn skull has 6 fontanels (fontanelles) the most obvious are the anterior and posterior, both close postnatally. Which of these fontanels closes later?

  anterior fontanel
  posterior fontanel

2 Unossified areas at the intersection of the sutures in the fetal skull are known as:

  the membranous neurocranium
  the membranous viscerocranium
  the fontanelles
  the frontonasal prominence
  Meckel's cartilage

3 Failure of the brain to develop may result in:

  plagiocephaly
  acrocephaly
  Crouzon's syndrome
  microcephaly
  acrania


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Practical 6: Trilaminar Embryo | Early Embryo | Late Embryo | Fetal | Postnatal | Abnormalities


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Practical 6: Trilaminar Embryo | Early Embryo | Late Embryo | Fetal | Postnatal | Abnormalities


Additional Information

Additional Information - Content shown under this heading is not part of the material covered in this class. It is provided for those students who would like to know about some concepts or current research in topics related to the current class page.

Head Measurements

Normal Head Abnormal Head
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‎‎ Head Shape
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 ‎‎Head Shape
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‎‎Head Circumference
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‎‎Head Circumference
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Links: Growth Charts | Neural Exam Movies | - Standard Head circumference-for-age | WHO Growth Standards

External Auditory Meatus Changes

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Birth Adult

Neonatal Hearing Check List

The timing and types of responses listed below reflect only a rough guide for the general population. Abnormalities in neurological, visual or motor skill development can also affect responses.

  • Birth to 3 months - Reacts to loud sounds, Quiets to familiar voices or sounds, Makes cooing noises, Responds to speech by looking at speaker’s face.
  • 3 to 6 months - Turns eyes or head toward sounds, Starts to make speech-like sounds, Laughs and makes noises to indicate pleasure and displeasure.
  • 6 to 9 months - Babbles, ‘dada’‘ma-ma’‘baba’, Shouts/vocalises to get attention, Will often respond to ‘no’ and own name, Responds to singing and music.
  • 9 to 12 months - Imitates speech sounds of others, Understands simple words, eg ‘ball’,‘dog’, ‘daddy’, Turns head to soft sounds, First words emerge.
  • 12 to 18 months _ Appears to understand some new words each week, Follows simple spoken instructions, eg ‘get the ball’, Points to people, body parts or toys when asked, Continually learns new words to say although may be unclear.
  • 18 to 24 months - Listens to simple stories or songs, Combines two or more words in short phrases eg ‘more juice’.

Hearing check list text based upon NSW Health Pamphlet - Why does my baby need a hearing check?

Neural Exam

The following are examples of simple neural assessment of development in early hearing and understanding.

12 month Behaviour 18 month Behaviour 30 month Behaviour
<html5media height="290" width="320">File:12mo 02.mp4</html5media> <html5media height="290" width="320">File:18mo 02.mp4</html5media> <html5media height="290" width="320">File:30mo 02.mp4</html5media>
Movie Source - Paul D. Larsen
Movies from the PediNeuroLogic Exam website are used by permission of Paul D. Larsen, M.D., University of Nebraska Medical Center and Suzanne S. Stensaas, Ph.D., University of Utah School of Medicine. Additional materials were drawn from resources provided by Alejandro Stern, Stern Foundation, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Kathleen Digre, M.D., University of Utah; and Daniel Jacobson, M.D., Marshfield Clinic, Wisconsin. The movies are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommerical-ShareAlike 2.5 License.

Neural Exam Movies | Movies


  1. Khanna PC, Thapa MM, Iyer RS & Prasad SS. (2011). Pictorial essay: The many faces of craniosynostosis. Indian J Radiol Imaging , 21, 49-56. PMID: 21431034 DOI.

Terms

Head Terms (expand to view) 
  • branchial arch - see pharyngeal arch.
  • clefting - the way in which the upper jaw forms from fusion of the smaller upper prominence of the first pharyngeal arch leads to a common congenital defect in this region called "clefting", which may involve either the upper lip, the palate or both structures, see palate and head abnormalities.
  • coronal suture - skull term for the fibrous connective tissue joint that connects the frontal bone with the parietal bones.
  • cranial fossae - skull term for the base bones of the cranial vault that form a container and support for the brain.
  • cranial vault - skull term for the space formed by bones of the skull that enclose the brain.
  • cysts - refers to a cervical sinus abnormality, remants of the cervical sinus remains as a fluid-filled cyst lined by an epithelium, see pharyngeal arch and head abnormalities.
  • dolichocephaly - see scaphocephaly.
  • fistula - refers to a pharyngeal membrane abnormality, a tract extends from pharynx (tonsillar fossa) beween the carotid arteries (internal and external) to open on side of neck, see pharyngeal arch and head abnormalities.
  • lambdoid suture (lambdoidal suture) skull term for the fibrous connective tissue joint that connects the parietal bones with the occipital bone, and is continuous with the occipitomastoid suture.
  • metopic suture - skull term for the fibrous connective tissue joint that connects the two fontal bones. In the adult skull this suture is not always present.
  • oxycephaly - (turricephaly) term meaning premature fusion of coronal suture + others, see skull and head abnormalities.
  • pharyngeal arch - (branchial arch) a structure that forms in the cranial region of the embryo having contributions from all germ layers. In humans, the arches appear in week 4 (GA week 6) in a rostra-caudal sequence and are numbered (1, 2, 3, 4, and 6). Each arch contributes a different part of the head and neck and the associated components.
  • pharyngeal cleft - (groove) surface ectoderm that externally separates each pharyngeal arch. In humans, only first pair persist as the outer ear external auditory meatus.
  • pharyngeal groove - see pharyngeal cleft.
  • pharyngeal membrane - surface ectoderm and pharynx endoderm contact region lying between each pharyngeal arch. In humans, only the first membrane pair persist as the tympanic membrane.
  • pharyngeal pouch - pharynx endoderm internal out-pocketing that separates each pharyngeal arch.
  • plagiocephaly - term meaning premature unilateral fusion of coronal or lambdoid sutures, see skull and head abnormalities.
  • Reichardt's cartilage - (pharyngeal arch 2 cartilage) The superior portion of the hyoid forms the ventral portion of this cartilage and the middle ear stapes is thought to form from the ends of this cartilage.
  • sagittal suture - skull term for the fibrous connective tissue joint that connects the two parietal bones in the midline.
  • scaphocephaly - (dolichocephaly) term meaning premature fusion of sagittal suture, see skull and head abnormalities.
  • sinuses - refers to a pharyngeal groove (cleft) abnormality, when a portion of the pharyngeal groove persists and opens to the skin surface, located laterally on the neck, see pharyngeal arch and head abnormalities.
  • squamosal suture - skull term for the fibrous connective tissue joint that connects the squamous portion of the temporal bone with the parietal bones.
  • suture - skull term for a fibrous connective tissue joint. In humans, the main sutures are coronal, sagittal, lambdoid and squamosal sutures, with the metopic suture (frontal suture) occurring as an anatomical variant in the adult skull.
  • turricephaly - see oxycephaly.
Other Terms Lists  
Terms Lists: ART | Birth | Bone | Cardiovascular | Cell Division | Endocrine | Gastrointestinal | Genital | Genetic | Head | Hearing | Heart | Immune | Integumentary | Neonatal | Neural | Oocyte | Palate | Placenta | Radiation | Renal | Respiratory | Spermatozoa | Statistics | Tooth | Ultrasound | Vision | Historic | Drugs | Glossary
Hearing Terms  
Hearing and Balance Development
  • altricial animal - Term used to describe an animal born in a helpless state, with incomplete development of sensory systems at birth. For example rats and mice are born with incomplete development of visual and auditory systems. (More? Animal Development)
  • ampulla - Term used to describe an anatomical dilation of a tube or canal lumen. Anatomical description of the opening end of the uterine tube lying above the ovary and the enlarged initial segmeny of the semicircular canals of the inner ear vestibular system. (More? inner ear)
  • aneurism - (Greek, aneurysma = a widening, aneurysm) A term used to describe an abnormal widening of a vessel or anatomical tubal structure.
  • aquaeductus vestibuli - see vestibular aqueduct (More? inner ear)
  • auditory neuropathy - (AN) abnormality of transmission of sound information to the brain.
  • auditory tube - (eustachian tube) between the middle ear and oral cavity, has a bony (tympanic 1/3) and cartilaginous (pharyngeal 2/3) portion. The main role is equalization of pressure and fluid drainage in the middle ear. (More? middle ear)
  • auricular hillock - see hillock (More? middle ear)
  • atresia - narrowing, usually of an anatomical tube or cavity.
  • autophagocytosis - (Greek, auto = self, phagy = eating, also called autophagy) a cell death mechanism that uses the cell's own lysosomes to self digest.
  • border cells - columnar cells within the organ of Corti on the medial portion of the basilar membrane. (More? inner ear)
  • canalis reuniens - (ductus reuniens, canaliculus reuniens, canalis reuniens, Hensen's canal, Hensen's duct, uniting canal, canalis reuniens of Hensen) short narrow canal connecting the cochlea duct to the saccule. (Victor Hensen, 1835-1924) (More? inner ear)
  • cerumen - (ear wax) produced by glands in the skin of the outer portion of the ear canal. (More? Outer Ear)
  • chondrified - the developmental differentiation of cartilage from mesenchye, an embryonic connective tissue.
  • cristae ampullaris - located in the ampulla of the membranous semicircular canals a region with both supporting and hair cells. The hair cell cilia are embedded in the gelatinous cupula. (More? inner ear)
  • claudius cells - (cells of Claudius) columnar cells with microvilli overlying the basilar membrane and extend from Hensen's cells to the spiral prominence. Barrier cells that lie external to the organ of corti in endolymph. (More? inner ear)
  • cochlear sac - embryonic structure, which will form the coiled cochlear duct and contribute to the saccule. (More? inner ear)
  • cochlear aqueduct - a bony channel containing the fibrous periotic duct. It connects the basal turn of the cochlea perilymphatic space with the subarachnoid space of the posterior cranial cavity. (More? inner ear)
  • cochlin - major constituent of the inner ear extracellular matrix. (More? inner ear)
  • collagen type II - major constituent of the inner ear extracellular matrix. (More? inner ear)
  • conductive loss - term used to describe one of the two major classes of hearing loss involving external and middle ear abnormalities (other form is Sensorineural loss).
  • connexins - channel proteins of the gap junctions that allow rapid communication between adjacent cells. The two connexins Cx26 and Cx30 are the major proteins of cochlear gap junctions.
  • connexin 26 - A strikingly high proportion (50%) of congenital bilateral nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness cases have been linked to mutations in the GJB2 coding for the connexin26
  • cupular deposits - basophilic material on the cupulae of the semicircular ducts, an postnatal ageing phenomenon seen in some vestibular labyrinth. (More? inner ear)
  • clinical weeks - taken from last menstrual period (LMP) and therefore approximately two weeks before fertilization occurs.
  • Deiters' cells - (outer phalangeal cells)
  • discoidin domain receptor 1 - (DDR1) a tyrosine kinase receptor activated by native collagen, expressed in the basement membrane and with fibrillar collagens. Found in basal cells of the stria vascularis, type III fibrocytes, and cells lining the basilar membrane of the organ of Corti.
  • ductus utriculosaccularis - inner ear structure, a canal from the utricle that joins the ductus endolymphaticus from the saccule posterior wall, and then passes along the aquaductus vestibuli and ends in a blind pouch (saccus endolymphaticus) in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, also in contact with the dura mater. (More? image | balance | inner ear)
  • endochondral ossification - the process of bone formation from a pre-existing cartilage template. (More? middle ear)
  • endoderm - One of the initial 3 germ cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) formed by the process of gastrulation. The endoderm forms as a cuboidal epithelium and contributes not only to the trilaminar embryo, but also lines the yolk sac. It will form the entire epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), contribute to the accessory organs of GIT and also forms the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract.
  • endolymphatic fluid - (endolymph, Scarpa's fluid) fluid that fills all the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear, except for the cochlea scala tympani and scala vestibuli which are filled with perilymph.
  • endolymphatic sac - inner ear structure that has anatomically both an intraosseous and extraosseous component. Th e sac has functions regulating endolymph that are both secretory and absorptive. Also the site of endolymphatic sac tumors either sporadical occurring or associated with the autosomal-dominant von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, due to a germ line mutation. (More? inner ear)
  • embryological weeks - taken from the time of fertilization which typically occurs around the middle (day 14), or just after, of the typical 28 day menstrual cycle. (More? Embryonic Development)
  • Emx2 - homeobox gene affecting middle ear and inner ear development.
  • eustachian tube - (auditory tube) A cavity linking the pharynx to the middle ear, which develops from the first pharyngeal pouch. Named after Bartolomeo Eustachi (1500 - 1574) an Italian anatomist. (More? middle ear)
  • external auditory meatus - (ear canal) develops from the first pharyngeal cleft. (More? outer ear)
  • espins - calcium-resistant actin-bundling proteins enriched in hair cell stereocilia and sensory cell microvilli and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs)
  • eustachian tube - (auditory tube) between the middle ear and oral cavity, equalization of pressure in the middle ear. (More? middle ear)
  • external auditory meatus - (EAM, ear canal) cavity connecting the external ear to the tympanic membrane. The adult human ear canal is about 2.5 cm long and 0.7 cm in diameter. (More? Outer Ear)
  • fenestra ovalis - (oval window) separates the tympanic cavity from the vestibule of the osseous labyrinth. (More? inner ear)
  • fenestra rotunda - (round window) separates the tympanic cavity from the scala tympani of the cochlea. (More? inner ear)
  • fetus - (foetus) term used to describe human development after the 8th week (10th clinical week, LPM) and covers the developmental periods of second and third trimester.
  • fibroblast growth factor 1 - (Fgf-1) a growth factor released from cochlea sensory epithelium which stimulates spiral ganglion neurite branching.
  • fibroblast growth factor 8 - (Fgf-8) a growth factor released by inner hair cells which regulates pillar cell number, position and rate of development.
  • fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 - (Fgfr-3) a tyrosine kinase receptor with a role in the commitment, differentiation and position of pillar cells in the organ of corti
  • fundamental frequency - (natural frequency) the lowest frequency in a harmonic series, for the female voice this is about 225 Hz.
  • Glaserian fissure - (petrotympanic fissure, squamotympanic fissure) the fissure in the temporal bone that runs between the temporomandibular joint to the tympanic cavity. Named after Johann Glaser (1629–1675) a Swiss anatomist.
  • helicotrema - term used to describe the cochlear apex. (More? inner ear)
  • Hensen’s stripe - within the cochlea tectorial membrane a ridge that runs longitudinally along the lower surface immediately adjacent to the hair bundles of the inner hair cells.
  • Hes - (hairy and enhancer of split) family of factors, which has been shown to be a general negative regulator of neurogenesis (Zheng, 2000).
  • hillock - a small hill, used to describe the six surface elevations on pharyngeal arch one and two. (More? outer ear)
  • Incus - (anvil) auditory ossicle (More? middle ear)
  • inner phalangeal cells - in the cochlea a single row of cells, that along with and three rows of outer phalangeal cells (Deiter's cells), are the hair cell supporting cells. (More? inner ear)
  • inner pillar cells - organ of Corti cells arranged in rows and form a boundary between the single row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells. These cells have surface-associated microtubule bundles. (More? inner ear)
  • inner sulcus - area of the cochlear duct. (More? inner ear)
  • internal auditory meatus - (internal acoustic meatus, IAM) Anatomical canal in which CN VII and CN VIII ganglia reside and pass through to the brainstem. This bony canal lies between the posterior surface of the petrous pyramid and the bony labyrinth within the dense petrous bone. Also associated clinically with the site where acoustic neuromas may occur. (More? inner ear)
  • kimura membrane - (Kimura’s membrane) within the cochlea tectorial membrane a thickening of the lower surface into which the hair bundles of the outer hair cells are imbedded.
  • kinocilium - inner ear hair cell specialised type of cilium on the cell apex.
  • Kolliker's organ - (Kollicker's organ, greater epithelial ridge) Developing cochlear structure consisting of columnar-shaped supporting cells filling the inner sulcus and lying directly under the tectorial membrane. This transient organ regresses and generates the space of the inner sulcus. Rudolph Albert von Kolliker (1817-1905)?? (More? inner ear
  • lateral semicircular duct - (external) (More? image)


  • limbus -


  • LMP - acronym for last menstrual period, used to clinically measure gestation.


  • malleus - (hammer) auditory ossicle (More? middle ear)
  • mastoid process - of temporal bone (More? middle ear)
  • Math1 - homolog of the Drosophila proneural gene atonal, necessary and sufficient for the production of hair cells in the mouse inner ear. Negatively regulated by Hes1 and Hes5
  • meatal plug - temporary blockage of the external auditory meatus which forms at the end of the embryonic period and remains present until the seventh month.
  • meatus - anatomical opening, cavity or space (external acoustic meatus, internal auditory meatus)
  • mechano-electrical transduction - (MET) occurs within the cochlear hair cells hair bundle. A mechanical stimulus of the hair bundle causes the tip-links to be tensioned, opening ion channels, resulting in the generation of the cell receptor potential. (More? inner ear)
  • Meckel's cartilage - first pharyngeal ach cartilage, located within the mandibular prominence. This cartilage first appears at stage 16, stage 20 the beginning of membranous ossification. Named after Johann Friedrich Meckel, (1781 - 1833) a German anatomist. (http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1840.html) (More? middle ear)
  • mucopolysaccharidosis - (MPS IIIB, Sanfilippo Syndrome type B) abnormality caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (Naglu). Children with MPS IIIB develop abnormal hearing, and mental functioning culminating in early death.
  • netrin-1 - secreted growth factor, expressed in the organ of Corti and spiral ganglion cells, role in process outgrowth. (More? inner ear)
  • otoacoustic emissions testing - (OET) hearing test measures sounds generated by the outer hair cells of the cochlea in response to clicks or tone bursts emitted and recorded by a tiny microphone placed in the infant’s external ear canal. (More? Hearing test)
  • olivocochlear - brainstem cholinergic and GABAergic efferent system that innervates sensory cells and sensory neurons of the inner ear.
  • organ of Corti - (spiral organ) cochlea component required for converting vibration into neural signals. (More? inner ear)
  • organ of Corti protein II - (OCP-II) cytosolic protein or transcription factor? (More? inner ear)
  • otolithic membrane - extracellular matrix that cover the sensory epithelia of the inner ear. (More? inner ear)
  • ossicle - (small bone, auditory ossicles) the individual bone of the three middle ear bones (malleus, incus, stapes), which reduce vibrational amplitude but increase force to drive fluid-filled inner ear. (More? middle ear)
  • otic capsule -
  • otitis media -  ICD-11 [1] middle ear infection, peak age prevalence is 6 to 18 months old with many children (75%) have at least one episode by school age. Forms include on-suppurative, suppurative, acute otitis media, chronic otitis media. (More? hearing abnormalities, hearing test)
  • otic cup - the early embryonic transient structure formed by the invagination (folding inward) of the otic placode, to cup, then vesicle stage. This will eventually form inner ear structures.
  • otic placode - Embryonic ectodermal epithelium giving rise to inner ear structures. (More? inner ear | Placodes)
  • otic vesicle - the early embryonic transient structure formed by the invagination (folding inward) and fusion of the otic cup, separating this structure from the embryo surface. This will eventually form inner ear structures.(More? inner ear)
  • otoconin - inner ear biominerals required for vestibular apparatus function. (More? inner ear)
  • otogelin - (Otog) an inner ear specific glycoprotein expressed in cochlea cells at different developmental times. (More? inner ear)
  • otolithic membrane - a membrane within the utricle and saccule containing embedded hair cell cilia and small crystalline bodies of calcium carbonate (otoliths). Functions to detect head motion.
  • otoliths - small crystalline bodies of calcium carbonate found within the otolitic membrane of the utricle and saccule. (More? inner ear)
  • ototoxic - compound or drug causing temporary or permanent hearing loss. (More? {{hearing abnormalities)
  • outer hair cells - (OHCs) three rows of hair cells that function to increase basilar membrane motion through a local mechanical feedback process within the cochlea, the " cochlear amplifier".
  • outer pillar cells - arranged in rows and form a boundary between the single row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells. (More? inner ear)
  • paratubal musculature - muscles lying beside the auditory (Eustachian) tube. The tensor veli, palatini (TVP) and tensor tympani muscles. (More? middle ear)
  • perilymph - the fluid between the membraneous labyrinth of the ear and the bone which encloses it.
  • perilymphatic space - the space between the outer wall of the membranous labyrinth and the wall of the bony labyrinth that contains the perilymph.
  • periotic capsule -
  • petrous portion of temporal bone -
  • pejvakin gene - in humans, two missense mutations in this gene cause non-syndromic recessive deafness (DFNB59) by affecting the function of auditory neurons.
  • petrotympanic fissure - (Glaserian fissure, squamotympanic fissure) the fissure in the temporal bone that runs between the temporomandibular joint to the tympanic cavity.
  • pharyngeal arch - (More? Outer Ear) pharyngeal pouch pharyngeal membrane Pharynx
  • pillar cells - (PC) form an inner and outer row of support cells that form a boundary between inner and outer hair cells. (More? inner ear)
  • preyer reflex - ear flick in mouse in response to sound.
  • presbyacusis - age-related hearing loss, is the cumulative effect of aging on hearing.
  • prestin - a motor protein structurally similar to the anion transporter family expressed in cochlear outer hair cells. (More? inner ear)
  • preauricular tag - skin tags located in front of the external ear opening, are common in neonates and in most cases are normal, though in some cases are indicative of other associated abnormalities.
  • protocadherin 15 - (Pcdh15) required for initial formation of stereocilia bundles and changes in the actin meshwork within hair cells. The Ames waltzer (av) mouse mutant has both auditory and vestibular abnormalities from a mutation in this gene.
  • Reichert's cartilage - pharyngeal arch 2 cartilage, named after Karl Bogislaus Reichert (1811 - 1883) a German anatomist. (More? middle ear | pharyngeal arch)
  • Reissner's membrane - (vestibular membrane, vestibular wall) is a membrane located inside the cochlea separating the scala media from scala vestibuli. Named after Ernst Reissner (1824-1878) a German anatomist. It primarily functions as a diffusion barrier, allowing nutrients to travel from the perilymph to the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth.
  • rhombomere - hindbrain rostrocaudal segmentation established by expression of Hox homeodomain transcription factors. Histologically rhombomeres are visible as undulating folds (scalloping) of the neural tube in the hindbrain region and have associated cranial nerves.
  • saccular macula - (macula of saccule) thickened anterior part of the saccule containing the saccular filaments of the acoustic nerve. (More? balance)
  • Saccule - (Latin, sacculus = a small pouch) sensory cells in the inner ear that translate head movements into neural signals for the brain to interpret. (More? balance)
  • sacculocollic reflex - thought to have a role in maintaining the relative position of the head and the body against the vertical linear acceleration of gravity.
  • scala tympani - one of the three cochlea cavities, it is filled with perilymph.
  • Scarpa's ganglion - (vestibular ganglion) primary afferent vestibular neuron ganglion of the vestibular nerve. Located within the internal auditory meatus. (More? inner ear)
  • semicircular canals - series of fluid-filled loops of the inner ear required for balance and sensing acceleration. (More? inner ear)
  • sensorineural - term used to describe one of the two major classes of hearing loss involving the central pathway from the cochlear (other form is conductive loss).
  • space of Nuel - within the cochlea, an organ of Corti space between the outer pillar cells and the phalangeal and hair cells. Named after Jean-Pierre Nuel (1847-1920) a Belgian ophthalmologist. (More? inner ear)
  • spiral ganglion neurons - (SGN) innervate the inner (Type I) and outer (Type II) hair cells of the cochlea. (More? inner ear)
  • stapedius muscle - (innervated by CN VII tympanic branch) one of the two muscles in the middle ear, contraction of this muscle pulls the stapes and dampens auditory ossicle movement. (More? middle ear)
  • startle response - {Moro reflex)
  • stereocilia -finger-like projections from the apical surface of sensory hair cells forming the hair bundle in the cochlea. Formed by tightly cross-linked parallel actin filaments in a paracrystalline array with cell surface specializations (tip links, horizontal top connectors, and tectorial membrane attachment crowns).
  • stratified squamous epithelia - classification of epithelium which transiently forms a plug in external ear canal to the outer eardrum.
  • stria vascularis - forms the outer wall of the cochlear duct of the mammalian cochlea is composed primarily of three types of cells. Marginal cells line the lumen of the cochlear duct and are of epithelial origin. Basal cells also form a continuous layer and they may be mesodermal or derived from the neural crest. Intermediate cells are melanocyte-like cells, presumably derived from the neural crest, and are scattered between the marginal and basal cell layers. The stria forms endolymph and also contains a rich supply of blood vessels. (More? inner ear)
  • sulcus -
  • synostotically - anatomically normally separate skeletal bones fused together. (More? middle ear)
  • tectorial membrane - within the cochlea an extracellular matrix produced by interdental cells, that covers the sensory epithelial hair cells of the organ of corti. (More? inner ear)
  • alpha-tectorin and beta- (TECTA, TECTB) major non-collagenous protein component of the tectorial membrane forming a striated-sheet matrix. Synthesized as glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked, membrane bound precursors.
  • tensor tympani - (innervated by CN V mandibular nerve) one of the two muscles in the middle ear, contraction of this muscle pulls the malleus and tenses the tympanic membrane, dampening auditory ossicle movement. The muscle arises from auditory tube (cartilaginous portion) and is inserted into the malleus (manubrium near the root).
  • teratogens -
  • tonotopy - term describing the mapping along the tectorial membrane within the cochlea of the different sound frequencies. (More? inner ear)
  • tympanic membrane - (ear drum)
  • tympanic ring - an incomplete circle, in the concavity of which is a groove, the tympanic sulcus, for the attachment of the circumference of the tympanic membrane. In the newborn the ring is still open and expands laterally to form the tympanic part of temporal bone.
  • utricle -
  • vacuolization -
  • vesicle -
  • vestibular apparatus -
  • vestibular evoked myogenic potential - (VEMP) a test for vestibular disorders (utricle and superior nerve) response elicited by loud clicks or tone bursts recorded from the tonically contracted sternocleidomastoid muscle.
  • vestibular ganglion - (Scarpa's ganglion) primary afferent vestibular neuron ganglion of the vestibular nerve. Located within the internal auditory meatus. (More? inner ear)
  • vestibular membrane - (Reissner's) extends from the spiral lamina to the outer wall and divides the cochlea into an upper scala vestibuli, a lower scala tympani. (More? inner ear)
  • Vestibulocochlear Nerve - Cranial Nerve VIII CN VIII
  • Whirlin - A PDZ scaffold protein expressed in hair cells at the stereocilia tips, essential for the stereocilia elongation process. The DFNB31 gene mutations cause hearing loss in human and mouse. This protein can interact with membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) protein, erythrocyte protein p55 (p55). (More? inner ear)
  • Wnt7a - signaling through the Wnt pathway regulates the development of hair cell unidirectional stereociliary bundle orientation. (More? inner ear)
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 19) Embryology BGDB Face and Ear - Postnatal. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/BGDB_Face_and_Ear_-_Postnatal

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G