Gastrointestinal Tract Development: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 23:45, 22 April 2010

Introduction

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) extending from the buccopharyngeal membrane to the cloacal membrane arises from the endoderm of the trilaminar embryo (week 2, 3).

During the 4th week the 3 distinct portions (fore-, mid- and hind-gut) extend the length of the embryo and will contribute different components of the GIT. The large mid-gut is generated by lateral embryonic folding which "pinches off" a pocket of the yolk sac, the 2 compartments continue to communicate through the vitelline duct. On this current page there is a brief developmental overview and stage 13/14 embryo overview.

The oral cavity (mouth) is formed following breakdown of the buccopharyngeal membrane (=oropharyngeal) and contributed to mainly by the pharynx lying within the pharyngeal arches. The opening of the GIT means that it contains amniotic fluid, which is also swallowed later in development. (More? Sensory Development - Taste | Head and Neck Development - Tongue)

From the oral cavity the next portion of the foregut is initially a single gastrointestinal (oesophagus) and respiratory (trachea) common tube, the pharynx which lies behind the heart. Note that the respiratory tract will form from a ventral bud arising at this level (More? Respiratory Development)

--Mark Hill 09:25, 14 April 2010 (EST) Page Template only - content from original UNSW Embryology site currently being edited and updated.

Historic Embryology - Gastrointestinal Tract
1878 Alimentary Canal \| 1882 The Organs of the Inner Germ-Layer The Alimentary Tube with its Appended Organs \| 1884 Great omentum and transverse mesocolon \| 1902 Meckel's diverticulum \| 1902 The Organs of Digestion \| 1903 Submaxillary Gland \| 1906 Liver \| 1907 Development of the Digestive System \| 1907 Atlas \| 1907 23 Somite Embryo \| 1908 Liver \| 1908 Liver and Vascular \| 1910 Mucous membrane Oesophagus to Small Intestine \| 1910 Large intestine and Vermiform process \| 1911-13 Intestine and Peritoneum - Part 1 \| Part 2 \| Part 3 \| Part 5 \| Part 6 \| 1912 Digestive Tract \| 1912 Stomach \| 1914 Digestive Tract \| 1914 Intestines \| 1914 Rectum \| 1915 Pharynx \| 1915 Intestinal Rotation \| 1917 Entodermal Canal \| 1918 Anatomy \| 1921 Alimentary Tube \| 1932 Gall Bladder \| 1939 Alimentary Canal Looping \| 1940 Duodenum anomalies \| 2008 Liver \| 2016 GIT Notes \| Historic Disclaimer
Human Embryo: 1908 13-14 Somite Embryo \| 1921 Liver Suspensory Ligament \| 1926 22 Somite Embryo \| 1907 23 Somite Embryo \| 1937 25 Somite Embryo \| 1914 27 Somite Embryo \| 1914 Week 7 Embryo
Animal Development: 1913 Chicken \| 1951 Frog

Some Recent Findings

GIT Foregut

File:Gitbpmsm.gif

Foregut - beneath the transverse septum the tract grows rapildy, dilating and rotaing to form the primitive stomach. Growth and rotation generates curvatures, peritoneal sacs and a large attached omentum (More? [git10.htm Stomach Development]).

The hepatic diverticulum (liver bud) lies under the septum transversum and is the earliest associated GIT organ that has differentiated, and will occupy a substantial region of the abdomen during development. (More? [git7.htm Liver Development])

GIT Midgut

File:Git17mm sm.jpg

Midgut - beneath the stomach the initial portion of the small intestine, the duodenum, and the associated pancreas now lie.

Much of the midgut is herniated at the umbilicus external to the abdomen through development. A key step in development is the rotation of this midgut that must occur to place the GIT in the correct abdominal position with its associated mesentry. The GIT itself differentiates to form significantly different structures along its length: oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, iliem (small intestine), colon (large intestine). (More? [git13.htm Intestine Development])

The mesentries of the GIT are generated from the common dorsal mesentry, with the ventral mesentry contributing to the lesser omentum and falciform ligament.

The pancreas arises from 2 sources: the hepatic diverticulum (ventral) and the duodenum (dorsal). The pancreas must also differentiate to establish specific cells for endocrine and exocrine function. (More? [git9.htm Pancreas Development])

The spleen arises in week 5 within the dorsal mesogastrium as proliferating mesenchyme. Cells required for its hemopoietic function arise from the yolk sac wall and near dorsal aorta. The spleen generates both red and white cells in the 2nd trimester. Note that many embryonic RBCs remain nucleated. (More? [git8.htm Spleen Development])

GIT Hindgut

File:Git17mm sm.jpg

Hindgut - distral transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and cloaca.

The cloaca is the common urogenital sinus which will later become partitioned into an anterior urinary and posterior GIT rectal component. (More? [urogen.htm Urogenital Development])

Reading

* Human Embryology (2nd ed.) Larson Ch9 p229-260

The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (6th ed.) Moore and Persaud Ch 12 p271-302
Before We Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud Ch13 p255-287
Essentials of Human Embryology Larson Ch 9 p123-146
Human Embryology Fitzgerald and Fitzgerald Ch19,20 p119-123
Additional References- [#References References] | [../Refer/git/select.htm Selected 1999 References]
Search PubMed-[git2.htm#PubMed Medline]

File:Git17mm sm.jpg

Objectives

Name the adult structures developed from the fore-, mid- and hind-gut and list their arterial supply.
Explain the elongation and rotation of the mid-gut and appreciate the consequences of malrotation.
Describe the development of the nerve supply (enteric nervous system) of the gut.
Describe the development of the associated organs, liver and pancreas, and state the functions of these organs in the embryo and fetus.
Summarise the formation of the adult mesenteries of the gut.
Describe the developmental abnormalities responsible for the following selected congenital malformations
- Meckel's diverticulum
- Intestinal malrotation (situs inversus)
- Hirschsprung's disease (aganglionic colon)

Textbooks

Objectives

Computer Activities

Development Overview

References

Reviews

Articles

Search PubMed

Search April 2010 "Gastrointestinal Tract Development" - All (35980) Review (4707) Free Full Text (8086)

Search Pubmed: Gastrointestinal Tract Development

Additional Images

Terms

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 19) Embryology Gastrointestinal Tract Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Gastrointestinal_Tract_Development

What Links Here?

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 == Some Recent Findings ==
+== GIT Foregut ==
+{| class="prettytable"
+| [[Image:gitbpmsm.gif]]
+| '''Foregut''' - beneath the transverse septum the tract grows rapildy, dilating and rotaing to form the primitive stomach. Growth and rotation generates curvatures, peritoneal sacs and a large attached omentum (More? [git10.htm Stomach Development]).
+The hepatic diverticulum ('''liver''' bud) lies under the septum transversum and is the earliest associated GIT organ that has differentiated, and will occupy a substantial region of the abdomen during development. (More? [git7.htm Liver Development])
+&nbsp;
+|}
+== GIT Midgut ==
+{| class="prettytable"
+| [[Image:git17mm_sm.jpg]]
+| '''Midgut''' - beneath the stomach the initial portion of the small intestine, the duodenum, and the associated pancreas now lie.
+Much of the '''midgut is herniated''' at the umbilicus external to the abdomen through development. A key step in development is the rotation of this midgut that must occur to place the GIT in the correct abdominal position with its associated mesentry. The GIT itself differentiates to form significantly different structures along its length: oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, iliem (small intestine), colon (large intestine). (More? [git13.htm Intestine Development])
+The '''mesentries''' of the GIT are generated from the common dorsal mesentry, with the ventral mesentry contributing to the '''lesser omentum''' and '''falciform ligament'''.
+&nbsp;
+|}
+The '''pancreas''' arises from 2 sources: the hepatic diverticulum (ventral) and the duodenum (dorsal). The pancreas must also differentiate to establish specific cells for endocrine and exocrine function. (More? [git9.htm Pancreas Development])
+The '''spleen''' arises in week 5 within the dorsal mesogastrium as proliferating mesenchyme. Cells required for its hemopoietic function arise from the yolk sac wall and near dorsal aorta. The spleen generates both red and white cells in the 2nd trimester. Note that many embryonic RBCs remain nucleated. (More? [git8.htm Spleen Development])
+== GIT Hindgut ==
+{| class="prettytable"
+| [[Image:git17mm_sm.jpg]]
+| '''Hindgut''' - distral transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and cloaca.
+The '''cloaca''' is the common urogenital sinus which will later become partitioned into an anterior urinary and posterior GIT rectal component. (More? [urogen.htm Urogenital Development])
+|}
+== Reading ==
+{| class="prettytable"
+| * '''Human Embryology '''(2nd ed.) Larson Ch9 p229-260
+* '''The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology '''(6th ed.) Moore and Persaud Ch 12 p271-302
+* '''Before We Are Born''' (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud Ch13 p255-287
+* '''Essentials of Human Embryology''' Larson Ch 9 p123-146
+* '''Human Embryology''' Fitzgerald and Fitzgerald Ch19,20 p119-123
+* Additional References- [#References References] | [../Refer/git/select.htm Selected 1999 References]
+* Search PubMed-[git2.htm#PubMed Medline]
+| [[Image:git17mm_sm.jpg]]
+|}
+== Objectives ==
+* Name the adult structures developed from the fore-, mid- and hind-gut and list their arterial supply.
+* Explain the elongation and rotation of the mid-gut and appreciate the consequences of malrotation.
+* Describe the development of the nerve supply (enteric nervous system) of the gut.
+* Describe the development of the associated organs, liver and pancreas, and state the functions of these organs in the embryo and fetus.
+* Summarise the formation of the adult mesenteries of the gut.
+* Describe the developmental abnormalities responsible for the following selected congenital malformations
+** Meckel's diverticulum
+** Intestinal malrotation (situs inversus)
+** Hirschsprung's disease (aganglionic colon)
 == Textbooks ==