Integumentary System - Eyelid Development
Embryology - 16 Jun 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
The eyelids represent integumentary specialisations that cover and protect the eye cornea.
Note that some species, such as rodents, are born with closed eyelids.
The palpebral commissure (canthus) is located at the corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet.
Vision Links: vision | lens | retina | placode | extraocular muscle | cornea | eyelid | lacrima gland | vision abnormalities | Student project 1 | Student project 2 | Category:Vision | sensory | ||
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Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Eyelid Embryology | Eyelid Development | meibomian gland |Cryptophthalmia |
Older papers |
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These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.
See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page.
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Human Eyelid Timeline
Carnegie Stage | Event |
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10 | optic primordia appear |
13 | By the end of the fourth week the optic vesicle lies close to the surface ectoderm. The surface ectoderm overlying the optic vesicle, in response to this contact, has thickened to form the lense placode. |
14 | (about 32 days) the lens placode is indented by the lens pit. |
15 | (about 33 days) the lens pit is closed. The lens vesicle and optic cup lie close to the surface ectoderm and appear to press against the surface. |
16 | (37 days) Prior to the development of the eyelids, one small sulcus or groove forms above the eye (eyelid groove) and another below it. |
17 - 19 | grooves deepen, eyelid folds develop, first below, and then above, the eye. |
19 - 22 | eyelid folds develop into the eyelids and cover more of the eye as the palpebral fissure takes shape. The upper and the lower eyelids meet at the outer canthus in Stage 19. |
20 | the inner canthus is established. |
23 | closure of the eyelids is complete (Note - shown as still open in some Kyoto embryo). |
Data - from Kyoto embryos with Carnegie staging.[6] Links: eyelid |
The images below link to virtual slides of the human developing eye at Carnegie stage 22. Click on the image to open or select specific regions from the regions of interest links.
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Virtual Slide - Regions of Interest
Links: Embryo Virtual Slides |
Adult Anatomy
The palpebral commissure (canthus) is located at the corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet.
Molecular
See recent article on molecular biology and genetics of embryonic eyelid development.[2]
- cell migration - FGF10, TGF-α, Activin B, and HB-EGF modulate downstream BMP4 signaling, the ERK cascade, and JNK/c-JUN.
- Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway - may inhibit and regulate eyelid fusion.
Abnormalities
ICD-11 LA14.0 Structural developmental anomalies of eyelids |
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LA14.00 Palpebral cleft or coloboma LA14.01 Cryptophthalmia - isolated cryptophtalmia is a congenital abnormality in which the eyelids are absent and skin covers the ocular bulb, which is often microphthalmic. LA14.02 Congenital entropion - the eyelid (usually the lower lid) folds inward. It is very uncomfortable, as the eyelashes constantly rub against the cornea and irritate it. Entropion is usually caused by genetic factors and very rarely it may be congenital when an extra fold of skin grows with the lower eyelid (epiblepharon). LA14.03 Congenital ectropion - the lower eyelid turns outwards. It is one of the notable aspects of newborns exhibiting congenital Harlequin-type ichthyosis, but ectropion can occur due to any weakening of tissue of the lower eyelid. LA14.04 Congenital ptosis - Congenital ptosis is characterised by superior eyelid drop present at birth. LA14.05 Congenital eyelid retraction LA14.07 Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum - Isolated ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum is characterised by the presence of single or multiple thin bands of connective tissue between the upper and lower eyelids, preventing full opening of the eye. |
References
- ↑ Tawfik HA, Abdulhafez MH, Fouad YA & Dutton JJ. (2016). Embryologic and Fetal Development of the Human Eyelid. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg , 32, 407-414. PMID: 27124372 DOI.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rubinstein TJ, Weber AC & Traboulsi EI. (2016). Molecular biology and genetics of embryonic eyelid development. Ophthalmic Genet. , 37, 252-9. PMID: 26863902 DOI.
- ↑ Sanchis A, Bayo P, Sevilla LM & Pérez P. (2010). Glucocorticoid receptor antagonizes EGFR function to regulate eyelid development. Int. J. Dev. Biol. , 54, 1473-80. PMID: 21136383 DOI.
- ↑ Mine N, Iwamoto R & Mekada E. (2005). HB-EGF promotes epithelial cell migration in eyelid development. Development , 132, 4317-26. PMID: 16141218 DOI.
- ↑ Zhang H, Hara M, Seki K, Fukuda K & Nishida T. (2005). Eyelid fusion and epithelial differentiation at the ocular surface during mouse embryonic development. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. , 49, 195-204. PMID: 15944823 DOI.
- ↑ Pearson AA. (1980). The development of the eyelids. Part I. External features. J. Anat. , 130, 33-42. PMID: 7364662
Reviews
Zieske JD. (2004). Corneal development associated with eyelid opening. Int. J. Dev. Biol. , 48, 903-11. PMID: 15558481 DOI.
Hamming N. (1983). Anatomy and embryology of the eyelids: a review with special reference to the development of divided nevi. Pediatr Dermatol , 1, 51-8. PMID: 6387662
Articles
Dong F, Call M, Xia Y & Kao WW. (2017). Role of EGF receptor signaling on morphogenesis of eyelid and meibomian glands. Exp. Eye Res. , 163, 58-63. PMID: 28950938 DOI.
Wang J, Call M, Mongan M, Kao WW & Xia Y. (2017). Meibomian gland morphogenesis requires developmental eyelid closure and lid fusion. Ocul Surf , 15, 704-712. PMID: 28284825 DOI.
Meng Q, Mongan M, Carreira V, Kurita H, Liu CY, Kao WW & Xia Y. (2014). Eyelid closure in embryogenesis is required for ocular adnexa development. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. , 55, 7652-61. PMID: 25377219 DOI.
Du X, Tabeta K, Hoebe K, Liu H, Mann N, Mudd S, Crozat K, Sovath S, Gong X & Beutler B. (2004). Velvet, a dominant Egfr mutation that causes wavy hair and defective eyelid development in mice. Genetics , 166, 331-40. PMID: 15020428
Findlater GS, McDougall RD & Kaufman MH. (1993). Eyelid development, fusion and subsequent reopening in the mouse. J. Anat. , 183 ( Pt 1), 121-9. PMID: 8270467
Harris MJ & McLeod MJ. (1982). Eyelid growth and fusion in fetal mice. A scanning electron microscope study. Anat. Embryol. , 164, 207-20. PMID: 7125235
Search PubMed
Search Pubmed: Eyelid Development
Additional Images
Historic
Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages |
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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding. (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers) |
Gray H. Anatomy of the human body. (1918) Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
Addison WHF. and How HW. The development of the eyelids of the albino rat, until the completion of disjunction. (1921) Amer. J Anat. 29: 1-32.
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 16) Embryology Integumentary System - Eyelid Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Integumentary_System_-_Eyelid_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G