Neural Crest Development: Difference between revisions
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The paper by Marshall, Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ (1879)<ref name=Marshall1879> | The paper by Marshall, Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ (1879)<ref name=Marshall1879>Marshall, A. [[Paper - 1879 The Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ|'''Morphology of Vertebrate Olfactory Organ''']] Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science (1879) Vol. 19: 300–340.</ref>, was historically the first time the term "''neural crest''" was used. In his own earlier papers he had referred to this as a "neural ridge" in describing development of the chicken embryo neural tube. | ||
See [[Paper - 1879 The Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ#NeuralCrest|paper text]] and his referenced comment: | See [[Paper - 1879 The Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ#NeuralCrest|paper text]] and his referenced comment: |
Revision as of 10:04, 11 February 2018
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Introduction
The neural crest are bilaterally paired strips of cells arising in the ectoderm at the margins of the neural tube. These cells migrate to many different locations and differentiate into many cell types within the embryo. This means that many different systems (neural, skin, teeth, head, face, heart, adrenal glands, gastrointestinal tract) will also have a contribution fron the neural crest cells. An in vitro study[1] has shown neural crest cell migration occurs at different rates along the embryo axis between Carnegie stage 11 to 13 in week 4.
In the body region, neural crest cells also contribute the peripheral nervous system (both neurons and glia) consisting of sensory ganglia (dorsal root ganglia), sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and neural plexuses within specific tissues/organs.
In the head region, neural crest cells migrate into the pharyngeal arches (as shown in movie below) forming ectomesenchyme contributing tissues which in the body region are typically derived from mesoderm (cartilage, bone, and connective tissue). General neural development is also covered in Neural Notes.
Historically identified as "neural crest" by Arthur Marshall in 1879.[2] (see history below and original article).
Neural Crest Links: neural crest | Lecture - Early Neural | Lecture - Neural Crest Development | Lecture Movie | Schwann cell | adrenal | melanocyte | peripheral nervous system | enteric nervous system | cornea | cranial nerve neural crest | head | skull | cardiac neural crest | Nicole Le Douarin | Neural Crest Movies | neural crest abnormalities | Category:Neural Crest | |||
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Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Neural Crest Embryology <pubmed limit=5>Neural Crest Embryology</pubmed> |
Older papers |
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Neural crest formation stages and gene regulatory networks[10]
System | Cell Type |
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | Neurons - sensory ganglia, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, enteric nervous system, and plexuses
Glia (neuroglial cells) - Schwann cells[11], satellite cells, olfactory ensheathing cells[12] |
endocrine | Adrenal medulla Calcitonin-secreting cells Carotid body type I cells |
integumentary | Epidermal pigment cells melanocyte |
Facial cartilage and bone | Facial and anterior ventral skull cartilage and bones |
Sensory | inner ear, cornea endothelium and stroma |
Connective tissue | tooth odontoblast
smooth muscle, and adipose tissue of skin in head and neck Connective tissue of meninges, salivary, lachrymal, thymus, thyroid, and pituitary glands Connective tissue and smooth muscle in arteries of aortic arch origin |
Links: neural crest | Category:Neural Crest | Neural Crest collapsible table |
Neural Crest Migration
Human
Human neural crest cell migration (in vitro)[1]
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Chicken
Movie Source: Original Neural Crest movies kindly provided by Paul Kulesa.[13]
Neural crest migration Chicken Head (movies overview) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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- Neural Crest Movies: Migration 01 | Migration 02 | Migration 03 | Migration 04 | Migration 05 | Migration 06 | Migration 07
Textbooks
Hill, M.A. (2020). UNSW Embryology (20th ed.) Retrieved June 15, 2024, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au
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Moore, K.L. & Persuad, T.V.N. (2008). The Developing Human: clinically oriented embryology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. (chapter links only work with a UNSW connection). | ||||||
Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R. and Francis-West, P.H. (2009). Larsen’s Human Embryology (4th ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. The following chapter links only work with a UNSW Library subscription
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Additional Resources
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Objectives
- Understand the structures derived from ectoderm.
- Understand the formation of neural folds.
- Identify the initial location of neural crest cells in the trilaminar embryo.
- Identify pathways of neural crest migration throughout the embryo.
- To know the major tissues to which neural crest cells contribute.
- To know how abnormalities in development that result from abnormal neural crest cell migration.
- Understand how neural crest cells contribute to the pharyngeal arches and the head structures they form.
Neural Crest Derivatives
A key feature of neural crest is the migration into other embryonic tissues to form specific neural and non-neural populations and structures.
Cranial neural crest
- migration - dorsolaterally and into pharyngeal arches
- craniofacial mesenchyme - cartilage, bone, cranial neurons, glia, and connective tissues of the face
- pharyngeal arches and pouches - thymic cells, tooth odontoblasts, middle ear bones (ossicles), stria vascularis cells, and jaw (mandible)
Cochlea - Stria Vascularis | |
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Inner ear cochlea, showing the stria vascularis intermediate cells that are derived from neural crest. |
Eye - Cornea | |
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Human embryonic cornea detail (Week 8, Carnegie stage 22)]] | Mouse cornea layers |
The adult eye cornea has three layers: an outer epithelium layer (ectoderm), a middle stromal layer of collagen-rich extracellular matrix between stromal keratocytes (neural crest) and an inner layer of endothelial cells (neural crest) |
Carotid body are chemoreceptors in the wall of the common carotid (3rd pharyngeal arch) [14] [15]
Cardiac neural crest
Trunk neural crest
- migration - two major pathways over somites (dorsolaterally) and between somite and neural tube (ventrolaterally)
- dorsolateral - skin melanocytes
- ventrolaterally - dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, adrenal medulla, aortic nerve clusters
para-aortic body
(organ of Zuckerkandl, OZ) A neural crest derived chromaffin body, anatomically located at the bifurcation of the aorta or at the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery. Thought to act as a fetal regulator of blood pressure, secreting catecholamines into the fetal circulation.[16]In human, reaches its maximal size at 3 years of age and then regresses either by death, dispersion or differentiation.[17]
Named in 1901 by Emil Zuckerkandl (1849-1910) a Hungarian-Austrian anatomist at the University of Vienna.
Vagal and sacral neural crest
- migration - ventrally into surrounding splanchnic mesenchyme of gastrointestinal tract
- splanchnic mesenchyme - parasympathetic (enteric) ganglia of the gut
Development Overview
The following cranial and trunk data is based upon 185 serially sectioned staged (Carnegie) human embryos.[18]
Cranial Neural Crest
- stage 9 - an indication of mesencephalic neural crest
- stage 10 - trigeminal, facial, and postotic components
- stage 11 - crest-free zones are soon observable in rhombomere 1, 3, and 5
- stage 12 - rhombomeres 6 and 7 neural crest migrate to pharyngeal arch 3 and then rostrad to the truncus arteriosus
- stage 13 - nasal crest and the terminalis-vomeronasal complex are last of the cranial crest to appear
stages 9-14 - otic vesicle primordium descends
Vagal Neural Crest
Recent research suggests that the vagal neural crest cells are a transitional population that has evolved between the head and the trunk, taking separate pathways to the both the heart and to the gut.[19][20]
Trunk Neural Crest
Spinal ganglia increase in number over time and are in phase with the somites, though not their centre. There are 3 migratory pathways: ventrolateral between dermatomyotome and sclerotome, ventromedial between neural tube and sclerotomes, and lateral between surface ectoderm and dermatomyotome.
- stage 13 - about 19 present
- stage 14 - about 33 present
- stage 15-23 - 30–35 ganglia
Neck and Shoulder
A mouse study using individually labelled cells of postotic neural crest followed the development of the shoulder girdle (clavicle and scapula) that connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton.[21]
- Clavicle is a neural crest-mesodermal structure, posterior dermal clavicle mesoderm.
- Cryptic cell boundaries traverse apparently homogeneous skeleton of the neck and shoulders.
- Bones and muscles code of connectivity that mesenchymal stem cells of both neural crest and mesodermal origin obey
- Neural crest anchors the head onto the anterior lining of the shoulder girdle
- Hox-gene-controlled mesoderm links trunk muscles to the posterior neck and shoulder skeleton.
- Skeleton identified as neural crest-derived is affected in human Klippel-Feil syndrome, Sprengel's deformity and Arnold-Chiari I/II malformation.
Skin Melanocytes
Mouse melanocyte migration[22] | Movie Mouse Skin - Melanoblast Migration E14.5[23] |
Neural Crest Migration
A key event in neural crest development is migration from the original site that neural crest cells are generated (edge of the neural plate) to the different anatomical regions within the embryo.
Stimulators
- complement component C3a - (C3a) acts as an autocrine diffusible chemotactic agent attracting NCC toward the self-secreted source.
Inhibitors
- versican - (VCAN, Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 2; Cspg2) an extracellular matrix proteoglycan that acts as both an inhibitor of NCC migration and as a guiding cue by forming exclusionary boundaries. [24]
- Links: OMIM 118661
Historic
The paper by Marshall, Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ (1879)[2], was historically the first time the term "neural crest" was used. In his own earlier papers he had referred to this as a "neural ridge" in describing development of the chicken embryo neural tube.
See paper text and his referenced comment:
- "I take this opportunity to make a slight alteration in the nomenclature adopted in my former paper. I have there suggested the term neural ridge for the longitudinal ridge of cells which grows out from the reentering angle between the external epiblast and the neural canal, and from which the nerves, whether cranial or spinal, arise. Since this ridge appears before closure of the neural canal is effected, there are manifestly two neural ridges, one on either side ; but I have also applied the same term, neural ridge, to the single outgrowth formed by the fusion of the neural ridges of the two sides after complete closure of the neural canal is effected, and after the external epiblast has become completely separated from the neural canal. I propose in future to speak of this single median outgrowth as the neural crest, limiting the term neural ridge to the former acceptation. Thus, while there are two neural ridges, there is only one neural crest, a distinction that will be at once evident on reference to my former figures."
- Links: Embryology History
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 <pubmed>18689800</pubmed>
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Marshall, A. Morphology of Vertebrate Olfactory Organ Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science (1879) Vol. 19: 300–340.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 <pubmed>23028350</pubmed>| PLoS Genet.
- ↑ <pubmed>29108781</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>26934293</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>21552538</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20478300</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20399765</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20360764</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>25903629</pubmed>| Nature
- ↑ Woodhoo A & Sommer L. (2008). Development of the Schwann cell lineage: from the neural crest to the myelinated nerve. Glia , 56, 1481-90. PMID: 18803317 DOI.
- ↑ Barraud P, Seferiadis AA, Tyson LD, Zwart MF, Szabo-Rogers HL, Ruhrberg C, Liu KJ & Baker CV. (2010). Neural crest origin of olfactory ensheathing glia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 107, 21040-5. PMID: 21078992 DOI.
- ↑ <pubmed>10683170</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>8400021</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>22902512</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>13107111</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>23078542</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>17848161</pubmed>| PMC2375817 | J Anat.
- ↑ <pubmed>20962585</pubmed>
- ↑ Bryan R. Kuo, Carol A. Erickson Vagal neural crest cell migratory behavior: A transition between the cranial and trunk crest. Volume 240, Issue 9, pages 2084–2100, September 2011 Dev Dynamics
- ↑ <pubmed>16034409</pubmed>| PMC1352163| Nature
- ↑ <pubmed>16277556</pubmed>| PLoS Biol.
- ↑ <pubmed>20067551</pubmed>| PMC2859249
- ↑ <pubmed>27241911</pubmed>
Books
Trainor, P. (ed) Neural crest cells: evolution, development and disease. ISBN: 978-0-12-401730-6 ScienceDirect Nelms BL, Labosky PA. Transcriptional Control of Neural Crest Development. San Rafael (CA): Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences; 2010. PMID 21452438
Reviews
Bronner ME & Simões-Costa M. (2016). The Neural Crest Migrating into the Twenty-First Century. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. , 116, 115-34. PMID: 26970616 DOI.
Green SA, Simoes-Costa M & Bronner ME. (2015). Evolution of vertebrates as viewed from the crest. Nature , 520, 474-482. PMID: 25903629 DOI.
Lee YH & Saint-Jeannet JP. (2011). Sox9 function in craniofacial development and disease. Genesis , 49, 200-8. PMID: 21309066 DOI.
Kish PE, Bohnsack BL, Gallina D, Kasprick DS & Kahana A. (2011). The eye as an organizer of craniofacial development. Genesis , 49, 222-30. PMID: 21309065 DOI.
Jiang M, Stanke J & Lahti JM. (2011). The connections between neural crest development and neuroblastoma. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. , 94, 77-127. PMID: 21295685 DOI.
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Articles
O'Rahilly R & Müller F. (2007). The development of the neural crest in the human. J. Anat. , 211, 335-51. PMID: 17848161 DOI.
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Search Pubmed: Neural Crest Development
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 15) Embryology Neural Crest Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Neural_Crest_Development
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