Lecture - Week 1 and 2 Development: Difference between revisions
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* generate spaces that fill with maternal blood- lacunae | * generate spaces that fill with maternal blood- lacunae | ||
* secrete Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), hormone, maintains decidua and Corpus Luteum, basis of pregnancy diagnostic test, present in urine is diagnostic of pregnancy | * secrete Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), hormone, maintains decidua and Corpus Luteum, basis of pregnancy diagnostic test, present in urine is diagnostic of pregnancy | ||
** levels peak at 8 to 10 weeks of pregnancy, then decline and are lower for rest of pregnancy | ** levels peak at 8 to 10 weeks of pregnancy, then decline and are lower for rest of pregnancy | ||
** 1-2 months: 5,000-200,000 mIU/ml; Non-pregnant females: <5.0 mIU/ml; Postmenopausal females: <9.5 mIU/ml) | |||
** Later in development placenta will secrete hCG | ** Later in development placenta will secrete hCG | ||
Revision as of 17:34, 1 August 2011
2010 Lecture | Zygote | Blastocyst | Implantation
Objectives
- Understand the events during week 1 of development (Zygote, Blastomeres, Morula, Blastocyst)
- Understand the events during week 2 of development (Trophoblast, Syncytiotrophoblast, Cytotrophoblast, Embryoblast, Implantation)
- Brief understanding of early placentation
- Brief understanding of maternal changes
Zygote Formation
- zygote is the first diploid cell formed following fertilisation.
- male and female pronuclei, 2 nuclei approach each other and nuclear membranes break down.
- DNA replicates, first mitotic division
- sperm contributes centriole which organizes mitotic spindle
Movie - Pronuclear Fusion | Movie - Parental Genomes
- Conceptus - the term refers to all material derived from this fertilised zygote, includes both the embryo and the non-embryonic tissues (placenta, fetal membranes).
- Links: Carnegie stage 1
Cleavage of Zygote
- cleavage of zygote forms 2 blastomeres and is also cleavage with no cytoplasm synthesis.
- special "embryonic" cell cycle S phases and M phases alternate without any intervening G1 or G2 phases (MSMSMSMS, adult MG1SG2) therefore individual cell volume decreases.
- cell division is initially synchronous, then asynchronously
- slow- centre cells, larger fast- peripheral cells
- zona pellucid still intact (division occurs within the ZP)
<wikiflv width="414" height="278" autoplay="true">embryo mitosis.flv|Embryo_mitosis_icon.jpg</wikiflv>
Morula
Human Embryo (day 2) | Human Embryo (day 3) |
- about day 4 is a solid ball of 16-20 cells with peripheral cells flattened against zona pellucida
- compaction occurs forming a cavity and leading to the next blastocyst stage
Blastocyst
- about day 5 have 2 identifiable cell types and a fluid-filled cavity (blastoceol)
- outer cell layer - trophoblast, peripheral flattened cells, forms the placenta and placental membranes
- inner cell mass - embryoblast, mass of rounder cells located on one wall of the blastocoel, forms entire embryo
Blastula Cell Communication
Two forms of cellular junctions Junctions
- gap junctions, allow electrically couple cells of epithelium surrounding a fluid-filled cavity
- tight junctions, close to outer surface create a seal, isolates interior of embryo from external medium
Blastocyst Hatching
Blastocyst Hatching - zona pellucida lost, ZP has sperm entry site, and entire ZP broken down by uterine secretions and possibly blastula secretions. Uterine Glands - secretions required for blastocyst motility and nutrition
Week 2 - Implantation
The second week of human development is concerned with the process of implantation and the differentiation of the blastocyst into early embryonic and placental forming structures.
Normal Implantation Sites - in uterine wall superior, posterior, lateral |
File:Week2_001_icon.jpg</wikiflv> |
Endometrial Receptivity
- In humans, receptivity occurs 6 days after the post-ovulatory progesterone surge and lasts about 2 to 4 days.
- Similar "receptivity window" in other species (rat day 5 and mouse day 4.5).
- Many studies have looked into identifying markers for this receptivity period both to optimise and to block this process.
Abnormal Implantation
Abnormal implantation sites or Ectopic Pregnancy occurs if implantation is in uterine tube or outside the uterus.
- sites - external surface of uterus, ovary, bowel, gastrointestinal tract, mesentry, peritoneal wall
- If not spontaneous then, embryo has to be removed surgically
Tubal pregnancy - 94% of ectopic pregnancies
- if uterine epithelium is damaged (scarring, pelvic inflammatory disease)
- if zona pellucida is lost too early, allows premature tubal implantation
- embryo may develop through early stages, can erode through the uterine horn and reattach within the peritoneal cavity
Uterus
--Mark Hill 16:29, 1 August 2011 (EST) This uterus histology will be covered in the Lab.
- Endometrium - 3 layers in secretory phase of menstrual cycle: compact, spongy, basal
- Myometrium - muscular layer outside endometrium, contracts in parturition
- Perimetrium - tunica serosa of the uterus continuous with the peritoneal wall
Endometrial Layers
- Compact - implantation occurs in this layer, dense stromal cells, uterine gland necks, capillaries of spiral arteries
- Spongy - swollen stromal cells, uterine gland bodies, spiral arteries
- Basal - not lost during menstruation or childbirth, own blood supply
Decidual Reaction
- occurs initially at site of implantation and includes both cellular and matrix changes
- reaction spreads throughout entire uterus, not at cervix
- deposition of fibrinoid and glycogen and epithelial plaque formation (at anchoring villi)
- presence of decidual cells are indicative of pregnancy
Cervix - at mouth of uterus, secretes mucus (CMP), forms a plug/barrier, mechanical and antibacterial Vascular - increased number of blood vessels
Decidua
The endometrium becomes the decidua and forms 3 distinct anatomical regions (at approx 3 weeks)
- Decidua Basalis at implantation site
- Decidua Capsularis enclosing the conceptus
- Decidua Parietalis the remainder of uterus
- Decidua Capsularis and Parietalis fuse eventually fuse and uterine cavity is lost by 12 weeks
Uterus Abnormalities
Endometriosis endometrial tissue located in other regions of the uterus or other tissues. This misplaced tissue develops into growths or lesions which respond to the menstrual cycle hormonal changes in the same way that the tissue of the uterine lining does; each month the tissue builds up, breaks down, and sheds.
Conceptus - Bilaminar Embryoblast
- about day 8 to 9
- The outer trophoblast and inner embryoblast layers now both differentiate to form two distinct cellular layers.
- The trophoblast layer forms the syncitotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast layers.
- The embryoblast (inner cell mass) forms the epiblast and hypoblast layers.
- This early stage of embryo development is referred to as the bilaminar embryo.
Movie - Week 2 Bilaminar Embryo
Conceptus - Bilaminar Trophoblast
Syncitiotrophoblasts
- secrete proteolytic enzymes, enzymes break down extracellular matrix around cells
- Allow passage of blastocyst into endometrial wall, totally surround the blastocyst
- generate spaces that fill with maternal blood- lacunae
- secrete Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), hormone, maintains decidua and Corpus Luteum, basis of pregnancy diagnostic test, present in urine is diagnostic of pregnancy
- levels peak at 8 to 10 weeks of pregnancy, then decline and are lower for rest of pregnancy
- 1-2 months: 5,000-200,000 mIU/ml; Non-pregnant females: <5.0 mIU/ml; Postmenopausal females: <9.5 mIU/ml)
- Later in development placenta will secrete hCG
Co-ordinator Note
Dr Mark Hill |
ANAT2341 Embryology S2 2011
|
Course Content 2011
2011 Timetable: | Embryology Introduction | Fertilization | Cell Division/Fertilization | Week 1 and 2 Development | Week 3 Development | Week 1 to 3 | Mesoderm Development | Ectoderm, Early Neural, Neural Crest | Trilaminar Embryo to Early Embryo | Early Vascular Development | Placenta | Vascular and Placenta | Endoderm, Early Gastrointestinal | Respiratory Development | Endoderm and Respiratory | Head Development | Neural Crest Development | Head and Neural Crest | Musculoskeletal Development | Limb Development | Musculoskeletal | Renal Development | Genital | Kidney and Genital | Sensory | Stem Cells | Stem Cells | Endocrine Development | Endocrine | Heart | Integumentary Development | Heart and Integumentary | Fetal | Birth and Revision | Fetal
Glossary Links
- Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 16) Embryology Lecture - Week 1 and 2 Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Lecture_-_Week_1_and_2_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G