Foundations Practical - Week 1 and 2: Difference between revisions
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==Fertilization and Blastocyst Development== | ==Fertilization and Blastocyst Development== | ||
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Development starts before fertilization with the release of the egg from the ovary (ovulation). This process along with preparation of the uterus for implantation is an endocrine controlled cycle, the menstrual cycle. | Development starts before fertilization with the release of the egg (oocyte) from the ovary (ovulation). This process along with preparation of the uterus for implantation is an endocrine controlled cycle, the '''menstrual cycle'''. | ||
This first page will give a brief overview of: menstrual cycle, fertilization, blastocyst and implantation. You are not expected to know everything about these processes, just keep track of the relative "timings" as to when specific processes occur. | This first page will give a brief overview of: menstrual cycle, fertilization, blastocyst and implantation. You are not expected to know everything about these processes, just keep track of the relative "timings" as to when specific processes occur. | ||
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==Ovulation== | ==Ovulation== | ||
{| | {| | ||
| <html5media height=" | | <html5media height="400" width="500">File:Follicle_001.mp4</html5media> | ||
[[Media:Follicle_001.mp4|'''Click Here''' to play on mobile device]] | [[Media:Follicle_001.mp4|'''Click Here''' to play on mobile device]] | ||
| {{Ovulation movie}} | | This animation shows the ovarian follicle released at ovulation ({{Graafian follicle}}) developing within the ovary. | ||
<br> | |||
{{Ovulation movie}}{{Bovine oocyte movie 1}} | |||
|} | |} | ||
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| [[File:Early_zygote.jpg|340px]] | | [[File:Early_zygote.jpg|340px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[ | | [[Mouse Fertilization Movie|Mouse oocyte fertilisation]] | ||
| [[:File:Early_zygote_labelled.jpg|Early human zygote]] | | [[:File:Early_zygote_labelled.jpg|Early human zygote]] | ||
|} | |||
{| | |||
| valign="bottom"|{{Human fertilization movie 1}} | |||
| valign="bottom"|{{Human fertilization movie 2}} | |||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| valign="bottom"|{{Rabbit_ovulation_movie}} | | valign="bottom"|{{Rabbit_ovulation_movie}} | ||
| valign="bottom"|{{Spermatozoa motility movie}} | |||
| valign="bottom"|{{Fertilization movie 2}} | | valign="bottom"|{{Fertilization movie 2}} | ||
| valign="bottom"|{{ | | valign="bottom"|{{Bovine oocyte movie 1}} | ||
| valign="bottom"|{{Human blastocyst movie 1}} | | valign="bottom"|{{Human blastocyst movie 1}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
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==Additional Information== | ==Additional Information== | ||
:''Where I use the sub-heading "Additional Information" in class materials, it is just that, not part of the class but useful in helping your understanding of the class concepts.'' | {| | ||
| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|50px|left]] | |||
| ''Where I use the sub-heading "Additional Information" in class materials, it is just that, not part of the class but useful in helping your understanding of the class concepts. I generally include the disclaimer shown below on the class page.'' | |||
|} | |||
<br> | |||
{{Med Prac additional Information}} | |||
===Take the Quiz=== | |||
''Open the table below, select your answers, click submit, then reopen the table to see your result.'' | |||
<br> | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! Quiz - Week 1 and 2 | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
<quiz> | |||
{Which of the following statements is most correct about the human menstrual cycle. | |||
|type="()"} | |||
- The menstrual cycle in all women is a 28 day reproductive cycle | |||
- Ovulation always occurs at the midpoint of the menstrual cycle | |||
- The menstrual cycle's main function is to regularly replace the lining of the uterus | |||
- A high body temperature indicates ovulation is occurring | |||
+ The menstrual cycle is an endocrine cycle regulating reproductive physiological changes | |||
||The menstrual cycle is variable amongst women and also within an individual, the "28 days" is an average time course. Like the cycle itself, the time of ovulation can vary anywhere between day 10 - day 19. The uterine lining (functional layer) is replaced ever cycle, though this would not be considered the main function of the cycle. The body temperature does increase at ovulation, but it remains high even after this point, it is the time of change that indicates ovulation. | |||
{Pregnancies can be detected by a pregnancy test 1 to 2 days after fertilization. | |||
|type="()"} | |||
- true | |||
+ false | |||
|| After fertilization, at least 1 to 2 weeks of development must occur before {{implantation}} commences. It is only after implantation that pregnancy tests work by detecting the hormone secreted by the conceptus. | |||
{Which of the following statements is correct about the zona pellucida: | |||
|type="()"} | |||
- surrounds the oocyte in the ovary | |||
- protects oocyte in the uterine tube | |||
- is a specialized extracellular matrix | |||
- is important for fertilization | |||
+ all of the above | |||
||Yes, the {{zona pellucida}} has many different functions at different times of oocyte development, fertilization and in the first week of development. | |||
{Pregnancy urine tests can be based upon the detection in maternal urine of: | |||
|type="()"} | |||
- Estrogen | |||
- Progesterone | |||
- human Chorionic Somatommotropin | |||
+ human Chorionic Gonadotrophin | |||
- human Chorionic Corticotropin | |||
||human Chorionic Corticotropin ({{hCG}}) is produced by the implanted conceptus trophoblast cells. {{estrogen}} and {{progesterone}} are made in the {{ovary}} and support the endometrium. human Chorionic Somatommotropin (or placental lactogen, stimulate maternal mammary development) and human Chorionic Corticotropin are both made by the {{placenta}} later in development. | |||
</quiz> | |||
|} | |||
===Gamete Formation=== | ===Gamete Formation=== | ||
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===Movement in the Uterine Tube=== | ===Movement in the Uterine Tube=== | ||
{| | {| | ||
| < | | <html5media height="280" width="600">File:Mouse trachea 01.mp4</html5media> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| The oocyte, zygote, morula, blastocyst floats in uterine secretions and is moved by the ciliated epithelium, similar to the mechanism seen in the movement of mucus by the trachea ciliated epithelium. | | The oocyte, zygote, morula, blastocyst floats in uterine secretions and is moved by the ciliated epithelium, similar to the mechanism seen in the movement of mucus by the trachea ciliated epithelium. | ||
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==Terms== | ==Terms== | ||
{{Medicine terms list disclaimer}} | |||
* '''azoospermia''' - ({{ICD11weblink}}532688254 ICD-11 GB04.0]) ''Any condition of the genital system affecting males, caused by obstruction of the reproductive tract, abnormal hormone levels, testicular failure, or inadequate production of spermatozoa. Characterized by the absence of a measurable level of sperm cells in semen, and very low levels of fertility. Confirmation is by the absence of spermatozoa in the sediment of a centrifuged sample of ejaculate.'' | |||
* '''{{blastocyst}}''' - (Greek, ''blastos'' = sprout + ''cystos'' = cavity) Term used to describe the hollow cellular mass taht forms in early development. In humans, this stage occurs in the first and second weeks after the {{zygote}} forms a solid cellular mass ({{morula}} stage) and before {{implantation}}. The blastocyst consists of cells forming an outer trophoblast layer, an inner cell mass (embryoblast) and a fluid-filled cavity. The blastocyst inner cell mass is the source of true embryonic stem cells capable of forming all cell types within the embryo. | |||
* '''cervix''' - (Latin, ''cervix'' = neck) The female anatomical region of the [[U#uterus|uterus]] forming a canal that opens and connects to the {{vagina}}. | |||
* '''conceptus''' - The entire product of conception, that is all the structures derived from the zygote and includes not only the embryo, but also the placental and membrane components. | * '''conceptus''' - The entire product of conception, that is all the structures derived from the zygote and includes not only the embryo, but also the placental and membrane components. | ||
* '''fundus''' - top part of the uterus body formed by the region lying between the two uterine tubes. A common implantation site. | * '''fundus''' - top part of the uterus body formed by the region lying between the two uterine tubes. A common implantation site. | ||
* '''gonad''' - (Greek, ''gonos'' = seed) A gamete-producing (germ cell) organ. A non-sexual term which is used to describe both the female ovary and male testis. | * '''gonad''' - (Greek, ''gonos'' = seed) A gamete-producing (germ cell) organ. A non-sexual term which is used to describe both the female ovary and male testis. | ||
* '''{{hCG}}''' - An acronym for the hormone human Chorionic Gonadotrophin. | |||
* '''human Chorionic Gonadotrophin''' - ({{hCG}}) Placental hormone initially secreted by cells (syncitiotrophoblasts) from the implanting conceptus during week two, supporting the ovarian corpus luteum, which in turn supports the endometrial lining and therefore maintains pregnancy. Hormone can be detected in maternal blood and urine and is the basis of many pregnancy tests. Hormone also stimulates the onset of fetal gonadal steroidogenesis, high levels are teratogenic to fetal gonadal tissues. | |||
* '''{{implantation}}''' - The term used to describe process of attachment and invasion of the uterus endometrium by the blastocyst (conceptus). Abnormal implantation is where this process does not occur in the body of the uterus (ectopic) or where the placenta forms incorrectly. | |||
* '''{{Polycystic ovary syndrome}}''' - {{ICD11weblink}}1213633323 5A80.1] ''Ovary with increased size (> 7 mL) and stromal volume, and with increased number of follicles (12 or more measuring 2-0 mm in diameter), that may be present in women with PCOS.'' see also {{ICD11weblink}}51558883 5A80.2 Polycystic ovary] | |||
* '''{{pronuclei}}''' - The male spermatozoa and female oocyte haploid nuclei located in the early zygote before they fuse to form the diploid nucleus. | |||
* '''{{uterus}}''' - The female internal genital (reproductive) tract forming a hollow muscular walled organ, embryonically derived from the paramesonephric ducts. The human uterus has two '''uterine tubes''' or horns (fallopian tubes) where the first week of development occurs and a single hollow '''body''' where implantation of the blastocyst normally occurs. Following puberty, the non-pregnant uterus (epithelium and underlying stroma) undergoes cyclic changes under the influence of hormones, the menstrual cycle. This cycle of uterine changes ceases during pregnancy and it contributes the maternal component of the placenta. | |||
{{FoundationLab}} | {{FoundationLab}} |
Latest revision as of 14:04, 31 March 2019
Foundations Practical: Introduction | Week 1 and 2 | Week 3 and 4 | Week 1 to 8 | Week 9 to 36 | Neonatal | Critical Periods | Additional Resources | Quiz
Fertilization and Blastocyst Development
- The menstrual cycle dictates timing of fertilization and implantation and therefore when life can begin.
Development starts before fertilization with the release of the egg (oocyte) from the ovary (ovulation). This process along with preparation of the uterus for implantation is an endocrine controlled cycle, the menstrual cycle.
This first page will give a brief overview of: menstrual cycle, fertilization, blastocyst and implantation. You are not expected to know everything about these processes, just keep track of the relative "timings" as to when specific processes occur.
Ovulation
<html5media height="400" width="500">File:Follicle_001.mp4</html5media> | This animation shows the ovarian follicle released at ovulation (Graafian follicle) developing within the ovary.
|
Menstrual Facts
- The average menstrual cycle is 28 days with ovulation (egg release) occuring approximately the middle of the cycle.
- The last menstrual period is used clinically in determining developmental ages.
- Menstruation phase (period) is the loss of the uterus epithelial functional layer and occurs if fertilization and implantation has not occurred before the end of the current cycle.
Fertility Window
Fertilization
Mouse oocyte fertilisation | Early human zygote |
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Week 1 and 2
Week 1 Movies
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Pregnancy Test
Ovary and Corpus Luteum Anatomy | Ovary and Corpus Luteum Histology |
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Additional Information
Where I use the sub-heading "Additional Information" in class materials, it is just that, not part of the class but useful in helping your understanding of the class concepts. I generally include the disclaimer shown below on the class page. |
Additional Information - Content shown under this heading is not part of the material covered in this class. It is provided for those students who would like to know about some concepts or current research in topics related to the current class page. |
Take the Quiz
Open the table below, select your answers, click submit, then reopen the table to see your result.
Quiz - Week 1 and 2 |
---|
|
Gamete Formation
Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis are the processes of haploid gamete formation by meiosis. If you have some time in the Lab also have a look at these topics and the gonad structure. These topics will be revisited in detail in BGDA.
Movement in the Uterine Tube
<html5media height="280" width="600">File:Mouse trachea 01.mp4</html5media> | |||
The oocyte, zygote, morula, blastocyst floats in uterine secretions and is moved by the ciliated epithelium, similar to the mechanism seen in the movement of mucus by the trachea ciliated epithelium.
|
Terms
Note - linked terms in the list below are external resources to the current class content.
- azoospermia - (ICD-11 GB04.0) Any condition of the genital system affecting males, caused by obstruction of the reproductive tract, abnormal hormone levels, testicular failure, or inadequate production of spermatozoa. Characterized by the absence of a measurable level of sperm cells in semen, and very low levels of fertility. Confirmation is by the absence of spermatozoa in the sediment of a centrifuged sample of ejaculate.
- blastocyst - (Greek, blastos = sprout + cystos = cavity) Term used to describe the hollow cellular mass taht forms in early development. In humans, this stage occurs in the first and second weeks after the zygote forms a solid cellular mass (morula stage) and before implantation. The blastocyst consists of cells forming an outer trophoblast layer, an inner cell mass (embryoblast) and a fluid-filled cavity. The blastocyst inner cell mass is the source of true embryonic stem cells capable of forming all cell types within the embryo.
- cervix - (Latin, cervix = neck) The female anatomical region of the uterus forming a canal that opens and connects to the vagina.
- conceptus - The entire product of conception, that is all the structures derived from the zygote and includes not only the embryo, but also the placental and membrane components.
- fundus - top part of the uterus body formed by the region lying between the two uterine tubes. A common implantation site.
- gonad - (Greek, gonos = seed) A gamete-producing (germ cell) organ. A non-sexual term which is used to describe both the female ovary and male testis.
- hCG - An acronym for the hormone human Chorionic Gonadotrophin.
- human Chorionic Gonadotrophin - (hCG) Placental hormone initially secreted by cells (syncitiotrophoblasts) from the implanting conceptus during week two, supporting the ovarian corpus luteum, which in turn supports the endometrial lining and therefore maintains pregnancy. Hormone can be detected in maternal blood and urine and is the basis of many pregnancy tests. Hormone also stimulates the onset of fetal gonadal steroidogenesis, high levels are teratogenic to fetal gonadal tissues.
- implantation - The term used to describe process of attachment and invasion of the uterus endometrium by the blastocyst (conceptus). Abnormal implantation is where this process does not occur in the body of the uterus (ectopic) or where the placenta forms incorrectly.
- polycystic ovary syndrome - 5A80.1 Ovary with increased size (> 7 mL) and stromal volume, and with increased number of follicles (12 or more measuring 2-0 mm in diameter), that may be present in women with PCOS. see also 5A80.2 Polycystic ovary
- pronuclei - The male spermatozoa and female oocyte haploid nuclei located in the early zygote before they fuse to form the diploid nucleus.
- uterus - The female internal genital (reproductive) tract forming a hollow muscular walled organ, embryonically derived from the paramesonephric ducts. The human uterus has two uterine tubes or horns (fallopian tubes) where the first week of development occurs and a single hollow body where implantation of the blastocyst normally occurs. Following puberty, the non-pregnant uterus (epithelium and underlying stroma) undergoes cyclic changes under the influence of hormones, the menstrual cycle. This cycle of uterine changes ceases during pregnancy and it contributes the maternal component of the placenta.
Foundations Practical: Introduction | Week 1 and 2 | Week 3 and 4 | Week 1 to 8 | Week 9 to 36 | Neonatal | Critical Periods | Additional Resources | Quiz
Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 20) Embryology Foundations Practical - Week 1 and 2. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Foundations_Practical_-_Week_1_and_2
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G