Talk:Paper - The development of the cloaca in human embryos: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 23:40, 15 June 2016

Tabulation

Tabulation of Material. + for transverse: = for sagittal: || for coronal. The figures following indicate the thickness in microns.

Online editor - Carnegie stages have been added to the original tabulation.

Embryo	Mall	Stage	CRL	Plane	Thickness (microns)	Quality	Notes
No. 1	12	Carnegie stage 11	2.1 mm	transverse	10	good	Modelled by Mall ('97). Allantois of small lumen and in relation with the caudal border of the yolk sac. No evidences of a cloacal membrane.
No. 2	391	Carnegie stage 10	2.0 mm	transverse	10	Good	Appearance of hind gut. An interval of several sections between allantois and yolk sac. No cloacal membrane.
No. 3	164	Carnegie stage 11	3.5 mm	transverse	20	Good	Model A. x 100. Cloaca well developed and limited for caudal half of the ventral border by epithelial cloacal membrane. Allantois comes off at right angles and at lower border of dermal navel. Lateral furrow along later line of division.
No. 4	209	3.0 mm	transverse	50	Fair	Relations about the same as the fore-going stage. Sections too thick for detailed study. Carnegie stage 12
No. 5	186	Carnegie stage 13	3.5 mm	transverse	20	Good	Model B. x 100. Allantois wide lumened and no distinct line of demarkation from the ventral cloacal segment. Wolflian ducts have arrived but not as yet opened. Tail gut maximum of development. Probably the first signs of cloacal division.
No. 6	87	4.0 mm	transverse	20	Fair	About the same as the foregoing. Carnegie stage 13
No. 7	148	Carnegie stage 13	4.3 mm	transverse	10	Good	x 100 Wolffian ducts open into cloaca. Allantois of small lumen. Ventral cloacal segment widening. Evidences of division quite apparent.
No. 8 (Mall. 76	Carnegie stage 13	4.5 mm	transverse	20	Good	x 100. Widened ventral cloacal segment goes over indistinctly into allantois. Tail gut still quite large. Renal buds well developed. With exception of large allantois and wider tail gut, quite similar to Model C.
No. 9	80	Carnegie stage 14	5.0 mm	transverse	10	Good	Model C. x 100. About the same as the foregoing stage. Tail gut undergoing degenerative changes.
No. 10	371	6.6 mm	sagittal	10	Good	Tail gut rudimentary. Development of cloaca and renal buds about the same as in no. 12. Carnegie stage 15
No. 11	116	5.0 mm	sagittal	20	Good	x 100. Intracloacal epithelial plug well marked. Stage about the same as that found in no. 12. Carnegie stage 13
No. 12	2	Carnegie stage 15	7.0 mm	transverse	15	Good	Model D x 100. Marked development of renal buds. Kidney and ureter segments evident. Ventral cloacal segment much widened. Allantois of narrow lumen. Intracloacal epithelial plug marked. Tail gut maximum in length and slightly widened at caudal end.
No. 13	241	Carnegie stage 15	6.0mm	transverse	10	Goo(l	Tailgutmore rudimentary than in no. 12. Cloacal membrane wide and shows intracloacal epithelial plug. Otherwise about the same as in no. 12.
No. 14	383	Carnegie stage 16	7.0 mm	transverse," 10	Good	State similar to no. 12. Cloacal membrane intact.
No. 15	397	Carnegie stage 16	8.0 nma.	transverse	10	Good	Similar to foregoing.
No. 16	113	Carnegie stage 15	8.0 mm	sagittal	10= Fair	x 100. Stage of cloacal division between than found in no. 12 and that found in no. 19. Cloacal membrane intact. Division of ureteral pelvis. Ureter segment elongated.
No. 17	114	10.0 mm	sagittal	10	Fair	x 100. Stage of cloacal division about the same as the foregoing. Cloacal membrane intact. Kidney a little higher up. Upper and lower pelvis evident.
No. 18	109	Carnegie stage 18	11.0 mm	transverse	20	Good	Sections directly through lower part of cloacal region somewhat damaged. Otherwise about the same as no. 19.
No. 19	221	Carnegie stage 16	12.0 mm	sagittal	20	Good	Model E x 100. All traces of tail gut lost. Cloacal membrane somewhat depressed from surface. Cloacal segment of Wolffian duct shortened and opening of ureter and duct common into ventral cloacal segment. Beginning formation of genital eminence and lengthening of the ventral cloacal wall. Cloacal membrane intact.
No. 20	175	13.0 mm	transverse	20	Good	x 100. Cloaca about divided. Complete double ureter. Orifices of lateral, and medial ureter and Wolffian duct at same level into cloaca.
No. 21	353	Carnegie stage 17	11.0 mm	transverse	10	Good	Cloaca completely divided. Anal and urogenital membranes intact. Ureteral orifice independent and on level with Wolffian opening.
No. 22	317	Carnegie stage 18	15.0 mm	coronal	20	Good	About the same stage as in no. 21.
No. 23	350	15.0 mm	i	10	Good	About the same as the foregoing, and no. 24.
No. 24	43	Carnegie stage 19	16.0mm	sagittal	50	Good	Model F . x 50. Anal and urogenital membranes separated. Genital eminence more marked. Ectodermic inclusion in furrow on caudal surface. Ureteral orifice on same level but some distance lateral to Wolffian orifice.
No. 25	256	Carnegie stage 20	16.0 mm	sagittal	50	Good	Urogenital sinus open to outside through rupture of urogenital membrane. Kidney nearly up to normal position and rotated.
No. 26	296	Carnegie stage 18	7.0mm	coronal	20	Good	Slightly older than above. Appearance of secondary genital folds at the sides of the phallus.
No. 27	128	Carnegie stage 21	20.0 mm	coronal	50	Good	About same as above.
No. 28	240	Carnegie stage 20	20.0 mm	coronal	20	Good
No. 29	22	Carnegie stage 21	20.0 mm	transverse	50	Good	One Mullerian duct has reached the urogenital sinus.
No. 30 (Embryo KP	22.0 mm	transverse	15	Good	X 66. Both Mullerian ducts at sinus.

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 | No. 1 || [[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 12|12]]|| [[Carnegie stage 11]] || 2.1 mm|| transverse|| 10|| good|| Modelled by Mall ('97). Allantois of small lumen and in relation with the caudal border of the yolk sac. No evidences of a cloacal membrane.
 |-
-| No. 2 || [[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 391|391]] || [[Carnegie stage 10]] || 2.0 mm || transverse|| 10|| Good|| Appearance of hind gut. An interval of several sections between allantois and yolk sac. No cloacal membrane.
+| No. 2 || [[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 391|391]] || [[Carnegie stage 10]] || 2.0 mm || transverse || 10|| Good|| Appearance of hind gut. An interval of several sections between allantois and yolk sac. No cloacal membrane.
 |-
-| No. 3 || [[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 164|164]]; 3.5 mm. ; transverse ; 20; Good). [[:File:Pohlman1911 plate1A.jpg|Model A]]. x 100. Cloaca well developed and limited for caudal half of the ventral border by epithelial cloacal membrane. Allantois comes off at right angles and at lower border of dermal navel. Lateral furrow along later line of division. [[Carnegie stage 11]]
+| No. 3 || [[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 164|164]]||  [[Carnegie stage 11]] || 3.5 mm ||  transverse ||  20||  Good ||  [[:File:Pohlman1911 plate1A.jpg|Model A]]. x 100. Cloaca well developed and limited for caudal half of the ventral border by epithelial cloacal membrane. Allantois comes off at right angles and at lower border of dermal navel. Lateral furrow along later line of division.
 |-
-| No. 4 || 209; 3.0 mm. ; transverse ; 50; Fair). Relations about the same as the fore-going stage. Sections too thick for detailed study.  [[Carnegie stage 12]]
+| No. 4 || 209||  3.0 mm ||  transverse ||  50||  Fair||  Relations about the same as the fore-going stage. Sections too thick for detailed study.  [[Carnegie stage 12]]
 |-
-| No. 5 || [[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 186|186]]; 3.5 mm.; transverse; 20; Good). [[:File:Pohlman1911 plate1B.jpg|'''Model B''']]. x 100. Allantois wide lumened and no distinct line of demarkation from the ventral cloacal segment. Wolflian ducts have arrived but not as yet opened. Tail gut maximum of development. Probably the first signs of cloacal division. [[Carnegie stage 13]]
+| No. 5 || [[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 186|186]]|| [[Carnegie stage 13]] || 3.5 mm||  transverse||  20||  Good||  [[:File:Pohlman1911 plate1B.jpg|'''Model B''']]. x 100. Allantois wide lumened and no distinct line of demarkation from the ventral cloacal segment. Wolflian ducts have arrived but not as yet opened. Tail gut maximum of development. Probably the first signs of cloacal division.
 |-
-| No. 6 || 87; 4.0 mm.; transverse; 20; Fair). About the same as the foregoing. [[Carnegie stage 13]]
+| No. 6 || 87||  4.0 mm||  transverse||  20||  Fair||  About the same as the foregoing. [[Carnegie stage 13]]
 |-
-| No. 7 || 148; 4.3 mm. ; transverse ; 10; Good x 100). Wolffian ducts open into cloaca. Allantois of small lumen. Ventral cloacal segment widening. Evidences of division quite apparent. [[Carnegie stage 13]]
+| No. 7 || 148|| [[Carnegie stage 13]] || 4.3 mm ||  transverse ||  10||  Good || x 100  Wolffian ducts open into cloaca. Allantois of small lumen. Ventral cloacal segment widening. Evidences of division quite apparent.
 |-
-| No. 8 (Mall. 76; 4.5 mm. ; transverse ; 20; Good). x 100. Widened ventral cloacal segment goes over indistinctly into allantois. Tail gut still quite large. Renal buds well developed. With exception of large allantois and wider tail gut, quite similar to Model C. [[Carnegie stage 13]]
+| No. 8 (Mall. 76|| [[Carnegie stage 13]] ||  4.5 mm ||  transverse ||  20||  Good||  x 100. Widened ventral cloacal segment goes over indistinctly into allantois. Tail gut still quite large. Renal buds well developed. With exception of large allantois and wider tail gut, quite similar to Model C.
 |-
-| No. 9 ||  [[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 80|80]]; 5.0 mm; transverse ; 10; Good).  [[:File:Pohlman1911 plate2C.jpg|Model C]]. x 100. About the same as the foregoing stage. Tail gut undergoing degenerative changes. [[Carnegie stage 14]]
+| No. 9 ||  [[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 80|80]]|| [[Carnegie stage 14]] || 5.0 mm||  transverse ||  10||  Good||   [[:File:Pohlman1911 plate2C.jpg|Model C]]. x 100. About the same as the foregoing stage. Tail gut undergoing degenerative changes.
 |-
-| No. 10 || 371; 6.6 mm.; sagittal ; 10; Good). Tail gut rudimentary. Development of cloaca and renal buds about the same as in no. 12. [[Carnegie stage 15]]
+| No. 10 || 371||  6.6 mm||  sagittal ||  10||  Good||  Tail gut rudimentary. Development of cloaca and renal buds about the same as in no. 12. [[Carnegie stage 15]]
 |-
-| No. 11 || 116; 5.0 mm. ; sagittal ; 20; Good). x 100. Intracloacal epithelial plug well marked. Stage about the same as that found in no. 12. [[Carnegie stage 13]]
+| No. 11 || 116||  5.0 mm ||  sagittal ||  20||  Good||  x 100. Intracloacal epithelial plug well marked. Stage about the same as that found in no. 12. [[Carnegie stage 13]]
 |-
-| No. 12 ||  [[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 2|2]]; 7.0 mm.; transverse; 15; Good).  [[:File:Pohlman1911 plate2D.jpg|Model D]] x 100. Marked development of renal buds. Kidney and ureter segments evident. Ventral cloacal segment much widened. Allantois of narrow lumen. Intracloacal epithelial plug marked. Tail gut maximum in length and slightly widened at caudal end. [[Carnegie stage 15]]
+| No. 12 ||  [[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 2|2]]|| [[Carnegie stage 15]] || 7.0 mm||  transverse||  15||  Good||   [[:File:Pohlman1911 plate2D.jpg|Model D]] x 100. Marked development of renal buds. Kidney and ureter segments evident. Ventral cloacal segment much widened. Allantois of narrow lumen. Intracloacal epithelial plug marked. Tail gut maximum in length and slightly widened at caudal end.
 |-
-| No. 13 || 241; 6.0mm.; transverse; 10;Goo(l). Tailgutmore rudimentary than in no. 12. Cloacal membrane wide and shows intracloacal epithelial plug. Otherwise about the same as in no. 12. [[Carnegie stage 15]]
+| No. 13 || 241|| [[Carnegie stage 15]] || 6.0mm||  transverse||  10|| Goo(l||  Tailgutmore rudimentary than in no. 12. Cloacal membrane wide and shows intracloacal epithelial plug. Otherwise about the same as in no. 12.
 |-
-| No. 14 || 383; 7.0 mm.; transverse," 10; Good). State similar to no. 12. Cloacal membrane intact. [[Carnegie stage 16]]
+| No. 14 || 383|| [[Carnegie stage 16]] || 7.0 mm||  transverse," 10||  Good||  State similar to no. 12. Cloacal membrane intact.
 |-
-| No. 15 || 397; 8.0 nma.; transverse; 10; Good). Similar to foregoing. [[Carnegie stage 16]]
+| No. 15 || 397|| [[Carnegie stage 16]] ||  8.0 nma.||  transverse||  10||  Good||  Similar to foregoing.
 |-
-| No. 16 || 113; 8.0 mm.; sagittal; 10= Fair). x 100. Stage of cloacal division between than found in no. 12 and that found in no. 19. Cloacal membrane intact. Division of ureteral pelvis. Ureter segment elongated.  [[Carnegie stage 15]]
+| No. 16 || 113|| [[Carnegie stage 15]] || 8.0 mm||  sagittal||  10= Fair||  x 100. Stage of cloacal division between than found in no. 12 and that found in no. 19. Cloacal membrane intact. Division of ureteral pelvis. Ureter segment elongated.
 |-
-| No. 17 || 114; 10.0 mm.; sagittal; 10; Fair). x 100. Stage of cloacal division about the same as the foregoing. Cloacal membrane intact. Kidney a little higher up. Upper and lower pelvis evident.
+| No. 17 || 114||  10.0 mm||  sagittal||  10||  Fair||  x 100. Stage of cloacal division about the same as the foregoing. Cloacal membrane intact. Kidney a little higher up. Upper and lower pelvis evident.
 |-
-| No. 18 ||  [[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 109|109]]; 11.0 mm.; transverse; 20; Good). Sections directly through lower part of cloacal region somewhat damaged. Otherwise about the same as no. 19. [[Carnegie stage 18]]
+| No. 18 ||  [[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 109|109]]|| [[Carnegie stage 18]] || 11.0 mm||  transverse||  20||  Good||  Sections directly through lower part of cloacal region somewhat damaged. Otherwise about the same as no. 19.
 |-
-| No. 19 || 221; 12.0 mm.; sagittal ; 20; Good). [[:File:Pohlman1911 plate3E.jpg|Model E]] x 100. All traces of tail gut lost. Cloacal membrane somewhat depressed from surface. Cloacal segment of Wolffian duct shortened and opening of ureter and duct common into ventral cloacal segment. Beginning formation of genital eminence and lengthening of the ventral cloacal wall. Cloacal membrane intact.  [[Carnegie stage 16]]
+| No. 19 || 221|| [[Carnegie stage 16]] || 12.0 mm||  sagittal ||  20||  Good||  [[:File:Pohlman1911 plate3E.jpg|Model E]] x 100. All traces of tail gut lost. Cloacal membrane somewhat depressed from surface. Cloacal segment of Wolffian duct shortened and opening of ureter and duct common into ventral cloacal segment. Beginning formation of genital eminence and lengthening of the ventral cloacal wall. Cloacal membrane intact.
 |-
-| No. 20 || 175; 13.0 mm.; transverse; 20; Good). x 100. Cloaca about divided. Complete double ureter. Orifices of lateral, and medial ureter and Wolffian duct at same level into cloaca.
+| No. 20 || 175||  13.0 mm||  transverse||  20||  Good||  x 100. Cloaca about divided. Complete double ureter. Orifices of lateral, and medial ureter and Wolffian duct at same level into cloaca.
 |-
-| No. 21 || 353 || [[Carnegie stage 17]]  || 11.0 mm.; transverse; 10; Good). Cloaca completely divided. Anal and urogenital membranes intact. Ureteral orifice independent and on level with Wolffian opening.
+| No. 21 || 353 || [[Carnegie stage 17]]  || 11.0 mm||  transverse||  10||  Good||  Cloaca completely divided. Anal and urogenital membranes intact. Ureteral orifice independent and on level with Wolffian opening.
 |-
-| No. 22 || 317 || [[Carnegie stage 18]] ||  15.0 mm.; coronal; 20; Good). About the same stage as in no. 21.
+| No. 22 || 317 || [[Carnegie stage 18]] ||  15.0 mm||  coronal||  20||  Good||  About the same stage as in no. 21.
 |-
-| No. 23 || 350; 15.0 mm; i|; 10; Good). About the same as the foregoing, and no. 24.
+| No. 23 || 350||  15.0 mm||  i|||  10||  Good||  About the same as the foregoing, and no. 24.
 |-
-| No. 24 || 43 || [[Carnegie stage 19]] || 16.0mm.; sagittal ; 50; Good). [[:File:Pohlman1911 plate3F.jpg|Model F]] . x 50. Anal and urogenital membranes separated. Genital eminence more marked. Ectodermic inclusion in furrow on caudal surface. Ureteral orifice on same level but some distance lateral to Wolffian orifice.
+| No. 24 || 43 || [[Carnegie stage 19]] || 16.0mm||  sagittal ||  50||  Good||  [[:File:Pohlman1911 plate3F.jpg|Model F]] . x 50. Anal and urogenital membranes separated. Genital eminence more marked. Ectodermic inclusion in furrow on caudal surface. Ureteral orifice on same level but some distance lateral to Wolffian orifice.
 |-
-| No. 25 || 256 || [[Carnegie stage 20]] || 16.0 mm.; sagittal ; 50; Good). Urogenital sinus open to outside through rupture of urogenital membrane. Kidney nearly up to normal position and rotated.
+| No. 25 || 256 || [[Carnegie stage 20]] || 16.0 mm||  sagittal ||  50||  Good||  Urogenital sinus open to outside through rupture of urogenital membrane. Kidney nearly up to normal position and rotated.
 |-
-| No. 26 || 296 || [[Carnegie stage 18]] || 7.0mm.; coronal;20; Good). Slightly older than above. Appearance of secondary genital folds at the sides of the phallus.
+| No. 26 || 296 || [[Carnegie stage 18]] || 7.0mm||  coronal|| 20||  Good||  Slightly older than above. Appearance of secondary genital folds at the sides of the phallus.
 |-
-| No. 27 || [[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 128|128]] || [[Carnegie stage 21]] || 20.0 mm.; coronal; 50; Good). About same as above.
+| No. 27 || [[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 128|128]] || [[Carnegie stage 21]] || 20.0 mm||  coronal||  50||  Good||  About same as above.
 |-
-| No. 28 || 240 || [[Carnegie stage 20]] || 20.0 mm.; coronal; 20; Good).
+| No. 28 || 240 || [[Carnegie stage 20]] || 20.0 mm||  coronal||  20||  Good||
 |-
-| No. 29 || [[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 22|22]] || [[Carnegie stage 21]] || 20.0 mm.; transverse; 50; Good). One Mullerian duct has reached the urogenital sinus.
+| No. 29 || [[:Category:Carnegie Embryo 22|22]] || [[Carnegie stage 21]] || 20.0 mm||  transverse||  50||  Good||  One Mullerian duct has reached the urogenital sinus.
 |-
-| No. 30 (Embryo KP; 22.0 mm.; transverse; 15; Good). X 66. Both Mullerian ducts at sinus.
+| No. 30 (Embryo KP||  22.0 mm||  transverse||  15||  Good||  X 66. Both Mullerian ducts at sinus.
 |}