Platypus Development: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 15:17, 24 February 2010

Introduction

The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) also called the "duck-billed platypus" together with the 2 echidna groups (short-beaked and long-beaked) are the only 3 surviving genera of the order Monotremata.

The platypus is a unique egg-laying mammal and is not a common animal model of mammalian embryonic development. It lives in freshwater stream systems and is also the only known mammal that produces venom.

(Image: 1840 Cyclopaedia)

Why platypus? Greek Platus = flat or broad, and pous = foot.

Some Recent Findings

Behringer RR, Eakin GS, Renfree MB. Mammalian Diversity: gametes, embryos and reproduction Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 2006 18, 99‚Äì107. "... Monotremes are remarkable because these mammals are born from eggs laid outside of the mother‚Äôs body. Marsupial mammals have relatively short gestation periods and give birth to highly altricial young that continue a significant amount of ‚Äòfetal‚Äô development after birth, supported by a highly sophisticated lactation. Less than 10% of mammalian species are monotremes or marsupials, so the great majority of mammals are grouped into the subclass Eutheria, including mouse and human."

Gruetzner F, Ashley T, Rowell DM, Marshall Graves JA. [See Related Articles] How did the platypus get its sex chromosome chain? A comparison of meiotic multiples and sex chromosomes in plants and animals. Chromosoma. 2005 Dec 13;:1-14 "... Its chromosome complement is no less extraordinary, for it includes a system in which ten sex chromosomes form an extensive meiotic chain in males. Such meiotic multiples are unprecedented in vertebrates but occur sporadically in plant and invertebrate species."

Taxon

Ornithorhynchus anatinus Lineage( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Fungi/Metazoa group; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Coelomata; Deuterostomia; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Prototheria; Monotremata; Ornithorhynchidae; Ornithorhynchus

Development Overview

Platypus mate in July to October, eggs are laid about one month later, eggs hatch and young suckle from their mother, emerging from the burrow in late January to early March.

Gestation is about 2-4 weeks (not exactly known) female lays lays usually 2 (sometimes 3) soft-shelled eggs.

Egg Development after laying, incubation approximately 6 - 10 days.

intrauterine has a major axis (approximately 17mm) and contains neurula-stage (19-20 somite) embryo with prominent trigeminal ganglion (CN 5) primordia. The embryo at this stage is in a period of rapid modelling of the major early organ primordia of the nervous system, cardiovascular system, excretory system, and somite-derived components of the body wall.

after laying five primary brain vesicles, cranial ganglia (CN5, CN7, CN8, CN9, CN10, CN11 and CN12). Alimentary system has an expanded stomach, pancreatic primordia and a gall bladder.

somitogenesis faster than in humans

Just Before Hatching- upturned snout (contains an oscaruncle and a sharp recurved median egg tooth, for shell removal). Forelimbs (pronated with separate digits with claw primordia).

Hatching- forelimbs with clawed digits and hindlimbs are still paddles with digital rays. A prominent yolk-sac navel is present.

Post-Hatching- (external features from day 0 to 6 months old) development of bill and webbing of the forefeet. Many features show similarities to marsupials (though different in both timing and morphology). (Note- exact age of the specimens relies on ages given to specimens at time of collection)

Young- feed on milk from mother and live in a river burrow for 3 - 4 months.

Differences between Platypus and Human- platypus rate of somitogenesis faster and size of early platypus embryonal area is larger, extra-embryonic membranes have unique morphology and function.

(Data/text above modified from [#Hughes Hughes RL and Hall LS, 1998], [#=Manger Manger PR, Hall LS, Pettigrew JD, 1998] and other sources)

Sex Chromosomes

The total diploid number of chromosomes is n=52 and in the males ten sex chromosomes form an extensive meiotic chain. (More? [#Gruetzner Gruetzner etal., 2005])

Five male-specific chromosomes (Y chromosomes) and five chromosomes present in one copy in males and two copies in females (X chromosomes) These ten chromosomes form a multivalent chain at male meiosis, adopting an alternating pattern to segregate into XXXXX-bearing and YYYYY-bearing sperm. .

WWW Links

Australian Platypus Conservancy Platypus Fact File | Platypus Historical Background

Access Excellence The National Health Museum (USA) Australian Mammals: Evolutionary Development as a Result of Geographic Isolation

University of Michigan Animal Diversity Web monotremes

University of California, Davis Leah Krubitzer | Krubitzer Lab

University of Texas, Austin Digital Morphology Skull images and movies

NCBI Genome Project Ornithorhynchus anatinus (duck-billed platypus)

BBC Wildfacts Platypus

http://www.platypus.org.uk/

Note: The dynamic nature of the web means that some Links over time change, it the above links no longer function search the web using the first bold term.

References

Links: [#Reviews Reviews] | [#PubMedArticles Articles] | [#Books Books] | [#SearchPubMed Search PubMed] | [#Glossary Glossary]

PubMed

Reviews

Hughes RL, Hall LS. [See Related Articles] Early development and embryology of the platypus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1998 Jul 29;353(1372):1101-14. Review.
Manger PR, Hall LS, Pettigrew JD. [See Related Articles] The development of the external features of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1998 Jul 29;353(1372):1115-25. Review.
Hughes RL. [See Related Articles] Monotreme development with particular reference to the extraembryonic membranes. J Exp Zool. 1993 Sep 1;266(6):480-94. Review.

Articles

Ashwell KW. [See Related Articles] Cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the monotreme olfactory tubercle. Brain Behav Evol. 2006;67(2):85-102.
Gruetzner F, Ashley T, Rowell DM, Marshall Graves JA. [See Related Articles] How did the platypus get its sex chromosome chain? A comparison of meiotic multiples and sex chromosomes in plants and animals. Chromosoma. 2005 Dec 13;:1-14
Rens W, Grutzner F, O'brien PC, Fairclough H, Graves JA, Ferguson-Smith MA. [See Related Articles] Resolution and evolution of the duck-billed platypus karyotype with an X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5Y5 male sex chromosome constitution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Nov 16;101(46):16257-61.

Books

Platypus: The Extraordinary Story of How a Curious Creature Baffled the World (Hardcover) by Ann Moyal (Amazon Link)

Platypus (Mondo Animals) (Paperback) by Joan Short, Jack Green, Bettina Bird, Andrew Wichlinski (Illustrator) (Amazon Link)

Search PubMed

Search Feb2006 "Platypus development" 303 reference articles of which 5 were reviews.

Search PubMed: term=Platypus+development | term=monotreme+development

Historic Embryology
1897 Pig \| 1900 Chicken \| 1901 Lungfish \| 1904 Sand Lizard \| 1905 Rabbit \| 1906 Deer \| 1907 Tarsiers \| 1908 Human \| 1909 Northern Lapwing \| 1909 South American and African Lungfish \| 1910 Salamander \| 1951 Frog \| Embryology History \| Historic Disclaimer

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 1) Embryology Platypus Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Platypus_Development

What Links Here?

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 == Introduction ==
+The platypus (''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'') also called the "duck-billed platypus" together with the 2 echidna groups (short-beaked and long-beaked) are the only 3 surviving genera of the order Monotremata.
+The platypus is a unique egg-laying mammal and is not a common animal model of mammalian embryonic development. It lives in freshwater stream systems and is also the only known mammal that produces venom.
+<center>(Image: 1840 Cyclopaedia)</center>
+'''Why platypus?''' Greek ''Platus'' = flat or broad, and ''pous'' = foot.
+'''Page Links:''' [#Intro Introduction] | [#Recent Some Recent Findings] | [#Taxon Taxon] | [#DevOverview Development Overview] | [#Stage14Nervous Nervous System] | [#WWWLinks WWW Links] | [#References References] | [#Glossary Glossary]
+== Some Recent Findings ==
+[http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/44/paper/RD05137.htm Behringer RR, Eakin GS, Renfree MB.] Mammalian Diversity: gametes, embryos and reproduction Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 2006 18, 99‚Äì107. "... Monotremes are remarkable because these mammals are born from eggs laid outside of the mother‚Äôs body. Marsupial mammals have relatively short gestation periods and give birth to highly altricial young that continue a significant amount of ‚Äòfetal‚Äô development after birth, supported by a highly sophisticated lactation. Less than 10% of mammalian species are monotremes or marsupials, so the great majority of mammals are grouped into the subclass Eutheria, including mouse and human."
+[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16344965&dopt=Abstract Gruetzner F, Ashley T, Rowell DM, Marshall Graves JA.] &nbsp;&nbsp; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16344965&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] How did the platypus get its sex chromosome chain? A comparison of meiotic multiples and sex chromosomes in plants and animals. Chromosoma. 2005 Dec 13;:1-14 "... Its chromosome complement is no less extraordinary, for it includes a system in which ten sex chromosomes form an extensive meiotic chain in males. Such meiotic multiples are unprecedented in vertebrates but occur sporadically in plant and invertebrate species."
+== Taxon ==
+'''Ornithorhynchus anatinus''' Lineage( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Fungi/Metazoa group; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Coelomata; Deuterostomia; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Prototheria; Monotremata; Ornithorhynchidae; Ornithorhynchus
+== Development Overview ==
+Platypus mate in July to October, eggs are laid about one month later, eggs hatch and young suckle from their mother, emerging from the burrow in late January to early March.
+'''Gestation''' is about 2-4 weeks (not exactly known) female lays lays usually 2 (sometimes 3) soft-shelled eggs.
+'''Egg Development''' after laying, incubation approximately 6 - 10 days.
+'''intrauterine''' has a major axis (approximately 17mm) and contains neurula-stage (19-20 somite) embryo with prominent trigeminal ganglion (CN 5) primordia. The embryo at this stage is in a period of rapid modelling of the major early organ primordia of the nervous system, cardiovascular system, excretory system, and somite-derived components of the body wall.
+'''after laying''' five primary brain vesicles, cranial ganglia (CN5, CN7, CN8, CN9, CN10, CN11 and CN12). Alimentary system has an expanded stomach, pancreatic primordia and a gall bladder.
+somitogenesis faster than in humans
+'''Just Before Hatching'''- upturned snout (contains an oscaruncle and a sharp recurved median egg tooth, for shell removal). Forelimbs (pronated with separate digits with claw primordia).
+'''Hatching'''- forelimbs with clawed digits and hindlimbs are still paddles with digital rays. A prominent yolk-sac navel is present.
+'''Post-Hatching'''- (external features from day 0 to 6 months old) development of bill and webbing of the forefeet. Many features show similarities to marsupials (though different in both timing and morphology). (Note- exact age of the specimens relies on ages given to specimens at time of collection)
+'''Young'''- feed on milk from mother and live in a river burrow for 3 - 4 months.
+'''Differences between Platypus and Human'''- platypus rate of somitogenesis faster and size of early platypus embryonal area is larger, extra-embryonic membranes have unique morphology and function.
+(Data/text above modified from [#Hughes Hughes RL and Hall LS, 1998], [#=Manger Manger PR, Hall LS, Pettigrew JD, 1998] and other sources)
+== Sex Chromosomes ==
+The total diploid number of chromosomes is n=52 and in the males ten sex chromosomes form an extensive meiotic chain. (More? [#Gruetzner Gruetzner etal., 2005])
+Five male-specific chromosomes (Y chromosomes) and five chromosomes present in one copy in males and two copies in females (X chromosomes) These ten chromosomes form a multivalent chain at male meiosis, adopting an alternating pattern to segregate into XXXXX-bearing and YYYYY-bearing sperm. .
+== WWW Links ==
+'''Australian Platypus Conservancy''' [http://www.platypus.asn.au/ Platypus Fact File] | [http://www.platypus.asn.au/historical_background.html Platypus Historical Background]
+'''Access Excellence''' The National Health Museum (USA) [http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1995/australia.html Australian Mammals: Evolutionary Development as a Result of Geographic Isolation]
+'''University of Michigan''' Animal Diversity Web [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Monotremata.html monotremes]
+'''University of California, Davis''' [http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/faculty/Krubitzer/ Leah Krubitzer] | [http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/labs/krubitzer/ Krubitzer Lab]
+'''University of Texas, Austin''' Digital Morphology [http://digimorph.org/specimens/Ornithorhynchus_anatinus/adult/ Skull images and movies]
+'''NCBI''' Genome Project [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10803 Ornithorhynchus anatinus (duck-billed platypus)]
+'''BBC''' Wildfacts [http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/681.shtml Platypus]
+[http://www.platypus.org.uk/ http://www.platypus.org.uk/]
+'''Note:''' The dynamic nature of the web means that some Links over time change, it the above links no longer function search the web using the first bold term.
+== References ==
+'''Links:''' [#Reviews Reviews] | [#PubMedArticles Articles] | [#Books Books] | [#SearchPubMed Search PubMed] | [#Glossary Glossary]
+=== PubMed ===
+'''Reviews'''
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9720108&dopt=Abstract Hughes RL, Hall LS.] &nbsp;&nbsp; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=9720108&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Early development and embryology of the platypus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1998 Jul 29;353(1372):1101-14. Review.
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9720109&dopt=Abstract Manger PR, Hall LS, Pettigrew JD.] &nbsp;&nbsp; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=9720109&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] The development of the external features of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1998 Jul 29;353(1372):1115-25. Review.
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8371093&dopt=Abstract Hughes RL.] &nbsp;&nbsp; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=8371093&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Monotreme development with particular reference to the extraembryonic membranes. J Exp Zool. 1993 Sep 1;266(6):480-94. Review.
+'''Articles'''
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16244467&dopt=Abstract Ashwell KW.] &nbsp;&nbsp; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16244467&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the monotreme olfactory tubercle. Brain Behav Evol. 2006;67(2):85-102.
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16344965&dopt=Abstract Gruetzner F, Ashley T, Rowell DM, Marshall Graves JA.] &nbsp;&nbsp; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16344965&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] How did the platypus get its sex chromosome chain? A comparison of meiotic multiples and sex chromosomes in plants and animals. Chromosoma. 2005 Dec 13;:1-14
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15534209&dopt=Abstract Rens W, Grutzner F, O'brien PC, Fairclough H, Graves JA, Ferguson-Smith MA.] &nbsp;&nbsp; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=15534209&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Resolution and evolution of the duck-billed platypus karyotype with an X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5Y5 male sex chromosome constitution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Nov 16;101(46):16257-61.
+'''Books'''
+Platypus: The Extraordinary Story of How a Curious Creature Baffled the World (Hardcover) by Ann Moyal ([http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1560989777/104-7358488-6463129 Amazon Link])
+Platypus (Mondo Animals) (Paperback) by Joan Short, Jack Green, Bettina Bird, Andrew Wichlinski (Illustrator) ([http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/157255195X/104-7358488-6463129 Amazon Link])
+'''Search PubMed'''
+Search Feb2006 "Platypus development" '''303''' reference articles of which '''5''' were reviews.
+'''Search PubMed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Platypus+development term=Platypus+development] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=monotreme+development term=monotreme+development]