Echidna Development: Difference between revisions

From Embryology
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
[[File:Echidna.jpg|left]]
[[File:Echidna.jpg|left]]
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
The Echidna family consists of 2 major groups the short-beaked in Australia and long-beaked in New Guinea and Indonesia (Irian Jaya). Together with the platypus these are the only 3 surviving genera of the order Monotremata.


The echidna is a unique egg-laying mammal, the embryo is referred too as a "puggle" (not to be confused with the dog breed, produced by mating a Pug with a Beagle) and is not a common animal model of mammalian embryonic development.
The New Guinea long-beaked echidna (''Zaglossus bruijni bartoni'') is currently on the endangered category (More? [http://www.zoo.nsw.gov.au/content/view.asp?id=121 Zoo Threatened Species list])
== Some Recent Findings ==
* [http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/44/paper/RD05137.htm Behringer RR, Eakin GS, Renfree MB.] Mammalian Diversity: gametes, embryos and reproduction Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 2006 18, 99-107. "... Monotremes are remarkable because these mammals are born from eggs laid outside of the mother's body. Marsupial mammals have relatively short gestation periods and give birth to highly altricial young that continue a significant amount of ‘fetal’ development after birth, supported by a highly sophisticated lactation. Less than 10% of mammalian species are monotremes or marsupials, so the great majority of mammals are grouped into the subclass Eutheria, including mouse and human."
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16244467&dopt=Abstract Ashwell KW.]    [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16244467&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the monotreme olfactory tubercle. Brain Behav Evol. 2006;67(2):85-102. "... The small olfactory tubercle region in the platypus is consistent with poor olfaction in that aquatic mammal, but the tubercle in the echidna is more like that of a microsmatic mammal than other placentals occupying a similar niche (e.g., insectivores)."
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16198535&dopt=Abstract Ashwell KW, Hardman CD, Paxinos G.]    [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16198535&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the sensory trigeminal nuclei of the echidna, platypus and rat. J Chem Neuroanat. 2006 Feb;31(2):81-107. "..... Our findings indicate that the trigeminal nuclei of the echidna do not appear to be highly specialized, but that the principal, oralis and interpolaris subnuclei of the platypus trigeminal complex are highly differentiated, presumably for processing of tactile and electrosensory information from the bill."
== Taxon ==
Short-beaked Echidna - ''Tachyglossus aculeatus''
Long-beaked Echidna - ''Zaglossus bruijni''
'''Tachyglossus aculeatus''' Lineage (full) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Fungi/Metazoa group; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Coelomata; Deuterostomia; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Prototheria; Monotremata; Tachyglossidae; Tachyglossus
'''Echidna Zaglossus bruijn''' Lineage (full) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Fungi/Metazoa group; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Coelomata; Deuterostomia; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Prototheria; Monotremata; Tachyglossidae
== Development Overview ==
'''Gestation''' is from 22 to 23 days. (based upon 20 observed matings and documenting 30 incidences of egg laying, Rismiller, 1999).
'''Egg''' only a single egg is generally laid.
'''Incubation''' lasts for approximately 10 days after laying, the hatched embryo (puggle) requires further development.
'''Embryo''' after hatching hangs from hairs and succles from a "mammary gland" (mammary hairs) in the pouch for approximately 50 days and continues to develop.
== WWW Links ==
'''Pelican Lagoon Research & Wildlife Centre''' [http://www.echidna.edu.au/monotremes/echidna_research.html Echidna Research]
'''International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources''' [http://www.redlist.org/ Red List] | [http://www.redlist.org/search/details.php?species=23179 Zaglossus bruijni] Australasian Marsupial & Monotreme Specialist Group 1996. Zaglossus bruijni. In: IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 13 February 2006.
'''The Australian Mammal Society''' Species [http://www.australianmammals.org.au/Species/Echidna%20Profile.htm Short-beaked Echidna] | [http://www.australianmammals.org.au/Species/Zaglossus.htm Long-beaked Echidna]
'''Access Excellence''' The National Health Museum (USA) [http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1995/australia.html Australian Mammals: Evolutionary Development as a Result of Geographic Isolation]
'''Science Alert''' CRCA Media Release 05/29 [http://www.sciencealert.com.au/stories/CRCA/Echidnamilk.htm Echidna milk to reveal its secrets for dairy]
[http://www.echidnaenclave.net/Echidnas/Epage11.htm Echidna Gallery]
'''Wombaroo Food Products''' [http://www.wombaroo.com.au/echidna.htm Echidna Milk Replacer]
'''Note:''' The dynamic nature of the web means that some Links over time change, it the above links no longer function search the web using the first bold term.
== References ==
'''Links:''' [#Reviews Reviews] | [#PubMedArticles Articles] | [#Books Books] | [#SearchPubMed Search PubMed] | [#Glossary Glossary]
=== PubMed ===
'''Reviews'''
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14667851&dopt=Abstract Rowe MJ, Mahns DA, Bohringer RC, Ashwell KW, Sahai V.]    [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=14667851&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Tactile neural mechanisms in monotremes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2003 Dec;136(4):883-93. Review.
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14667856&dopt=Abstract Musser AM.]    [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=14667856&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Review of the monotreme fossil record and comparison of palaeontological and molecular data. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2003 Dec;136(4):927-42. Review.
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14667846&dopt=Abstract Belov K, Hellman L.]    [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=14667846&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Immunoglobulin genetics of Ornithorhynchus anatinus (platypus) and Tachyglossus aculeatus (short-beaked echidna). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2003 Dec;136(4):811-9. Review.
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11999298&dopt=Abstract Temple-Smith P, Grant T.]    [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=11999298&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Uncertain breeding: a short history of reproduction in monotremes. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2001;13(7-8):487-97. Review.
'''Articles'''
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16435291&dopt=Abstract Selwood L, Johnson MH.]    [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16435291&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Trophoblast and hypoblast in the monotreme, marsupial and eutherian mammal: evolution and origins. Bioessays. 2006 Feb;28(2):128-45.
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16244467&dopt=Abstract Ashwell KW.]    [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16244467&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the monotreme olfactory tubercle. Brain Behav Evol. 2006;67(2):85-102.
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16198535&dopt=Abstract Ashwell KW, Hardman CD, Paxinos G.]    [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16198535&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the sensory trigeminal nuclei of the echidna, platypus and rat. J Chem Neuroanat. 2006 Feb;31(2):81-107.
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2048749&dopt=Abstract Thorp BH, Dixon JM.]    [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=2048749&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Cartilaginous bone extremities of growing monotremes appear unique. Anat Rec. 1991 Apr;229(4):447-52.
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8103529&dopt=Abstract Keast JR.]    [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=8103529&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Innervation of the monotreme gastrointestinal tract: a study of peptide and catecholamine distribution. J Comp Neurol. 1993 Aug 8;334(2):228-40.
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12476054&dopt=Abstract Manger PR, Fahringer HM, Pettigrew JD, Siegel JM.]    [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=12476054&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] The distribution and morphological characteristics of cholinergic cells in the brain of monotremes as revealed by ChAT immunohistochemistry. Brain Behav Evol. 2002;60(5):275-97.
'''Books'''
'''The Echidna: Australia's Enigma''' (Hardcover, 1999), by Peggy Rismiller ([http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/088363788X/104-7358488-6463129 Amazon Link]) "The oldest surviving mammal on the planet is also one of the most intriguing. Peggy Rismiller, the world's foremost echidna expert, traces the history of this fascinating animal that is native to Australia and New Guinea. A combination of mammal, reptile, and marsupial, echidnas produce milk, but unlike mammals, they are egg-laying creatures and, like marsupials, they have a modified pouch for nurturing their young. This odd animal has two backward-facing appendages and two forward-facing ones. These and other bizarre biological traits are discussed in detail in this thorough guide. Amazing photographs of echidnas enliven Rismiller's text, which includes Aboriginal tribal legends about the animal as well as the latest information on biological research being conducted today. With fossils dating back 120 million years, the echidna lived alongside dinosaurs, but unlike the giant reptiles, it survived. Its story and biology teach a fascinating lesson about endurance, survival, and sustainability."
'''American Museum Novitates''' (American Museum of Natural History) [%20http://library.amnh.org/pubs/novbackf.html Van Deusen, H. M., and G. G. George.]<nowiki> Results of the Archbold Expeditions.< No. 90. Notes on the echidnas (Mammalia: Tachyglossidae) of New Guinea. American Museum Novitates, 2383:1-23 (1969) </nowiki>
'''Search PubMed'''
Search Jan2006 "Echidna development" '''303''' reference articles of which '''20''' were reviews.
'''Search PubMed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Echidna+development term=Echidna+development] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=monotreme+development term=monotreme+development]




Revision as of 15:05, 24 February 2010

Echidna.jpg

Introduction

The Echidna family consists of 2 major groups the short-beaked in Australia and long-beaked in New Guinea and Indonesia (Irian Jaya). Together with the platypus these are the only 3 surviving genera of the order Monotremata.


The echidna is a unique egg-laying mammal, the embryo is referred too as a "puggle" (not to be confused with the dog breed, produced by mating a Pug with a Beagle) and is not a common animal model of mammalian embryonic development.

The New Guinea long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bruijni bartoni) is currently on the endangered category (More? Zoo Threatened Species list)

Some Recent Findings

  • Behringer RR, Eakin GS, Renfree MB. Mammalian Diversity: gametes, embryos and reproduction Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 2006 18, 99-107. "... Monotremes are remarkable because these mammals are born from eggs laid outside of the mother's body. Marsupial mammals have relatively short gestation periods and give birth to highly altricial young that continue a significant amount of ‚Äòfetal‚Äô development after birth, supported by a highly sophisticated lactation. Less than 10% of mammalian species are monotremes or marsupials, so the great majority of mammals are grouped into the subclass Eutheria, including mouse and human."
  • Ashwell KW.    [See Related Articles] Cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the monotreme olfactory tubercle. Brain Behav Evol. 2006;67(2):85-102. "... The small olfactory tubercle region in the platypus is consistent with poor olfaction in that aquatic mammal, but the tubercle in the echidna is more like that of a microsmatic mammal than other placentals occupying a similar niche (e.g., insectivores)."
  • Ashwell KW, Hardman CD, Paxinos G.    [See Related Articles] Cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the sensory trigeminal nuclei of the echidna, platypus and rat. J Chem Neuroanat. 2006 Feb;31(2):81-107. "..... Our findings indicate that the trigeminal nuclei of the echidna do not appear to be highly specialized, but that the principal, oralis and interpolaris subnuclei of the platypus trigeminal complex are highly differentiated, presumably for processing of tactile and electrosensory information from the bill."

Taxon

Short-beaked Echidna - Tachyglossus aculeatus

Long-beaked Echidna - Zaglossus bruijni

Tachyglossus aculeatus Lineage (full) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Fungi/Metazoa group; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Coelomata; Deuterostomia; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Prototheria; Monotremata; Tachyglossidae; Tachyglossus

Echidna Zaglossus bruijn Lineage (full) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Fungi/Metazoa group; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Coelomata; Deuterostomia; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Prototheria; Monotremata; Tachyglossidae

Development Overview

Gestation is from 22 to 23 days. (based upon 20 observed matings and documenting 30 incidences of egg laying, Rismiller, 1999).

Egg only a single egg is generally laid.

Incubation lasts for approximately 10 days after laying, the hatched embryo (puggle) requires further development.

Embryo after hatching hangs from hairs and succles from a "mammary gland" (mammary hairs) in the pouch for approximately 50 days and continues to develop.

WWW Links

Pelican Lagoon Research & Wildlife Centre Echidna Research

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List | Zaglossus bruijni Australasian Marsupial & Monotreme Specialist Group 1996. Zaglossus bruijni. In: IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 13 February 2006.

The Australian Mammal Society Species Short-beaked Echidna | Long-beaked Echidna

Access Excellence The National Health Museum (USA) Australian Mammals: Evolutionary Development as a Result of Geographic Isolation

Science Alert CRCA Media Release 05/29 Echidna milk to reveal its secrets for dairy

Echidna Gallery

Wombaroo Food Products Echidna Milk Replacer

Note: The dynamic nature of the web means that some Links over time change, it the above links no longer function search the web using the first bold term.

References

Links: [#Reviews Reviews] | [#PubMedArticles Articles] | [#Books Books] | [#SearchPubMed Search PubMed] | [#Glossary Glossary]

PubMed

Reviews

Articles

Books

The Echidna: Australia's Enigma (Hardcover, 1999), by Peggy Rismiller (Amazon Link) "The oldest surviving mammal on the planet is also one of the most intriguing. Peggy Rismiller, the world's foremost echidna expert, traces the history of this fascinating animal that is native to Australia and New Guinea. A combination of mammal, reptile, and marsupial, echidnas produce milk, but unlike mammals, they are egg-laying creatures and, like marsupials, they have a modified pouch for nurturing their young. This odd animal has two backward-facing appendages and two forward-facing ones. These and other bizarre biological traits are discussed in detail in this thorough guide. Amazing photographs of echidnas enliven Rismiller's text, which includes Aboriginal tribal legends about the animal as well as the latest information on biological research being conducted today. With fossils dating back 120 million years, the echidna lived alongside dinosaurs, but unlike the giant reptiles, it survived. Its story and biology teach a fascinating lesson about endurance, survival, and sustainability."

American Museum Novitates (American Museum of Natural History) [%20http://library.amnh.org/pubs/novbackf.html Van Deusen, H. M., and G. G. George.] Results of the Archbold Expeditions.< No. 90. Notes on the echidnas (Mammalia: Tachyglossidae) of New Guinea. American Museum Novitates, 2383:1-23 (1969)

Search PubMed

Search Jan2006 "Echidna development" 303 reference articles of which 20 were reviews.

Search PubMed: term=Echidna+development | term=monotreme+development


Animal Development: axolotl | bat | cat | chicken | cow | dog | dolphin | echidna | fly | frog | goat | grasshopper | guinea pig | hamster | horse | kangaroo | koala | lizard | medaka | mouse | opossum | pig | platypus | rabbit | rat | salamander | sea squirt | sea urchin | sheep | worm | zebrafish | life cycles | development timetable | development models | K12
Historic Embryology  
1897 Pig | 1900 Chicken | 1901 Lungfish | 1904 Sand Lizard | 1905 Rabbit | 1906 Deer | 1907 Tarsiers | 1908 Human | 1909 Northern Lapwing | 1909 South American and African Lungfish | 1910 Salamander | 1951 Frog | Embryology History | Historic Disclaimer

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 1) Embryology Echidna Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Echidna_Development

What Links Here?
© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
Retrieved from ‘https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Echidna_Development&oldid=16670’
Powered by MediaWiki