Talk:ANAT2341 Lab 7

From Embryology

2017

References

Aulehla, A., Pourquie, O., 2010. Signaling gradients during paraxial mesoderm development. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology 2, a000869. Bailey, C., Dale, K., 2001. Somitogenesis in Vertebrate Development, eLS. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Chapman, G., Sparrow, D.B., Kremmer, E., Dunwoodie, S.L., 2011. Notch inhibition by the ligand DELTA-LIKE 3 defines the mechanism of abnormal vertebral segmentation in spondylocostal dysostosis. Human molecular genetics 20, 905-916.

McInerney-Leo, A.M., Sparrow, D.B., Harris, J.E., Gardiner, B.B., Marshall, M.S., O'Reilly, V.C., Shi, H., Brown, M.A., Leo, P.J., Zankl, A., Dunwoodie, S.L., Duncan, E.L., 2015. Compound heterozygous mutations in RIPPLY2 associated with vertebral segmentation defects. Human molecular genetics 24, 1234-1242.

Pourquie, O., 2011. Vertebrate segmentation: from cyclic gene networks to scoliosis. Cell 145, 650-663.

Sparrow, D.B., Chapman, G., Smith, A.J., Mattar, M.Z., Major, J.A., O'Reilly, V.C., Saga, Y., Zackai, E.H., Dormans, J.P., Alman, B.A., McGregor, L., Kageyama, R., Kusumi, K., Dunwoodie, S.L., 2012. A mechanism for gene-environment interaction in the etiology of congenital scoliosis. Cell 149, 295-306.


2015

Endocrine and Integumentary

Endocrine Links: Introduction | BGD Lecture | Science Lecture | Lecture Movie | pineal | hypothalamus‎ | pituitary | thyroid | parathyroid | thymus | pancreas | adrenal | endocrine gonad‎ | endocrine placenta | other tissues | Stage 22 | endocrine abnormalities | Hormones | Category:Endocrine
Historic Embryology - Endocrine  
1903 Islets of Langerhans | 1903 Pig Adrenal | 1904 interstitial Cells | 1908 Pancreas Different Species | 1908 Pituitary | 1908 Pituitary histology | 1911 Rathke's pouch | 1912 Suprarenal Bodies | 1914 Suprarenal Organs | 1915 Pharynx | 1916 Thyroid | 1918 Rabbit Hypophysis | 1920 Adrenal | 1935 Mammalian Hypophysis | 1926 Human Hypophysis | 1927 Adrenal | 1927 Hypophyseal fossa | 1930 Adrenal | 1932 Pineal Gland and Cysts | 1935 Hypophysis | 1935 Pineal | 1937 Pineal | 1935 Parathyroid | 1940 Adrenal | 1941 Thyroid | 1950 Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus | 1957 Adrenal
Integumentary Links: integumentary | Lecture | hair | tooth | nail | integumentary gland | mammary gland | vernix caseosa | melanocyte | touch | Eyelid | outer ear | Histology | integumentary abnormalities | Category:Integumentary
Hair Links  
Hair Links: Overview | Lanugo | Neonatal | Vellus | Terminal | Hair Follicle | Follicle Phases | Stem Cells | Molecular | Pattern | Puberty | Histology | Hair Colour | Arrector Pili Muscle | Hair Loss | Integumentary
Touch Links  
Touch Links: Touch Receptors | Touch Pathway | Pacinian Corpuscle | Meissner's Corpuscle | Merkel Cell | Sensory Modalities | Neural Crest Development | Neural System Development | Student project | Integumentary | Sensory System
Historic Embryology - Integumentary  
1906 Papillary ridges | 1910 Manual of Human Embryology | 1914 Integumentary | 1923 Head Subcutaneous Plexus | 1921 Text-Book of Embryology | 1924 Developmental Anatomy | 1941 Skin Sensory | Historic Disclaimer
Tinycc  
http://tiny.cc/Integument_Development


Introduction

  1. The first half of this laboratory will be a presentation by Dr Annemeik Beverdam.
  2. The second part of the practical will briefly cover Endocrine and Integumentary Development.


Developmental and Regenerative Dermatology Unit

The presentation will discuss current research in Dr Annemeik Beverdam's laboratory on Skin development and stem cells. There will also be preparation for an assessment item to be prepared for the Stem Cells Practical later in the course.


Dr. Beverdam studies the genetic processes that govern development, homeostasis and regeneration of the skin in the mouse. Her research aims at understanding the genetic and molecular basis of developmental and human regenerative skin diseases such as skin cancer, which affects 2 out of 3 Australians in their life time.


Contact: A.Beverdam@unsw.edu.au
Links: Dr Annemeik Beverdam | Research Projects | Publications | PubMed - YAP (Yes-Associated Protein)



Endocrine

Developing Pituitary - Human Embryo Carnegie stage 22
Endocrine Links: Introduction | BGD Lecture | Science Lecture | Lecture Movie | pineal | hypothalamus‎ | pituitary | thyroid | parathyroid | thymus | pancreas | adrenal | endocrine gonad‎ | endocrine placenta | other tissues | Stage 22 | endocrine abnormalities | Hormones | Category:Endocrine
Historic Embryology - Endocrine  
1903 Islets of Langerhans | 1903 Pig Adrenal | 1904 interstitial Cells | 1908 Pancreas Different Species | 1908 Pituitary | 1908 Pituitary histology | 1911 Rathke's pouch | 1912 Suprarenal Bodies | 1914 Suprarenal Organs | 1915 Pharynx | 1916 Thyroid | 1918 Rabbit Hypophysis | 1920 Adrenal | 1935 Mammalian Hypophysis | 1926 Human Hypophysis | 1927 Adrenal | 1927 Hypophyseal fossa | 1930 Adrenal | 1932 Pineal Gland and Cysts | 1935 Hypophysis | 1935 Pineal | 1937 Pineal | 1935 Parathyroid | 1940 Adrenal | 1941 Thyroid | 1950 Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus | 1957 Adrenal

Integumentary

Integumentary Links: integumentary | Lecture | hair | tooth | nail | integumentary gland | mammary gland | vernix caseosa | melanocyte | touch | Eyelid | outer ear | Histology | integumentary abnormalities | Category:Integumentary
Hair Links  
Hair Links: Overview | Lanugo | Neonatal | Vellus | Terminal | Hair Follicle | Follicle Phases | Stem Cells | Molecular | Pattern | Puberty | Histology | Hair Colour | Arrector Pili Muscle | Hair Loss | Integumentary
Touch Links  
Touch Links: Touch Receptors | Touch Pathway | Pacinian Corpuscle | Meissner's Corpuscle | Merkel Cell | Sensory Modalities | Neural Crest Development | Neural System Development | Student project | Integumentary | Sensory System
Historic Embryology - Integumentary  
1906 Papillary ridges | 1910 Manual of Human Embryology | 1914 Integumentary | 1923 Head Subcutaneous Plexus | 1921 Text-Book of Embryology | 1924 Developmental Anatomy | 1941 Skin Sensory | Historic Disclaimer
Tinycc  
http://tiny.cc/Integument_Development

Teeth

Fetal Head (12 weeks) lateral
Deciduous teeth
Permanent teeth
  • integumentary system specialization by epitheilal/mesenchymal interactions in development and develops with a major contribution from the neural crest.
    • ectoderm of the first pharyngeal arch and neural crest, ectomesenchymal cells.


  • week 6 - odontogenesis begins, tooth bud
  • 4 morphological stages describing the early tooth development: bud, cap, bell, and terminal differentiation
  • 2 sets of teeth: 20 deciduous teeth, 32 permanent teeth
  • differential rates of growth, shed at different times over 20 year period
  • inductive influence of neural crest with overlying ectoderm
  • tooth growth occurs in ossifying jaws

odontoblasts - neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells which differentiate under the influence of the enamel epithelium. Cells secrete predentin, calcifies to form dentin.

ameloblasts - inner enamel epithelium forms pre-ameloblasts differentiate and produce enamel

periodontal ligament - tooth is not anchored directly onto its bony socket (alveolar bone) but held in place by the periodontal ligament (PDL), a specialized connective tissue structure that surrounds the tooth root coating of cementum.

  • ligament also act as; a shock absorber, transmitter of chewing forces (from tooth to bone), sensory information (heat, cold, pressure and pain).
    • collagen fiber bundles within the ligament are called "Sharpey's fibres".

Tooth Stages

Tooth development stages[1]

Stage
Image
Human (weeks)
lamina lamina Week 6
placode placode stage Week 7
bud bud stage Week 8
cap cap stage Week 11
bell bell stage Week 14

Teeth Postnatal

Deciduous teeth

  • 6 - 24 months - erupt from gums by pushing toward surface
  • 2 years - all deciduous teeth present

Permanent teeth

  • 6 years until early adult
  • tooth bud lie in gums beneath deciduous teeth
  • osteoclasts resorb deciduous teeth roots
  • growth affects face shape
Links: Tooth Development

Individual Assessment

  1. Identify and write a brief description of the findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs covered in today's practical.
  2. Identify the embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.

References

  1. <pubmed>19266065</pubmed>| PMCID: PMC2651620
2015 Course: Week 2 Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lab 1 | Week 3 Lecture 3 Lecture 4 Lab 2 | Week 4 Lecture 5 Lecture 6 Lab 3 | Week 5 Lecture 7 Lecture 8 Lab 4 | Week 6 Lecture 9 Lecture 10 Lab 5 | Week 7 Lecture 11 Lecture 12 Lab 6 | Week 8 Lecture 13 Lecture 14 Lab 7 | Week 9 Lecture 15 Lecture 16 Lab 8 | Week 10 Lecture 17 Lecture 18 Lab 9 | Week 11 Lecture 19 Lecture 20 Lab 10 | Week 12 Lecture 21 Lecture 22 Lab 11 | Week 13 Lecture 23 Lecture 24 Lab 12 | 2015 Projects: Three Person Embryos | Ovarian Hyper-stimulation Syndrome | Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome | Male Infertility | Oncofertility | Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis | Students | Student Designed Quiz Questions | Moodle page


Group Project

  • Peer Assessment of your project should now appear on your group discussion page.
  • Now you can make changes to your project based upon these reviews and your own concepts of how the project can be improved.
  • At this time it is important that you interact with other group members to ensure they agree on the changes you may make.
  • You may add additional content to your project.
  • Look through the comments made by your peers and assemble a summary of good (positive) and bad (negative) feedback on your project.
    • What are the common features of peer comments?
  • Fix those minor problems (formatting, image size, image labelling, text, referencing)
  • Are there parts of your project where group members have not worked appropriately or contributed their work?
    • I will initially be discussing this with the groups individually. You will also have the opportunity to "feed back" contribution issues.

Plagiarism

Currently all students originally assigned to each group are listed as equal authors/contributors to their project. If you have not contributed the content you had originally agreed to, nor participated in the group work process, then you should contact the course coordinator immediately and either discuss your contribution or request removal from the group author list. Remember that all student online contributions are recorded by date, time and the actual contributed content. A similar email reminder will be sent to all current students.

Please note the Universities Policy regarding Plagiarism

In particular this example:

"Claiming credit for a proportion of work contributed to a group assessment item that is greater than that actually contributed;"

Academic Misconduct carries penalties. If a student is found guilty of academic misconduct, the penalties include warnings, remedial educative action, being failed in an assignment or excluded from the University for two years.


  • 2014 this was presented as Lab 9 without Steve Palmer exercise.

Muscle Development

http://omim.org/entry/310200

Actin myosin crossbridge 3D animation.gif Actin myosin crossbridge 3D animation.jpgMuscle fiber types.jpg

Introduction

This laboratory concerns the development and differentiation of skeletal muscle, muscle stem cells, hypertrophy, fibre type differentiation and plasticity. After an introductory tutorial on muscle development, students do exercises looking at experimental images of muscle undergoing hypertrophy and fibre type conversion. Students do some simple analysis of the images in their work groups and we discuss the results. Then we look at a series of images from a mouse that expresses a transgene that influences fibre type choice and we discuss what has happened using the same structure.

Objectives

  1. Understand the origin, differentiation and development of skeletal muscle tissue.
  2. Know what is meant by patterning, conversion and adult plasticity of muscle fibre type.
  3. Develop an understanding of research methods for studying skeletal muscle development and function.

Sarcomere animation.gif


Skeletal Muscle Histology


Lab Tutorial

Today's laboratory will begin with a tutorial presentation on muscle development and research into muscle disorders. With any new concepts or terms, firstly use the terms list below or the glossary and feel free to ask questions about any concepts you may not still understand during or after the presentation.

Slides for tutorial: Muscle Development - Part 1


Lab Exercises

Muscle Development - Part 2


The following exercises need to be completed in your group in today's lab and are not part of your assessment questions.

There are 3 exercises:

1. Maturation Hypertrophy - In your groups, design a method to estimate the degree of hypertrophy that occurs during the transition from birth to adulthood. Use the rulers to make rough measurements on the screen and then estimate the degree of hypertrophy as a mean increase in fibre size. Discuss the result as a class.

2. The role of satellite cells in muscle hypertrophy - class discussion of data presented in a recent paper - McCarthy et al. 2011

  • Synergist Ablation (SA) surgery - removal of the muscles surrounding the plantaris in the lower hind limb to increase the work load.
  • BRDU - Bromodeoxyuridine; can be used as a marker to identify cells that have recently undergone DNA replication for cell division.

3. Fibre type shift - Discuss an experiment on fibre type shift that has been induced by chronic low frequency stimulation - Martins et al. 2006

Lab 7 Assessment Questions

Answer the questions shown below on your own student page.

  1. Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell
  2. In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated.
  3. In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?


Answer the questions shown below on your own student page.

1. (a) Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?

2. In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?


Questions are also shown listed on the Students Page Lab 7 Assessment

Terms

anterior tibialis - (tibialis anterior) skeletal muscle situated on the lateral side of the tibia and is a direct flexor of the foot at the ankle-joint.

cis-acting elements - DNA sequences that through transcription factors or other trans-acting elements or factors, regulate the expression of genes on the same chromosome.

enhancer - A cis-regulatory sequence that can regulate levels of transcription from an adjacent promoter. Many tissue-specific enhancers can determine spatial patterns of gene expression in higher eukaryotes. Enhancers can act on promoters over many tens of kilobases of DNA and can be 5' or 3' to the promoter they regulate.

extensor digitorum longus - (EDL) skeletal muscle situated at the lateral part of the front of the leg and extend the phalanges of the toes, and, continuing their action, flex the foot upon the leg.

Gtf2ird1 - General Transcription Factor 2 -I Repeat domain-containing protein 1. OMIM: Gtf2ird1

MusTRD1 - muscle TFII-I repeat domain-containing protein 1.

MyHC - acronym for myosin heavy chain.

myoblast - the undifferentiated mononucleated muscle cell progenitor, which in skeletal muscle fuses to form a myotube, that in turn expresses contractile proteins to form a muscle fibre.

myosin heavy chain - protein forming the thick filament of the sarcomere and the motor for actin-myosin contraction. There are 17 different myosin classes.

myotube - the initial multinucleated cell formed by fusion of myoblasts during skeletal muscle development.

promoter - A regulatory region a short distance upstream from the 5' end of a transcription start site that acts as the binding site for RNA polymerase II. A region of DNA to which RNA polymerase IIbinds in order to initiate transcription.

regulatory sequence - (regulatory region, regulatory area) is a segment of DNA where regulatory proteins such as transcription factors bind preferentially.

soleus - skeletal muscle situated immediately in front of the gastrocnemius and when standing taking its fixed point from below, steadies the leg upon the foot and prevents the body from falling forward.

Troponin - striated muscle contraction is regulated by the calcium-ion-sensitive, multiprotein complex troponin and the fibrous protein tropomyosin. Troponin has 3 subunits (TnC, TnI, TnT) and is located on the actin filament. OMIM: Troponin I slow

visuospatial deficiency - performing the Delis hierarchical processing task, subjects are asked to copy a large global figure made of smaller local forms. Both Down syndrome (DS) and William-Beuren syndrome (WBS) groups fail but in different ways. WBS individuals produce the local elements and DS individuals produce only the global forms. PMID: 12952863 Hum Mol Genet.

William-Beuren syndrome - (WBS) rare developmental disorder (1/20,000–1/50,000 live births). A contiguous gene deletion syndrome resulting from the hemizygous deletion of several genes on chromosome 7q11.23. The syndrome has associated craniofacial abnormalities, hypersociability and visuospatial defects. OMIM: William-Beuren syndrome

References - Dr Palmer

  • Mutation of Gtf2ird1 from the Williams-Beuren syndrome critical region results in facial dysplasia, motor dysfunction, and altered vocalisations. Howard ML, Palmer SJ, Taylor KM, Arthurson GJ, Spitzer MW, Du X, Pang TY, Renoir T, Hardeman EC, Hannan AJ. Neurobiol Dis. 2012 Mar;45(3):913-22. PMID: 22198572
  • Negative autoregulation of GTF2IRD1 in Williams-Beuren syndrome via a novel DNA binding mechanism. Palmer SJ, Santucci N, Widagdo J, Bontempo SJ, Taylor KM, Tay ES, Hook J, Lemckert F, Gunning PW, Hardeman EC. J Biol Chem. 2010 Feb12;285(7):4715-24. PMID: 20007321
  • Expression of Gtf2ird1, the Williams syndrome-associated gene, during mouse development. Palmer SJ, Tay ES, Santucci N, Cuc Bach TT, Hook J, Lemckert FA, Jamieson RV, Gunnning PW, Hardeman EC. Gene Expr Patterns. 2007 Feb;7(4):396-404. PMID: 17239664
  • Sex determination and gonadal development in mammals. Wilhelm D, Palmer S, Koopman P. Physiol Rev. 2007 Jan;87(1):1-28. Review. PMID: 17237341
  • MusTRD can regulate postnatal fiber-spec fic expression. Issa LL, Palmer SJ, Guven KL, Santucci N, Hodgson VR, Popovic K, Joya JE, Hardeman EC. Dev Biol. 2006 May 1;293(1):104-15. PMID: 16494860
  • hMusTRD1alpha1 represses MEF2 activation of the troponin I slow enhancer. Polly P, Haddadi LM, Issa LL, Subramaniam N, Palmer SJ, Tay ES, Hardeman EC. J Biol Chem. 2003 Sep 19;278(38):36603-10. PMID: 12857748


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External Links

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Dystrophin: the protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus

Cell. 1987 Dec 24;51(6):919-28.

Hoffman EP1, Brown RH Jr, Kunkel LM.

Abstract

The protein product of the human Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus (DMD) and its mouse homolog (mDMD) have been identified by using polyclonal antibodies directed against fusion proteins containing two distinct regions of the mDMD cDNA. The DMD protein is shown to be approximately 400 kd and to represent approximately 0.002% of total striated muscle protein. This protein is also detected in smooth muscle (stomach). Muscle tissue isolated from both DMD-affected boys and mdx mice contained no detectable DMD protein, suggesting that these genetic disorders are homologous. Since mdx mice present no obvious clinical abnormalities, the identification of the mdx mouse as an animal model for DMD has important implications with regard to the etiology of the lethal DMD phenotype. We have named the protein dystrophin because of its identification via the isolation of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus.

PMID 3319190