User:Z3462297

Lab Attendance

Lab 1 --Z3462297 (talk) 13:47, 7 August 2015 (AEST)

Lab 2 --Z3462297 (talk) 13:19, 14 August 2015 (AEST)

Lab 3 --Z3462297 (talk) 12:26, 21 August 2015 (AEST)

Lab 4 --Z3462297 (talk) 12:13, 28 August 2015 (AEST)

Lab 5 --Z3462297 (talk) 12:06, 4 September 2015 (AEST)

Lab 6 --Z3462297 (talk) 12:26, 11 September 2015 (AEST)

Lab 7 --Z3462297 (talk) 12:04, 18 September 2015 (AEST)

Lab Assessment 1

1. <pubmed>25830275</pubmed>

Over time, massage therapy has been widely used to treat physical pain and mental difficulties and currently causes no significant adverse effects or risks to the patient. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of deep relaxation therapy (andullation) using oscillating vibrations on blastocyst transfer in in vitro fertilisation (IVF) cryo-cycles. The 267 IVF patients that participated in this study collectively had a mean age of 36.3 years and all previously received a transfer of vitrified, warmed blastocysts. Before embryo transfer, the test group received a deep relaxation massage for 30 minutes on a vibrating device, in comparison to the control group that underwent no changes. The main measurable factors included pregnancy rates using a urine test for hCG, ongoing pregnancies by examining the fetal heartbeat and birth rates, and miscarriage rates.

The results showed that patients who received andullation therapy before embryo transfer, had significantly greater pregnancy rates, ongoing pregnancies and birth rates compared to those who did not, regardless of age and hormonal status.

• Pregnancy rates: test group 58.9%, control group 41.7%
• Ongoing pregnancies: test group 53.6%, control group 33.2%
• Birth rates: test group 32%, control group 20.3%

The research team concluded that andullation therapy preceding to blastocyst transfer in cryo-cycles greatly improve implantation, as it reduces stress, uterine contractions and may also enhance blood flow in the abdomen. Ultimately, these findings have showed that massage therapy is a suitable method to enhance assisted-reproduction techniques (ARTs).

2. <pubmed>26054135</pubmed>

Acupuncture and moxibustion are key natural therapies that play a role in traditional Chinese medicine, and have been a recommended treatment for various conditions. The aim of the investigate was to observe the effects of acupuncture and moxibustion on pregnancy in IVF-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) patients, and to determine its application value in IVF-ET treatment. 114 IVF-ET patients that were treated with standard long-term program at luteal phase were equally and randomly divided into a test and control group. The test group underwent one session of acupuncture and moxibustion treatment before embryo-transfer, thus a total of 3 sessions of the therapy were undertaken. The control group did not receive acupuncture or moxibustion prior to ET. Measurable factors of this experiment included: "endometrial morphology and blood flow, levels of estrogen, progesterone and luteinizing hormone when hCG was injected, gonadotropin dosage, number of oocytes, high-quality embryo number, embryo cultivation rate and pregnancy rates" (Chen and Hau, 2015).

Patients treated with acupuncture and moxibustion revealed significantly higher estrogen levels on the day of hCG injections and high-quality embryo rate. It was also noted that endometrial blood flow and morphology was affected such that endometrial receptivity was increased. Therefore with further analysis into application and specific impacts, the researcher suggests acupuncture and moxibustion will improve IVF-ET outcome in patients and be a key assistant therapeutic.

--Mark Hill (talk) 11:15, 4 September 2015 (AEST) Good summaries of these 2 research papers. (5/5)

Lab Assessment 2

Uploading Images in 5 Easy Steps

First Read the help page Images and Copyright Tutorial. Hint - This exercise is best done by using separate tabs on your browser so that you can keep all the relevant pages easily available. You can also use your own discussion page to copy and paste links, text. PMIDs etc that you will need in this process. Find an image . Search PubMed using an appropriate search term. Note that there is a special library of complete (full online) article and review texts called PubMed Central (PMC). Be very careful, while some of these PMC papers allow reuse, not all do and to add the reference link to your image you will still need to use the PMID. You can also make your own search term. In this link example PMC is searched for images related to "embryo+implantation" http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=embryo+implantation&report=imagesdocsum. simply replace "embryo+implantation" with your own search term, but remember not everything in PMC can be reused, you will still need to find the "copyright notice" on the full paper, no notice, no reuse. Where else can I look? BioMed Central is a separate online database of journals that allow reuse of article content. Also look at the local page Journals that provides additional resources. You have found an image, go to step 2. Check the Copyright. I cannot emphasise enough the importance of this second step. The rule is unless there is an obvious copyright statement that clearly allows reuse (there are several different kinds of copyright, some do not) located in the article or on the article page, move on and find another resource. Not complying with this is a serious academic infringement equivalent to plagiarism."Plagiarism at UNSW is defined as using the words or ideas of others and passing them off as your own." (extract from UNSW statement on Academic Honesty and Plagiarism) You have found the statement and it allows reuse, go to step 3. Downloading your image. Download the image to your own computer. Either use the download image on the page or right click the image. To find the downloaded image you may have to look in your computer downloads folder, or the default location for downloaded files. The image file will have its own original name, that you will not be using on the wiki. You can rename it now (see renaming below), but you should also make a note of the original name. Make sure you have everything ready then for the You have the image file on your computer, go to step 4. Uploading your image. First make sure you have all the information you want to use with the file readily available. There is also a detailed description below. Towards the bottom of the lefthand menuunder “Toolbox” click Upload file. This will open a new window. In the top window "Source file", click "Choose file" and then navigate to find the file on the computer. and select the image. If you have done this correctly the upload window will now have your image file shown in choose file and also in the lower window "File description" in "Destination filename:" DO NOT CLICK UPLOAD FILE YET. Rename your file in "Destination filename:" this should be a brief filename that describes the image. Not any of the following - the original file name, image, file, my image, your ZID, etc. Many of the common embryology names may have already been used, but you can add a number (01, 02, 03, etc) or the PMID number to the filename to make it unique. If the filename or image has already been used or exists it will be shown on the upload page. If another student has already uploaded that image you will have to find another file. Duplicated images will not receive a mark, so check before you upload as you cannot delete images. In the "Summary" window for now just paste the PMID. You will come back and edit this information. Now click "Upload image" at the bottom of the window, go to step 4. Edit and Add to your page. Edit - Open the image with the "Edit" tab at the top of its page. You should see the PMID you had pasted earlier in the new edit window. Add the following information to the summary box. Image Title as a sub-heading. Under this title add the original figure legend or your own description of the image. Image Reference sub-sub-heading. Use the PMID link method shown in Lab 1 and you can also have a direct link to the original Journal article. Image Copyright sub-sub-heading. Add the copyright information under this sub-sub-heading exactly as shown in the original paper. Student Image template, as shown here {{Template:Student Image}} to show that it is a student uploaded image. Add - Now add your image to your own page under a subheading for Lab 2 Assessment including a description and a reference link. If still stuck with this last step, look at the example on the Test Student page. Done! Students cannot delete images once uploaded. You will need to email me with the full image name and request deletion, that I am happy to do with no penalty if done before I assess. Non-Table version of this page Stress Relief.... <html5media height="480" width="640">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9Hwn2DOgKo</html5media>

Embryos during late blastula phase and early gastrulation

PMID 25887993

--Mark Hill (talk) 11:19, 4 September 2015 (AEST) Image uploaded correctly with reference, copyright and student template. The file name is long (File:Embryos during late blastula phase and early gastrulation.jpg) and should have included the species to be a better description, e.g. File:Midas cichlid late blastula and early gastrula.jpg. (4/5)

Lab Assessment 3

The following are research articles discussing possible treatments for male infertility

1. <pubmed>22958644</pubmed> This article investigates the use of clomiphene citrate, hCG and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), to treat oligospermia as they increase hormones that are essential for successful spermatogenesis to occur, including FSH and testosterone.

2. <pubmed>26097523</pubmed> The research discussed in this article discusses the advantages of using cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CNPs) to treat male infertility due to its antioxidant effects. The research team experimented on male rats to observe CNP effects on male health and infertility as oxidative stress plays a key role in preventing proper spermatogenesis.

3. <pubmed>PMC4023371</pubmed> Research article also focuses on the effects of oxidative stress on male fertility. It discusses the use of lycopenes as a possible treatment for infertility disorders due to its antioxidant properties, as well as contributing to gap junction communication, modulation of gene expression, regulation of the cell cycle and immunological aspects.

--Mark Hill (talk) 11:19, 4 September 2015 (AEST) These 3 papers relate to the group project and you have given a good brief description. (5/5)

Lab Assessment 4

Mesoderm Development

1 Select the INCORRECT statement regarding the mesoderm.

	It is formed by epiblast cells migrating through the primitive streak
	It divides into 3 different components
	It forms a layer between the ectoderm and endoderm
	It spreads over the entire embryonic disc

2 Which of the following statements about somites is CORRECT?

	They are formed by the intermediate mesoderm
	Early somites do not contain a somitocoel
	They form in sequence in a rostro-caudal direction
	The dorsolateral portion of the somite becomes the sclerotome
	Each somite differentiates differently

3 The intermediate mesoderm is responsible for:

	Somite formation
	Creating the 3 major body cavities
	Blood vessel formation
	Generating the urogenital system
	Epidermis of the skin

ANAT2341 Student 2015 Quiz Questions

Lab 5 Assessment

Cleft Lip and cleft palate are associated with many different environmental and genetic causes. Identify and describe one cause of these abnormalities.

Cleft lip and cleft palate are the most common birth defects that occur during the first trimester of pregnancy. Cleft lip occurs when there is a failure of fusion of the maxillary portion of the first pharyngeal arch, and the frontonasal prominence in early embryonic period. Cleft palate is the failure of the maxillary shelves fusing together in early fetal period. These defects can occur simultaneously and separately, and cleft lip can be unilateral or bilateral . Despite the variation in time of the formation of these structures, the normal processes of fusion can be interrupted by the same factor. Patients suffering from cleft lip or palate usually have difficulty speaking, eating, hearing, and are susceptible to ear infections . Out of the numerous causes that have been identified and are still being investigated, a notable aetiological factor includes the widely used drug, methotrexate. Several investigations have been undertaken to understand the mechanism of action of methotrexate in order to take preventative measures.

Methotrexate is commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, cancer (breast and leukaemia), and has also been used to terminate ectopic pregnancies. Research has revealed severe teratogenic effects of methotrexate causing structural defects during pregnancy particularly involving the central nervous system, skeletal structures including the palate, and the heart . Its mode of action includes decreasing the proliferation rate of cytotrophoblast cells, and more importantly it acts as an antifolate . The presence of cytotrophoblast cells are important for the formation of placental villi and ultimately, the development of placental circulation within the embryo. Therefore its decline will impact proper development of embryonic systems and population of stem cells, affecting lip and palate formation. Methotrexate is commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, cancer (breast and leukaemia), and has also been used to terminate ectopic pregnancies. Research has revealed severe teratogenic effects of methotrexate causing structural defects during pregnancy particularly involving the central nervous system, skeletal structures including the palate, and the heart . Its mode of action includes decreasing the proliferation rate of cytotrophoblast cells, and more importantly it acts as an antifolate . The presence of cytotrophoblast cells are important for the formation of placental villi and ultimately, the development of placental circulation within the embryo. Therefore its decline will impact proper development of embryonic systems and population of stem cells, affecting lip and palate formation.

Methotrexate is a well known folic acid antagonist inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid . Normally this reduction eventually leads to the formation of deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) by adding a methyl group to deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP), a critical step for DNA and RNA synthesis and repair, cell division and protein synthesis . Animal studies have demonstrated the effects of methotrexate on chicken embryos, resulting in several conditions such as stunted growth, beak deformity (short beak) and limb deformities . In humans in 2003, a woman exposed to methotrexate during pregnancy gave birth to an infant with cleft palate along will deformities of the toes thus leading to the belief that exposure to the drug during 6 to 8 weeks of pregnancy is associated with high risk of birth defects . Therefore, methotrexate plays a vital role in cleft lip and palate, along with other birth defects due to its antifolate effects that may prevent proper embryonic/fetal development.

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